IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT IN SCIENCE

– Connection between science and technology were minimal in the 18th century. In 19th century these changed when science, technology and industry found a common ground and common cause. Science became a growing force with technology for a change in intellectual and material climate of the 19th century.

Development of Science• Physics

- Coloumb’s law on electrostatic interaction published in 1785 and frictional electrostatic instrumentation led to the new science of electricity.- Volta invention of cell or battery led to the important discovery of Oersted in the 1820 that electricity generates magnetism.- Faraday’s discovery in 1830 that magnetism generates electricity among others led Maxwell unification theory of electricity and magnetism in 1864 predicting the radiation of electromagnetic waves such as light of changing current.

- The work of Carnot, Claussius, Helmholtz resulted in the Development of thermodynamics with 4 laws, statistical-molecular explanation of thermodynamics together with the refinement of Newton’s by Laplace and Maxwell’s theory made physics and mathematical in character.

Chemistry- Lavoisier made chemistry a science based upon analysis and measurements Dalton’s atomic theory in 1808 provided for interpreting analysis and expressing chemical composition.- The work of Humprey Day, Berzeliu and others led to the discovery of new elements.

- The middle of 19th century saw the birth of organic chemistry pioneered by Laurent and Gerhadt.- Thermodynamics and thermo chemistry that led to physical chemistry.

Biology

- In 1859 a breakthrough in understanding of evolution, was presented by Charles Darwin (1809-1882) in his Origin of Species by natural selection theory which states that one species could develop from another.

Darwin argue that:1. Some individuals within a species have

characteristics that allow them to survive better than the rest.

2. Those who survive and reached adulthood are likely to breed passing on their characteristics to the next generations.

3. With successive generations there will be an increase within a species of those characteristics improving its survival chances.

4. The characteristics of a species are gradually modified.

• Geology Geology had emerged as a science capable of revealing information from the past from fossils evidence as illustrated by the work of William Smith(1769-1839) and Charles Lyall. They studied rock strata and the fossils in them noting that the deeper and older the strata the greater are the difference in showed life forms and concluding a continuous process of change.

Science and Scientist from 18th to 19th CenturyWHO

Robert Hooke

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Gabriel Fahrenhiet

Benjamin Franklin

Carolus Linnaeus

Antoine Lavoisier

DONE WHAT? SAID WHAT?Described cells for the first time.

1. Bacteria first observed2. Microorganism discovered

Constructed first mercury thermometer

Distinguished between negative and positive charge

Used binary nomenclature to classify of species

Experiments on burning

WHEN

1665

16831696

1714

1751

1753

1772

Abraham Werner

William Herschel

Henry Cavendish

Charles Coulomb

Henry Cavendish

Alessandro Volta

John Dalton

Classification of minerals

Discovered the planet Uranus

Combustion of oxygen produces water

Formulated Coulomb’s law of interactions between charges and

between magnets

Measured mass of earth after determining the gravitational

constant.

Invented galvanic cell for storing and as a source of electricity.

Formulated atomic theory of matter

1774

1781

1783

1785

1798

1800

1808

Mary Anning

Georges Cuvier

Hans Christian Oersted

Andre Marie Ampere

Pail Erman

Michael Faraday

Found first fossils of Ichthyosaur

Founded the science of comparative anatomy

Discovered that electric current generates magnetism

Formulated Ampere’s Law that tells how electric current generates

magnetism.

First measurement of earth’s magnetism

Formulated the law of induction that tells how magnetism generates

electricity

1811

1812

1820

1820

1828

1830

Robert Brown

Crawford Long

Wilhelm Wunot

Charles Darwin

James Clerk Maxwell

Discovered the nucleus in the cell

First use of ether in surgery

Introduced experimental psychology

Published his on “The Origin of Species”

Unified mathematically electricity and magnetism into four equations.

Predicted existence of electromagnetic waves such as light.

1831

1842

1858

1859

1864

Heinrich Hertz

Louis Pasteur

Daniel Williams

William Roentgen

Henri Becquerel

Michael S. Pupin

J.J Thomson

Martinus W. Beijenrinck

Discovered, produced and detected radio waves

Developed vaccine against rabies

First open heart surgery

Discovered x-rays

Discovered natural radioactivity

First diagnostic x-ray taken

Discovered electron

First known virus found

1887

1885

1893

1895

1896

1896

1897

1898