Deuterostomes Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal gill slits

Muscular Postanal tail

Phylum: Chordata Phylum: Chordata

Notochord: long flexible rod between gut and nerve cord– Present in all embryos– Fluid-filled cells in

fibrous tissue– Length of animal,

‘skeleton’

Phylum: ChordataPhylum: Chordata

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord– Ectoderm, rolls into tube– Becomes central nervous system– Inverts have ventral,

solid cords

Phylum: ChordataPhylum: Chordata

Pharyngeal gill slits– Filter feeders (?)– Modified for gas exchange

Muscular Post-anal tail– Skeletal and

muscular; Propulsion– Digestive system

extends length of non-chordates

Phylum: ChordataPhylum: Chordata

TaxonomyTaxonomy Domain – EukaryaDomain – Eukarya

– Kingdom – AnimaliaKingdom – Animalia Phylum – ChordataPhylum – Chordata

–Subphylum: Urochordata – ‘sea squirts’Subphylum: Urochordata – ‘sea squirts’–Subphylum: Cephalochordata - lanceletsSubphylum: Cephalochordata - lancelets–Subphylum: VertebrataSubphylum: Vertebrata

Phylum: ChordataPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: Urochordata

Tunicates; Sea squirts Marine, sessile Larva are free swimming;

(have all characteristics)

Larva Adult

Phylum: ChordataPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: CephalochordataSubphylum: Cephalochordata

Lancelets Bladelike Marine Burrow into sand Filter feeders

Phylum: ChordataPhylum: Chordata

Subphylum - VertebrataSubphylum - Vertebrata HagfishesHagfishes - jawless marine fish

– Cartilaginous skull and axial rod of cartilage derived from the notochord

– Lack vertebrae

Phylum: ChordataPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: Vertebrata Subphylum: Vertebrata

Phylum: Chordata: Phylum: Chordata: – NotochordNotochord– Dorsal, hollow nerve cordDorsal, hollow nerve cord– Pharyngeal gill slitsPharyngeal gill slits– Post anal tailPost anal tail

TaxonomyTaxonomy Domain – EukaryaDomain – Eukarya

– Kingdom – AnimaliaKingdom – Animalia Phylum – ChordataPhylum – Chordata

–Subphylum: VertebrataSubphylum: Vertebrata Class Agnatha – Jawless fishClass Agnatha – Jawless fish Class Chondrichthyes – cartilage fishClass Chondrichthyes – cartilage fish Class Osteithyes – bony fishClass Osteithyes – bony fish Class Amphibia – amphibiansClass Amphibia – amphibians Class Reptilia – reptilesClass Reptilia – reptiles Class Aves – birdsClass Aves – birds Class Mammalia Class Mammalia

Vertebrates Vertebrates

5 basic groups:5 basic groups:– FishFish– AmphibiansAmphibians– ReptilesReptiles– BirdsBirds– Mammals Mammals

Fish Characteristics Fish Characteristics Aquatic; gills for respiration Sexes separate; internal and external

fertilization– Oviparous – lay eggs (Nemo)– Ovoviviparous – eggs remain in body until

hatched (sea horses, some sharks) Two chambered heartheart Ectotherms (‘cold-blooded’) – body

temperature matches environment Most covered in scales

Fish Fish

3 types:3 types:– Agnatha – jawlessAgnatha – jawless– CartilaginousCartilaginous– Bony Bony

Class: Agnatha Lamprey eelsLamprey eels

– Ectoparasites Ectoparasites Scaleless Scaleless OviparousOviparous Anadromous or freshwaterAnadromous or freshwater Edible – no bonesEdible – no bones

Class: Chondrichthyes Class: Chondrichthyes

Cartilaginous fish - harks, rays, skatesCartilaginous fish - harks, rays, skates Jaws, teeth of bone; skeleton of cartilageJaws, teeth of bone; skeleton of cartilage

– Flexible, fast, agileFlexible, fast, agile Sexes separate; fertilization is internalSexes separate; fertilization is internal Almost all marine (bull shark, ray)Almost all marine (bull shark, ray) Covered in placoid scales (‘dental ridge’)Covered in placoid scales (‘dental ridge’)

– More efficient, quieter swimmersMore efficient, quieter swimmers

Class: Chondrichthyes Class: Chondrichthyes Predators/scavengersPredators/scavengers Excellent senses:Excellent senses:

– SmellSmell– Lateral line system – changes in water Lateral line system – changes in water

pressure caused by vibrations in waterpressure caused by vibrations in water– Electrosensors on noseElectrosensors on nose

Rays, skatesRays, skates Dorso-ventrally flattenedDorso-ventrally flattened Bottom dwellersBottom dwellers Crush molluscsCrush molluscs Whiplike tail, barbWhiplike tail, barb

Class: ChondrichthyesClass: Chondrichthyes

Skate or Ray?Skate or Ray? Skates – ‘mermaid’s purse’, Skates – ‘mermaid’s purse’,

sharp teeth; fat, fleshy tail sharp teeth; fat, fleshy tail with no barbwith no barb

Rays – viviparous; flat, crushing teeth, long, Rays – viviparous; flat, crushing teeth, long, whip-like tail with barbswhip-like tail with barbs

Body shapeBody shape

Sharks Sharks 440 species440 species Carnivores, some filter feedersCarnivores, some filter feeders Liver for buoyancy Liver for buoyancy

– Not efficient so must keep movingNot efficient so must keep moving

Ram ventilation – force fresh water over Ram ventilation – force fresh water over their gillstheir gills

Oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparousOviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous Pelagic, coastal, bottom dwellersPelagic, coastal, bottom dwellers

Class: Osteichthyes Class: Osteichthyes

Skeleton is bone; calcium phosphate Marine, freshwater Operculum – bony plate covering gills

– Protection– Pumps water over gills; without moving

Swim bladder – gas-filled sac (buoyant) 2 pairs of paired appendages

Osteichthyes Osteichthyes Scales (exceptions) Ectotherms (tuna, swordfish) Carnivores, herbivores,

omnivores Teeth Dioecious External and internal fertilization Oviparous and ovoviviparous Mating, territoriality behaviors

Cold blood from the gills is passed near warmer blood from

internal muscles; slow exchange of heat to

colder blood. Fish are much more active in colder waters. 10-20

body lengths/sec

Osteichthyes Osteichthyes

2 types:– Actinopterygii - ray-finned – ‘rays’ of thin

bone in fins

– Sarcopterygii - lung fish, Coelocanths

Class: AmphibiaClass: Amphibia

“dual life” Metamorphosis – egg, tadpole, adult

– Aquatic then terrestrial– Algae then predators– Eggs in water– Adults on land (mostly)– Gills to lungs/skin– Lateral line to eardrum

Amphibians Three chambered heart Ectotherms Smooth skin – diffusion of

oxygen Many retain gills as adults Near or in water; moist soil,

burrows High humidity; tropical rain forests 3 types: frogs/toads, salamanders, Caecilians

Dioecious External fertilization, large numbers of

eggs Mating behaviors;

Vocalizations

Amphibians

Amphibia Amphibia

Caecilians, ‘blind lizard’ legless, almost blindCaecilians, ‘blind lizard’ legless, almost blind Burrow in soft mud, tropicalBurrow in soft mud, tropical

Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia Poikilothermic, ectothermsPoikilothermic, ectotherms

– Lower caloric intake, Lower caloric intake, – Less active, ambush predatorsLess active, ambush predators

3-chambered heart 3-chambered heart Scales; keratin (protein)Scales; keratin (protein) LungsLungs Carnivores, herbivores, omnivoresCarnivores, herbivores, omnivores

Subphylum: VertebrataSubphylum: Vertebrata

Class: Reptilia• Dioecious; internal fertilization, cloaca Oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous Amniotic Egg;

– Amniotic fluid and shell

– Prevents desiccation; lay eggs on land

Class: Reptilia

4 Orders:4 Orders:– Testudines – turtlesTestudines – turtles– Squamata – lizards and snakesSquamata – lizards and snakes– Sphenodontia – tuataraSphenodontia – tuatara– Crocodalia - ?Crocodalia - ?

Class: ReptiliaClass: Reptilia

Order: TestudinesOrder: Testudines Turtles, tortoises, terrapinsTurtles, tortoises, terrapins Omnivores, no teeth Omnivores, no teeth MigrationMigration Marine, fresh, terrestrialMarine, fresh, terrestrial Internal fertilizationInternal fertilization Oviparous – on landOviparous – on land

Order Squamata Lizards, snakes Carnivores, herbivores External ear Heat sensing organs

Class: ReptiliaClass: Reptilia

Class: ReptiliaClass: Reptilia

Order: CrocodaliaOrder: Crocodalia EctothermsEctotherms 4-chambered heart4-chambered heart Parental careParental care

Hearts: Vertebrates Have Excellent Hearts: Vertebrates Have Excellent Closed Circulatory SystemsClosed Circulatory Systems

2–chambered 2–chambered

3-chambered3-chambered

4-chambered 4-chambered

Vertebrate HeartsVertebrate Hearts

2 chambered2 chambered– Fish (Agnatha, Fish (Agnatha,

Chondrichthyes, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes)Osteichthyes)

– Oxygenated blood goes Oxygenated blood goes directly to tissues without directly to tissues without returning to heart returning to heart

Vertebrate HeartsVertebrate Hearts 3 chambered3 chambered:

– Amphibians, reptiles– Oxygenated blood and

deoxygenated blood can mix

Vertebrate HeartsVertebrate Hearts 4 chambered4 chambered:

– Birds, mammalsBirds, mammals– Oxygenated blood is Oxygenated blood is

separated from separated from deoxygenated blood (more deoxygenated blood (more efficient gas exchange)efficient gas exchange)

Birds Birds

EndothermsEndotherms 4-chambered heart4-chambered heart FeathersFeathers

– FlightFlight Increased surface area Foil

– Camouflage – Mate attraction– Insulation

Flight Flight Feathers

– Increase surface area without increasing weight– Create a foil shape (lift)

Strong wing muscles– Highly oxygenated– Large keel for attachment of muscle

Hollow bones - decrease weight Parabronchi – ‘lung’ ’ spread throughout body Reduced body parts

Sternum, Keel; large surface area for

attachment of flight muscles

Surface area

Hollow bones

Bird CharacteristicsBird Characteristics

Scaly legs – reptiles?Scaly legs – reptiles? Keratin beak – no teeth (weight)Keratin beak – no teeth (weight) Dioecious; dimorphicDioecious; dimorphic Oviparous – amniotic eggOviparous – amniotic egg Most have high parental careMost have high parental care

MammalsMammals

Endotherms 4-chambered heart Fur/hair – most (bristles) Mammary glands – milk Dioecious; dimorphic 3 3 basic types: monotremes, marsupials,

placentals

Class: Mammalia - MonotremesClass: Mammalia - Monotremes

Duck-billed platypus, spiny echidnaDuck-billed platypus, spiny echidna Oviparous Oviparous No nipples – patches on skin, milk ‘oozes’ outNo nipples – patches on skin, milk ‘oozes’ out Cloaca Cloaca

Mammals: Marsupials

Pouched - marsupium Viviparous Young born very altricial (helpless) Climb into pouch attach to nipple and suckle

to fuller development Most in Australia; opposum

Class: Mammalia - PlacentalsClass: Mammalia - Placentals

ViviparousViviparous Young develop attached to mother’s body Young develop attached to mother’s body

via a placentavia a placenta– Nutrient/waste exchange ONutrient/waste exchange O22, sugar, sugar

– Surrounded by amnion Surrounded by amnion

Most commonMost common