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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS-1963-A

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Determining Consumptive Use If

and

Irrigation Water Requirements

Technical Bulletin No" 1275

Agricultural Research Service

UNITE() STATES ()EI'ARTMENT OF AGRICVLTURE

in cooperation with

The Office of Utah State Engineer

CONTENTS Pa,.

1;Ulnmnry ______ 1o-Need for l\lethod __ , 2

Past Investigatioll:;_ 3

U('lIoral Studio,;. - ~

i\lr'ihocls ___ . _ ~ _ __ - 6

U~H. Departll\I'nt of Agrit'IIILlln' Stllclip:;

i\[cmmrNI Consllmptive Fs!'. . 8

fntllll'nee of Varioll~ Flll'lol's 011 Irrigation W;l-t~~ -Usp 11

;)

Hoil Fertility__ __ - 15

COII:;Ull1ptivl'-l-"p Formlll:L li

I'n'cipitation 1l

Tr'mperaturl' 13

Hllrniditv._ l'l

Wind l\lowment 14-

Growing Sl'asoll . L4

Latilude and 8unlight. 14

Available Irrigation WflU'r SlIpply 15

QUlllity of Wa[PI' Iii

Plant Pe;;ts ;In(\ I )j;;('f\.-;('S_ t5

I~~tirnatillg Watpr i{f'qllirt'lItplIli', 16

ConslIlIlpLlw C;p of WaiN 16

Assumptions in Applying FOl'lllllla

Trrigntion J{('qUlrpnH'llh;_ 22

rrrigalion Etricien

LIST OF TABLES Page

I. r'}xample; in Wel'tC'rnGnited Stat('s ____ , __ ..

16. l\[onthly pC'rcC'ntagC' of daytinH' hours of thp }"par ________ ... ____ ._ 17. X ormal monthly consulIlp!iw-u:;c faetors (f) and 1l\'PrfLg(' Illonthly

precipitation (r) in inche:; for \OariUUR locations in \\\':-;(('rn enitl'dStatrs and Hawaii ______________________ _____. ___ ._ 18. SuggC'sted monthly crop eopfD('i

. ' ,

Determining Consumptive Use

and

Irrigation Water R,equirements

By HARRY F. BLA~EY,irrig(/tion engineer, SoU and IValcr Conservation ne.~earch

Division, ftgriculillral Research Service, United Stales De7Jartment of flgriculture, and WAy:m D. CRlDDL~}, Utah Slale c/lgilleer

SUIvIMARY ~1an.' factors influencc the ilmoun t of watcr consumed by plants.

'l'he more illl port 1m t nat ul'l11 influencE'S ilre clinmte, \VU tel' supply, soil, Hlld topography. The dilllutie factors believed to Illn-e the grC'atC'st effC'('t Oil eOllsllmptive usc on which data arc generally llvniLIt hIe un' (eIll pertlt urp, precipi t n tion, h lIrn ieli ty, wind mow'men t, ilnd growing senSOll. IITigl1tion pL'IlC'tices, as wC'll as kind of crops grown, thC'ir SttlgC' of growth, and spC'cies,. also influence the alllount of water consumed.

This report indudes results of experinHmtill studies ill the cnited SUltC'S and sen-rnl forC'ip:n eoun triC's. An elll piricilL form ula is develoPNI from these rC'su\ts, sLlOwing the rt'lationship betweC'n tC'll1pemture, length of growing Sl'llSnn, monthly percent.age or .UlIlUlll dnytillle bours, nnd consulllpLin usC' of wntC'r. Frolll this relntionship, ('onsllmptin' usc of ,,"uter by crops llllt! nntuml Yl'gctation and an irrigation requirellH'nt (,1ll1 reildilv be ('stinlnlcd for ony .lrea where the bnsic dimiltological diltrl nrc 'llYililable.

'The pro(wlure wns de\-('loped by conelating rnensured ("OIlSlIlllpti\-euse dilltl with monlldy telllperflture, IllOllthly percelltages of yellrly daytime hours, precipitation, lllld ~rowing or irrigatioll S('llSOII. Th(' ('o('ffkiellts thus dcye)oped allow for the ('olliputntion of ("onsulllplivc usC' of ('adl crop if the monthly l(,llIp('rature, latitude, Ilnd ~ro\\'illg period of the crop nrc kllowlland ir the (olllpulrd IIlonthly pC'reentnge or HlllHlill daytillle hours arc itvailtthle.

Estimated- s(,llsoll111 ('OnslllllptiYe use ill ill('h{'" (illl 1)(' tOlllplltC'd rrOIll the ronlluln.

U=f{Ii'

where U=usc or wflter in illchC's; J(=elll pirical seasonal c:opflicielll; F=sum o[ the 1I10llthly factors en for the seasoll (sum of

the products of Illeall 1II0llthly tpr1Iperllture (I) in degTC'C's Fn hrt'll hei Land mOllth Iy ppr('Plllnge of .ulIlunl daytillle hours (p)) . ..

The eq ualion for Ilion t hly or shOl"t-p('riod ('onsulll ptin' use ill inelH's jS1~=kf.

1

2 TECHNICAL BULLE'PIN 1275, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

The seasonal coefficient (If) for etlch crop iLppears to be approxilllately constant for most areas where irrigation is practiced. However, the coeflicicnts do not appeal" to be constant for consecuti\-e short periods during the growing senson. Adjustments can be mnde in areas whem dab\' are~ availn.ble. :tror short periods imd higher temperatures, the coefficient k appears to be largel. But temperature is not the only factor nffeeting consumpti\ye-uso reintions. Each erop hns its own pnrticular growth and water-usc pattern. Thus, for short periods, use co

CONSUMPTIVE USE Alii!) WATER REQUIREMENTS 3

l'here is i1 need to correlilt(' eVllpol'!ttion from water llnd land surfaces and trallspimtioll fronl phUllS with the climn,tological .factors ilnd soil conditions. If longtime metlSUremellts of fill tbe climatie faetors affecting consumptive use were available, all empirical fonl1uin, taking illto account the efl'ect ot' l'flch factor eould be de,rel{)ped llnd npplied with l'easonable iH'curac,f for ilNemge conditions ill any' llreft. Howeyer, eyen in the more intensi\Tely settled n.reas, onl~~ part of the influol1eing flLetors hllYO heen mensUL'l'Cl. On new project lands tlmt nrc still sparsely settled, it is 1ll1USUill to have nlly l'nctors mensUJ'od pxcept precipitation {md tempomturo. Anti, in mnny instances, reconls of these inHuences nre limitrcl 01' not n.vailable.

X ew SOUL'ces of irriglltioll water.' supplies nre becoming limited, whel'ens the m'(':t of underdeyelopcd irrignble In,lId is still extensin'. As the ('ost of water illl'reas{'s, mon' cilI,t'ful estinllltes of wnter requircllH'nts 011 projects nn' lIecessmT. Only the lnlld tbnt cnn be sPITod acl(,C[lHltply tind ('conomicall.r can now bc l)l'ought under irriglttioll, For some of the nlOl'e rec('nt large pl.'ojects, the construction costs ehnq!eabl(' Ilgainst ilTig:lti.Oll are well n,bove $500 pel' acrc. 'With ('osts so high, lurgt' errol'S in estimating tite nCl'eage of land suit:lble for continued il'l'i~iltion ill1d the 1111l0lmt of watel.' requircd for it Illust be a,-oided. If insufllcient watpr is allowed 1'01' maximull1 produdioll, the proje('t lands will not producc prolwri,\" and will not be abll' to pa~" the ('harges; but il' tht' supply eX('t'eds the Ileed.;, watt'l' costs ll1a,\~ ex('t'('(\ the ability of the users to pny.

As :1 l't'sult, Statr, FeciPl'llI, llnd other a~t'n('ies rt'sponsible Jor tho pl:\'lIl1in~, ('Ollsll'll('tion, oIwrntion, ll1itintt'na.II('C, n,nd ndministrntioll of IlIllltiplt'-pUl'poSP projects, and thost' r('sl)Qllsibh 1'01' guiding :Ind assistillg f1\1'I\1('I's ill tht' solution of their irrig:ltioll probkllls Iwt'd basic ,nltt'I'-n'(IIlirt'lllpnt data.

If eedain dilllatologicni dn.tn, UI'P ayaililhIP, lhis hull('('11 :I,a.ilnbiP on this sllhj('ct so that dlL sigllPl'S or irrig:llioll Iliid dmillnge 5.n;tt'l1ls and hydrologists h:lY(! hnd cOIl(id,'Il('(' in til(' liS!' of sll('h IIllltp['ial.

GENERAL STl'DIES

TIt('

4 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 12i5, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICUI,TURE

correlation beLween tl'itllSpil'fLtion und eVflporation ft'om fL'ee-wat,er smfaces, njI' temperntut'e, sobr l'fidiation, nnd wet-bulb depressi.onreadings, .

Several formulas have been developed in the pust for determining evnpot'Htion and eonsnrnptivc usc of water by crops and other' vegc::tation from meteorological data. Some methods for determining consumptive use, based on climatic factors, lillY(' l)('en founel to give reasonably fi(,ClUn.te results.

For many year's irrigation engineers hnyc lIsed temperntUt'e daJa in ('stimfl,ting ynney consumptive usc in arid and semiarid lu'e!ls of the ,rest. In 1924 Hedke, as (,pported by Blrtney nncl co,,"orkel's (13), denloped the effe('tin-hellt method 011 tll(> Rio Grnnde. By this method, ('onslllnpti\"(' USl' is estirnnted from n stud~- of t11P jwat units nvuilnbil' to the ('rops of lL pnr'tieuJlll' ndley. rt aSSUI\H'S n linear relation bel\\-een till' ,U110UIlL of waLet ('ollsUIllPd ,lncl the qunJItity of iwailablc hpat. Frolll studies hy the 'C.S. Bl\l'l'au of Rl'dalllltlio'n conducted intermittently front 19:37 to 1940 h,- Lo,nT alld .Johllson (35). n sOl1ll'whllt slllli1:tr llH'tb::>d ,nlS den'loped th;,! has been wid('ly used h~- the Bmrilu in making its rstimutl'S ol'ntlJ('y C'onsumptive usc. This ll1('thod also assllllled 11 dil'l'd rrl:ltionship bctween tt'rnpemturcs [lnd ,'onsum ptivc ust'. It assumes 11 lineiu' relation betwe(~n eOl1sumptin~ lIsr and H('('ull1ulatell dail.,- maximum temperaturcs above 32 F. dUl'ing the growing senson. In ]947, Hn.rgl'eaves, also of the BUI'('ftll of Rrc'ialllntion, suggps(rcl It I1wlhod of ('aleuln.ting consumptiv(' use for the Crntl'lll Vall('y of ('nlifol'nin. This method was bnsed on lo('nl 1'('('oI'(]s of r,"apol'ution, (t'mprl'Hlu('(', lLnd Jllllnidit.," (iZ.rJ).

Thornthwnite (4.n, wOl'killg ill gast:l'I'1I Cnitpd Stll.tps, (lc,"('loprd It IIldllOcl that sr(,IIIS I'nthpl' ",PI1 adaptrd to the 1lI0l'C humid IIrras.

In 1948, PPIIJlIUIl (8/J) of Engl:tlld led in thr denlopll1Plll or some of the 11101'(' fundn.mrntul and rntiollfll flppl'onC'hrs to thc problrlll. Howevpl', fiJi methods presrntl.,- kno\\"11 hl"'c their limitations find require em pil'iC'nl ('oeffi('i('n ts, to eor'l'l'('t for plan t gl'Owth proel's:'PS and physiologiC'al e1inl'llcteristies,

In 1955, Hallmis,\-cihmryrt', lind Hendl'i.C'kson (28) rrportrd on It st ud." of till' rrl:ttion betwPl'n ("-11POt'fl tion frOIll a till om rt('rs nlid eonsumptive watrr ('rquircmrJlts of crops. Thl',\" eluill1Nl thfl.t all rlllpil'icnl relationship existrd bcb\'rt'll mOllthly ('Ollslllllptin liSP nnd tll!' difl'rl'CII('r in rvnpomtion from hla('k nnd \Vllile utlllollletrrs.

Tn 1960, ;-'[III1S01l (37) of t!H' B111'pilU or 1\(clnlllH (iOIl d('\'('lo(J!'d tll!' "1'. E. III(/l'x ~Irthod" JOI' ('Stillllltillg 1I10llthly lIlId allnual ('OIlSlIIllf)ti,'e wat.('l J'C

5 COSSU':-:lPTIVI~ USg A~D WA'l'm, HEQUIREMEN'l'S

u.s. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STUDIES At various tiLllC:.'il since 1900, the research ngencies of the U.S.

Department of Agriculture, ill coopel'ittioll with State agricultural experimel1 t stlLtion::. and other agencies, hlwe me!lsured evapot I"flllSpirfl tion of di1l"('ro11 t fl,gricultural crops alld natural vegetatioll ill many sections of the Cui ted States. Often evaporatioll, tempenttlll.e, hUlllidity, precipitntion, :Lnd \\-inc!. mo,'ement were all recorded a t the snllll' time. Ho\\-eyer, sllch complete rlttta nrc not availttbl(, rOl" IlUlIlY Ul"('as. Thus, lrrmsposing consmnpti,-e-use measurements IlIUst be hns~'d on flVftilnble climatologie:tl ObSel"V1Ltions tlHtt usuallr indulle only temperature ftlld prceipitation. .

One or the :Iirst studies (24) or evapotmnspimtionlosses or irriO"nted ("rops WilS m,llie in 190:3 b.,' the (T.S. Departmellt or Agricultl~'e in Cn1irornin. Extensive studies (7) or eY:tpomlion, eyapotranspiralion, tellljWrnture, humidity, Hlld wind movement were conducted by the SPllior author in 1919 nl the Irrign,tion Field Laboratory lor-:tted. itt Dpl\\-pr, Colo.

In l!):~O thl' prneti(":tbility of usillg the evapoTflLioll pan alld tempemt urp rc("o("(l,; :IS ,tn in

6 'L'ECHXICAL Bl'LLETIX 1275,t:.~, DEPT, Ob' AGIUCeL'lTHI~

of crops by the Dcpartment of Agriculturc, . But mcnsurell1pnl.s fll'C somewhat more difficult to obtnin in humid an'flS becn.lIsl' of the heavier ilncl more freq uell t l'nillfal l. Although wu tel' a ppliC'a tion ('ould be l:Ilthel' wC'll controlled und('l' western ('onditions, thC' irrigatOl' nnd C'XPel'imen tel' hns lilt1e or no ('on trol of' 110"" 11111('h und how 1'1'(' .. q llC'l1 tly 'wn tel', through pl'('C'ipitatioll, is IlppliN] to C'nstC'l'I1 hlllels, X('v('rtheless, considerable timc and mOHl',\' ltaYC 1>('('11 ('XjWIHI('d in nil nttl'lIlpt to mcnsUl'c Wl11.e1' requircments or emp::; in thl' Ellstel'll StatlPS Hnd ,dtll considcrable SllC('eSS,

In gelleml, lin tn fll'e no,,- nyuilnble so UlIl L irJ'ign Iion ::;,,-steills (',1I1 \,(' plllnned and opC'l'!lted with il rC'usollllblC' dC'gTPe of C'fficiell('Y ('n'll UIHI('.I' the higher rainfall ('onditions, And, C""C'11 I hough ollly slllHII amounts of iJ'rig!llion ,,"n.tC'r arc I'C'quil'C'd in l 10 grow Ih(,l11 'in tl1llk;:;, 01.' 1,">liIJl('[PI'S, nnd nH'HSlIrl' tIll' qu,tntil," of \\'nl('r IlP('('SSItI'Y to IIlnill[aill thC' gro\\'th sn.tisrnctoril,'"' For YPllrs Ilwllll (nllk;:; as Jnl'gp liS 10 i'p('t in diulIlPt('I', Illld mon' l'e('C'l1tl)' pblsti(' tllllks llll\'ing J ,non ;:;qu:l.rC' r('l't of smfn('p urea 01' In1'gl'r, hn\'p 1>('('11 u::;('d, III 11IO,;t pllsl (,OIlSlIlilplin'lIS(' studi('s s(C'el tilllks h,t,,!, 1>('('11 about 2 to n fpp( ill dillllll'tpr llnd "1 to U 1'('(,( d('('p, J)oubk (nllk;:; (}y::;.i III l'I (. 1';'; I or galnllli7.pd iron hnyp frequent]," bN'll used (8), The illll('1' tllllk, \\'hi('h i,; 1I0t wat('rtig-Itl, 1101

i COX8c~rpTIn: r:-:I, AXD ,YATER REQrIRE~mNTS

ttl(' C~, Geologieal SUlTe)rbnYl' used plnslie lnnks of nll'ious si7.(,s, An instnJl'llion, using piastie lining, is illustrated in ilgul'e 1.

AllothC'1' ('01111110n mC'thod used in deterl1lining the consumptin usC' or indi\'idunl CI'OpS eJllploys soii-moisture depletiol1 studies (.1, 0),

y

FJ(dHl'; I. ',\11 "\'aporalioll pl:'~li,' 1;lIlk ill~lallwll ill A IIIHI,,/' 1'011.1 l'1ll'1 illlJ , :-:"1'11'1111)1'1' an, HUill. ()f Ii... lOii plalil. ~I't II11 ,\pril :~n, IllIiO,'in 1'00\('([ aIHi Ihrinr{. ~Olll" l'I'pl:1C"'IIIi'1l1 plalltillg \\:l~ rill'''' ill,rorl' tit,. IllIil gJ'tl\\'ill~ .... ta...oll. PlIolIH!l"aph-. 1~f)llrlf'~Y l ....~. (;"ologi('al ~~lIrvfty.

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8 T.ECHNICAII BULLETIN 1275., U.S. DEP'!,. OF AGRICULTURE

In those areas not affected by high ground water, the change ill the moistme content of the soil within tlierbot zone of the crop is measured periodically. Samples are taken in I-foot increments to depths of 3 to 10 feet, depending upon the crop nnd root zone. Equipment has been developed in southern Cnlifornill, consisting of n compressednil' unit, soil tube, and soil-tube jllck (18) to obtllin sllmples. For shallow depths, either a soil. tube or auger may be used. Soil blocks for measming electrically the moistme content 01' neutron-scnlter moisture meter readings (38) may nlso be used to measure moisture content.

MEASURED CONSUMPTIVE USE

After centuries of irrigation in yarious countries of the world find with modern ciyiJi..::aLion c1epenc.ipnt upon foods and flbprs produced under irrigation, it seems strange thnt more is 1101, kllown about actual water l"(~quiremen ts or crops grown under Y[l1'ious 8i tt, conditions. However, sinee 19:35, intensi\'c studies lliWC been UIHlenr:lY throughout the Vnited States alld many other countries in nn dl'ort to find tht' basic watet' requirellH'nts or plants. The 1ll0rP ('Ollllllon crops, including alfa.1l'a, cotton, slllall grn.ins, nnt! gnlss pnstul't', iHn-t' bet'll studied most intensely. Ji'rom an oycmli fleI'r:lge nlld totnl \\'atpr l'equircmen t strrndpoin t, t hrse rrops flrc hy riU' the 11I0st il11 portnn t. Information 011 sCflsonnl LISPS of water ullder :tvrl'n~t' {iplll eOl1ditiollS ayailable on such ('I'OPS is belie\"cd to he fairly ('oll1pldt' now, and considcl'ablc is knowll on thr yariflbility in usp-ra(rs thllt frpqupnl1y occlIr.

\Vith respt'et to /lInny minor nops, nnd those 1I0t ('OIlIIlIOllly growll in the Unitt'd Slates, It P:1UC'i(y or daltt still exists. Yrars or study of the behavior of suell (TOPS llndt'r different site ('onditions \\"ill probnbl.\' he neeessary hprore mles of ('ollsumptiyp lISC' (':lIl bc' drfinilply determined.

Seasonal Vses

:Many cady studics on ('onslImptin lise or wntt'l' \\"(,I'e made only on It sensonal bnsis, with Jilt1c eOllsilkrntion ginn 1'01' monthly, weekly, or daily use-rales. For mallY purposes, dnta on :1 seasonlll basis lire sufficient. ('rl'lninl,\' Illuny stoI'lIge n's('IToirs (':tn br sarely nnd efficiently dC'signC'd willt 11 kllowl('dgr or 0111,\' spnsonnl wnll'l' rcquirPlIlenls. And, in g('IWl'al, s('nsonti! f'onsLllllptin' wnlpl.' I'rquil'('!nellIs do not YfUT too widrlj" 1'1'0111 :vpHI' tu yenr, "'hrJ'C' growing-period TllinfnlL nll'ies widl'ly l)('tw('('1l spnsons, till' lolHI sC'nsonnJ consumptin' wntel' requircll1ellt will l'rlllnin reasoll:dJly ('ollslllllt, but jrri,gntioll wl\trr rl'quil'Pl11pnl mfly be d('lpl'Illined Inl'g-1('(' dn,ln. on tl)(,11Sll.l'ed IIsp-rat('s IlI'P goi \"('n in nPP('J)

---------

9 CONSUMPTIVE USE A.L~D WATER REQUIREMENTS

TABLE l.-Examl)les oj measured seasonal consumptive use and computed average daily and peak c0'1u3umptive use oj water jor vaJ'ious crops at dijJerent locations in tVestern United States 1

I I Consumptive use I I

Year Growing Computed Crop llnd location of season daily

study 01' period '.rotal Peak month

Aver- Peak

I age

I ---Inches IlIclles IncllesAllmf" ut- I

Mesa, Ariz_________ 1945-46\ n 51. 0 O. 20 O. 35 july San Fernando, CaliL 1940 4/1 -10/31 37.4 17 .25 JulyDavis, C,lliL _______I_________ 4/1 -10/31 37.0 17 .27 St. Geol'ge, Utah ____ i 1956-57 4/1 - 9/30 42. 2 .23 .31 Jun!' Logan, Utah_______ : 1002-27 I 5/7 -10/11 25.0 .16 .27 July

Beans at- ,Davis, CaliL_______! ___ ., (j/l - 0/30 14. 4 .12 . 22 Aug . ____ c

- 14.4 15 July Corn ll.t-. i

Lompoc, CaliL - - - - - 105\) I ti/I 9/30 I''> DaY1~, CahL _______ , _________ , nIl - 9/30 12.0 .10 . 14 Aug . Vernal, Utah _______!_________ 19.4 .200/10- 9/20 ------Redfield, S. Dllk----!---------l 5/ I - 9/30 20. 7 .13 .25 Aug.

Cotton at- i ,Mesa, Ariz _________ : _________ ! 4/1 -10/31 34. 9 16 -I ?- Aug.Shafter, CnliL ..____ ; ________ t 4/l -10/31 29. 8 .14 .31 Aug.

Flax at- ,Mesll, Ariz _________ : I ?-Hl5l ! 10!1 - 0/20 37. 0 14 -OJ Apr. Redfield, S. Dak ____ 1954 5:1 - 8/3 1 17.8 .14 'ZcE Aug.

Grains, small, at- I Sail Lui~ Valley, 193t) i 6f\ - 8/31 14.0 ! .15 ------

Colo. !

Logan, Ulah ______ . 16. (j .24 .TlIlll' . - -, ... - ... -.. 5/25- 8/21 17 Davi:;, Calif. ______ .

~

-----~~., 3/1 - 6/7 12.0 .12 -- .... ---Garden City) Kalls .. _ -_ .. ", .. Ii] - 5/31 22. 2 .15 .26 JIIIle'

Orchards: Avocados at Fall- 1953 -l,'1 ~IO!31 23. 2 11 .19 .fuly

brook, Calif. Oml1~es nt--

SaIl Fernando, 19-10 1'1 -10/31 22. I .10 l2 Aug.!Calif. Phoenix, Ariz ___ '_, 1931-a-1 If! -12/31 I 38. (j

I 13 .Ii Julv Grnpefruit tlt 1931-34 1/1 -12/31 , 47. (j .13 .2.1 Aug.

Phoenix, Ariz. Lemons at San 194.0 4;'1 -10/31 21. 8 .11 .13 July

Fernando, Calif. ! ,! I

Deciduous fruit:; at--; iOntario, CaliL - __ ) 193:~ 4/1 - 9/30 ! 28.4 15 San .Joaquin, 1 4/1 -10/31 27.2 .14 , .22 July

Cillif. i

"'ailluts at- i !

.Justin, CuliL_____ 1930 4'1 - 9/80 : 27. 4 ; .15 ----- 'Dad::;, CaIiL_____ 1933--35 '1jl - 9/30 I 2,1. 0 ' 15 .27 .fuly

Pasture nt 1

~1erced, Calif ______ 1955-5(j (iJl -10/31 ')4 4 1tl \ .19 July Columbia Basill ____ ' ________ .' 4/5 -10/15 il: 0 .13 _____ _ Vernal, Dtah _______ :_________ : .18 _____ _ 5i17-10;G 25.0

Sec footnotes at end oC table.

10 'l'ECHNICAL BULLETIN 1275, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

TABLE I.-Examples of measu,red seasonal consumptive use and com,( puted average daily and peak consumptive use of water fol' various

crops at d~tJerent locations in Wester'n United States I-Continued

Consumptive usc

Year Growing ComputedCrop and location of season daily

study or 1Wl'iod Total 1______1 Peak Illonth

Ayer- I Peak age l'--,---il---

Potatoes at ~Icltes j Jllclle" I [/lches !Bonner's FelTY, 1947 _3.0 , 0.19 , _____ _ Idaho. I

5/8 - 9/27 i

Deep River I ] 954-5(; 5/1 - 9/30 18.4 i .12; 0.20 , JulyN. Dak. _

Redfield, S. DaL ___ l 1954

Logan, Utnh ______ +_______ _ 5/1 - 9/30 20. 2 I . 13: .:'w IAllg.5/20- 9/15 15. 0 I . 13 . 25 f Au~.SaIl Juaquin, Calif. _1 ________ _ 5/1 - 9/30 18.0! .12 .21 I JUly

Surg!llIlll, grain (hl:g- f-' ----. - 7/1 -11/30 21.4! .17 I I

.23! Sep\.an), at :\lesa, Anz. ,

Soyb~'ans at :\[e:;a, i 1931-54 6/1 -10/31 23. 2 I . 15 i .23 !Aug. ArIZ. I

Sugar beets f~t- . San .JoaqUIn, Calif. _________ _ 4/1 - 9/30 :".)7. 6 , .15 I .23 i ,JulYScottsbluff, N"ebr____ 1932-35 5/1 -10/31 24.3 .14 I .22 j f\H~.Redfield, S. Dak____ 1954 5/1 -10/31 30. 1 . Ill: .25! Aug .Logan, Utah ____ . _____ ... ___ _ 4/15-10/15 25.0 i . 14 i __ .AlI~ .

Tomatoes at Davis, 1933-35 Oft -10/31 22. S 1 . 15' .20 JulyCalif. t

Vegebtbles: I i

Asparagus at SaIl 4/1 -10/31 ! 27. 8 I .1;3 .2b i Aug.,Joaquin, Calif.

Onions at San 3/1 - 8/31 .20 .TlIlle19.2 .11.Joaquin, Calif. I

f'

Truck crops, misccl- 1- __ 4/1 -10/31 . :'w .June2ft 41 .12laneous, at San I ,Joaquin, Calif. I

________-c________________

------. -'-'-~

J See referenees eontailled in appendix, table 15. 2 Annual period.

Shott-Time Use-Rates

vVith the growing use of sprinkler irrigat.ion systems and need for better information on the most economical capal'it.ies of irrigation systems, there has been all increased need for monthly, weekly, and even daily consumptive use of water mtes. Thus, beginning nbout 1950, considerable effort has been directed by the Agricu1ttlrol ll.'search Service (14) and ot.her flgencies towilrd gathering such dota. Several investigators have reported highly variable mles of usc on H short-time basis. The data are probahly con'ect but flfrect.'d by many influencing Jaetors, mOllY of which have not been undel' t.he control or or measured by tbe investigator. Variations in soltu' radiation probably account'for part of tllis variiltion. Consumptive use is not well correlated with tempemture for short-t.ime pel:iods, illthough for long-time periods the correlation is higb. Howevel',

........

CONSUMPTIVE USE AND WATER REQUIREMENTS 11

data on solar radiation were 110t aVllihtble for this report. Some measured monthly rates of use of water by various crops at selected sites are shown in table 2.

Observations indicate that the use of water by crops varies widely throughout the season ttnd such variation cannot be explained by climatic data generally aVftilable. For instance, work in TeXilS (14) suggests that the average rate of consumptive use by grain sorghum plnnted June 15 is about 0.06 inch pel' day during the emergence period in the latter part of June. By the middle of July the use rate is up to n,bout 0.20 inch per day, and the mte reaches n, peak at about 0.30 inch per day about August 7 when the sorghum is in the boot stage. By the time the plitnt blooms-n,bout August l5-the mte has decl'ensecL per dRY, tmel it continues to decreilse until the sorghum is completely mature about the middle of October. The rnte then holds constant at Rbout 0.05 inch per day until hn,rvested.

INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS FACTORS ON

IRRIGATION WATER USE

~hny fadol"s operate singly or in ('ombinn,tion to influence the :tmounts or water consumed by plants. Their effects are not necessllrily constant, but the factors may differ with locality and water (onsull1ption lll11y fluctuate fl"Om yenr to yenr. Some effects involve the human faetor; others are related to the naluml influences of the erwironment and to tbe growth eharncteristics of the plants.

1'Jle more important of the natut"H.I influences aTe climate, water suppl.r, soils, il.lHi topogrnphy. The climatic factors that particularly aifect ('onsulnptive use are temperature, solltr nl.diation, pre{"ipitntion, humidity, wind. mon:!menL, len~th or growing season, latitude, and sunlight. Data ,,-cre not :l\-:lilnble for solnr radiation.

PRECIPITATION

TIlt' all10llnt nlld rilte of precipitittionrnay hil\"e some minor effect 011 the a1l10Ull t of water conSUll1 pti \Tely used during n,ny summer. Ullder certnill cOlldi Lions, prccipitation lllny OCCUl" as a series of frequent, Jight showers during the hot SllnU11er. Such showers may add little or nothing to the soil moisture for usc hy' the phtnts through tmnspimtioll bu t do deereilse the \\-i thdmwnl from the stored IlloistuL"('. Such preei pi tation m ity be lost largely by evaporn,tion directly from the sUl"face or the phnt foliage and the lnnd surface.

Part 01' the precipitation from heavy storms may he lost by surface runoff. Other storms llln,y be of sudl intensity and amount that a large percen luge of the moisture will en tcr. the soil and hecome available for plan L (mnspir:ltion. '1'his fL\-ailable soilllloisture may materiall y r('duee the amOlln t of irrigntion water needed. Various methods have b('ell used to ('stinHl.te \\"Iutt the efreetive precipitation is under t.he difrerent climate, soil, and crop conditiOlls. Table ~j shows one of (,he methods used.

http:stinHl.te

.... l\:)

TABLE 2.-E:m.mpZe8 oj mea8uredmonthly (,01l81unptil!e1l8e

(f

CONSUMPTIVE USE AND 'VATER REQUIREMENTS 13

TABLE 3.-Exa-mple of total and effective -monthly precipitation for a giL'en area 1

Monthly rainfall considered effective

Total monthly precipitation that might OCClir

(inches) PUrt of each ACClUllulated inch increment total

Inches Inches 1-------~ _________________________ ___11 0.95 0.9.j ') ; ,90 1. 85 4 _____________________________________ : .82 :!.073====::=~=:=======:===~===========:=:=15 __________________________________ _ .65 3. 32

.45 :3. 776. ____________________________________ . 'J-_D 4. 02Ovpr 6 __ ~. ___________________________ ; ,05

1 Dl'finition gi.\ell in appendix, p. 30 .

TEMPERATURE

The nlle of rOllsumpli\Te use of "-Ilter by trop" in Imy pllrlieuluf locillity is probably Ilffcetcd Illore by tcmpcmturc, which for long-tillle. periods is a good measure. or sohu' mdiation, thiln by iUlY other fac~Ol'. Abnormnlly low temperatures reb1.l'd plant growth ilnd UllUSUlll1y lugh temperatures mny produce dormllllcy. Consumptive use may vary widely evell ill years of equal ilccu/llulntcd tcmperntures because of de\-intiolls from the normnl sensonnl distribution. Tmnspiration is influenced not only by tempemture but nlso by the arClL of leaf surface nnd the physiologic needs of the plilnt, both of which nre related to stnge of mntlU'ity.

The following is. quoted. from "Olim!lte Hnt! Orops in Humid Areas" by Riley and Grissom (41):

BjJcct of tlw/perature 'on :crops.-Each crop has it;; own optimum, maximum und minimum tNnpPrtltur(' ;:;tandard:;, howC\'('r, most !:rops make t1wir best de\-c1opllwllt betwl'en liOo F and \)0 F. ~ltlny plant:! rllak(' no growth when the temperature is dowll to .1()O ..b' whereas all !'xtn'lIlP cas!', sorghulIl, pmctically stop:; growth when the temperaturpis dO\\"11 to 60 F. j)ppenciing on Ill:lturity and condition, most plilnts arc killed by :L tl'Jl1()l'mtllre of :~2 F or lower, and ll1any others by 1000 P or over.

The relation of temperature to crop production has l'\"ol\'('d inlo t\\"O frequently quot(>d laws. According to A. D. Hopkin's Bioclimatic Law; starting in the southwpst part. of the country, ::iuch events as speding tinH' are generally delayed 4 day,; by each acl\'ancp of one d('grpc north latitudp, fi,'p d('gref's of eastern longitude', amI 400 ft. of incrptt;;ecl altitude (1).

\'an Hoff-Arrhenius' law for monomolecular clH'rniC:ll rNlCtions holds true within normal t('mppratut'C mngcs and plant growth incrl'ilse:; with each .risc in tcmpcmtun', appfoxilnatl'ly doubling for e:lch 10 C illcrea:le. An ext('o..;ion of this law makes po,,;sible the "growing degn'e day" that i:; \\'idely lls('d by the vegC'tablc packing industry :10; it guide for all phn,;p,; of oprr:ltioll from the day of seedling to the fillid day or han"est.

(4) n~' A. D. I fopkins," lIioclimat!cs, As

14 'I'ECHlo.'1CAL BlfLLgTlN 1275, U.S. DEP'.r. OF AGRICULTURE

HUMIDITY

Evaporation and transpiration nre nccelerated OIl da:ys of low humidity and slowed dming periods of high humidity. Dming periods of low relative humidity, greater rate of use of wnter by yegetation may be e~1)ected (1).

WIND MOVEMENT

Ji~nlpol"H lion or wa tel" fl"om land llnd plant surfac('s (:Ikl's pl:\(:e 1I10l"e mpidly whell then' is moying nil' tillul undl'l' cnlm ilir conditions. Hot, dry winds :111(1 otht'l" unusual wind conll iLions dul'ing the gl'owing j){'riod will ntreet tllc' IUllount of wlltl'r conslllllptivdy us{'(1. Howenr, thcl'e is it. limit til tbe Hmount o( wnt('1" tillit c:tn be utilized. As soon as the bnd surface is dry, ('\":Ipom.tioll pl"adicall.r stops llnd tml1Spimtion is lilllited by the ability of the pllllltS (0 extmct :lIld cOln'fly thl' soil moisture through tilt' plltll ts.

GROWING SEASON

TJIt' growiJlg spaBOIl, wltidl is tied I'a t!l('r ('los('ly to lplllJ)('ra ture, IIHB a rnnjor (>(f(et on thl' s('asollHl U::1(, or Wllll'l" hy plan ts. It is frequelltl~- eonBidt~rt'd to hl' till' period betWl'l'll killing frosts, but, for IJlnny anuulIl ('roPB, it i" ,;horter thall till' fl'ost-frcc Iwriod, as sueh (TOPS are uSlIIllly plttnt('d :lftpr fro;:;ts :tn' p:tBI alld IllatuJ'(' befol'c thl'y reCur.

For most Pl'I'('LlllillJ ('rops, growth st:uts us soon aB thp Ill:lXillllllll [em p('m tUI'P SblyS wdl :1 IJo \'(. thp freezillg poin t ror Ull l'x(pll(ld !)(>riod of days, illld eontinm's throughout the season despite iatpr freezes, Sometimes growth persists nfter the Jirst so-cnlled killing frost in the f:dl. In the spring, Hnd to less extent in the Jail, daily lIIinimum tNn pt'L'il.tures Illa.\- lluctl/ate se\'l'l'iIl (/egrl'es :tbon' and below :32F. for sl'VPml days before H'Ulllilling gellC'rally ll.bon~ or lwlo\\' thl' fl'ppzing poill t. The lw I'd ipr Cl'OpS suni n' thC'se fluetUll lions :wel continue unharrllPd during :1, few hours of subfrN'zing \(llIIpentLure. In fact, many hardy (TOPS, l'BI)('ci:t!ly gl'llSS(,S, 1l1~1.\ matul'c eyell though growing S(,IISOIl tempel'a tureslPlwa.ted 1,\- d wp Iwlow rreezillg. :1 n sou tJl('rn Arizona a Ild C:11 i rom ill It! f:t/fa lind ('i trw; (re'('s gl'O\V throughout tll(' year (J, /5).

Although the frost-fr('l' SPIlson Illay be UB('(I as a guidp ror ('o,nputing ('onslllllpti\-p use, Hetunl dates of planting :uld IlHl'n'sting of the (TOPS lInd :IYN'age :ulIIunl datl's o( !:lIP Jirst :111.1 !aRt irrig:ltion ar!' illlportunt in deh'l'Il1inil1g the ('onsUlllptin' irrigatioll rC'quin'IlJ('nts or til(' (TOpS. Sludips or tlu' drl'ct of ('Iilll:ll(' OIl plnllt lift' W(>I'(' I"l'portpd H~ rnriy n.s 190,5 (1). Pht'lIologiClll sludi!';; "ucl! liS tllosl' lIJl(krwny in the Wt'stcrn l'rgioll of tltc l~lIitl'

CONSUMPTJYE USE AND WATER REQUIREMENTS 15

clilHttion, the hours of dnylight during the surnnl('r are much greater in the northern latitudes than nt the Equntor, tlince the sun is the source of nIl energy used in emp growth find ('vaporation of wuter, titis longer day mny nllo\\" plnllt transpiration lo continue (or illongcr period each dny IWd. to produce lln efred simi1l11' to that of lengthening the growing s('ason, .

AVAILABLE IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLY

All til(' H hove-Ill ('ntioIll'd dill1iltic fllttors infilwlI("l' the nlllollllt of wfli('r Hull pot('ntinlly ("an he consull1('d in It gin'n area, Ho\\"e \"('1" , 1\1('r(' ar(' other rndors thllt also ("nUS(, importHnt diffel'elH'(,s in th!' ("onslIlllpliy(' use-rates, Saturally, unless ,,"ater is It\'aibtblc frolll SOIll(' s01lrce (preeipibl.tion, natural gmund ,,'atl'r, 01' irrigation), then' ('Iln be 110 ('0I1811I11pliv(' usc, In thosl' nr('aS of the arid Hncl Rem iarid "'('st wht'l'(' the miljor SOlll'Cl' is irrigll tion, both the qunn ti ty and s('asonal dislribu Lion o( the n va iln bh' suppl,\' will nfrl'ct ("onsul1l ptiYe lIS(" Whl'r(' watl'r is picntiful Ilnd cheap, there is :t tl'ndency for fitl'l1H'I'S to overirrigtlt(', If tll(, soil surface is [requel1 tty wel nncl thl' resulting ('\'npomtion is high, the ('ombinl'at:lble. HO\\'('\'PI', if it i::; n('('('ssnI'Y to I1Pply additiol1itl wnte-l' to till' 1:lnd 1:0 lea('h thc' saLts LlO\nl through the soil, l1Jorc W:ttf'l' will pro!>:lbL,\' 1)(' lost Ii,\' e\":1 poral iOIl 1'1'01\1 tlH' soil surl'u('p and sueh loss will he- ('ll:ll'gl'llble ngnillst fhp ('onsulllptin' j'('quil'elllcnt of the' ('roPIH'd a r{'It,

SOIL FERTILITY

11' :1 soil is IlI:uLe II H) J'(' fertile throu~h the .1 pplie:ltion of III1lIlUL'l1 or hy SOIl1(' otlH'r IIlt':II1S, tll(' yi(,lds Illay be

16 'l'ECHNICAL BULLETIN 1275) U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULT'URE

ESTIMATING WATER REQUIREMENTS

In planning irrigalion projects or farm irrigntion systems and practices where few or no measuremellts of water requirements ilrc anlibble, one usually finds it necessnry lo estill1il tc wn tCI" ncrds fronl bnsic dimn.tologicnl ilnd irrigation data.

The procrdure described in this bulletin mnT be us('{l to lmnsposr ObSCITCd cOllsumptivc-usc clata from onc urca. to othcl' l11'raS for whidl only elinmtologieal data nrc n:vnibble. After totn1 COllSUIllptiH1 llsr is ("olllputed, thr nd iUllollnt of irriglltion wfller 11 {'('('SSH 1'.\- to sntisl\ l'OllSUm pt in' usc is found by subtracting the nm01lll t or Wn (PI' SlIpp\iNI from 1t;1.IUl"lll sourcrs from the total consumpti\-r W1\trr rpquil'rlllrilt. This Ilet requircment for iU1Y period divided by the ilTigal iOIl C'ffi{"iC'Il('Y, gi veB th(, irrigation WHirI' ref! uil'rmrn t or (he crop for tll1l t IlPriod.

Adlla.l nH.'ftsUI"rtncnts of ('onsumptive usc undcr Cil'h of till' ph~'si('al and clinll1tic ('onditions of any brgr HI'(~1l are CXlwllBin' alld till1(,eOllsumillg, Thr results of l'cseat'{'h nnd rneasurcrncIIls or tilt' ('011SUlllpti\-r usr of \\-,ltel', I1l0ng wit h meteorologic-al obsel'vatiolls, pl'o\-id!' basic dlttlt I'('qnircd 1'01' rstin1Hting wttlcr requirements for il'rigated lallds \\"h(,l'r fr\\- 01' 110 dllta, rxerpt climatologiclll, ma,~- be a '-11iln bh'.

Tltr Illdhod lkn'[oprd by the lU1tilol's in 1945 (1[), und re\-ised ill 1950 (12), to rstiml1te ('OllslIll1ptiyo USc oj' waleI' by il'l'igatpd l'rops from l'iill1atologieul dahl has br('n usrd in most of thr rniled Slnt('~ alld in I11nl1\' forC'ign ('olllltrics, It hfls bern foulld to bC' sntisf:l!'loIT 1'01' ('OIllPlltiilg S('11 iOIl a I liSP wlH'l'c IlIl'nslIlwl usr-dtllfl I1re not in-nibblc', 'I'll(' ('ollslIlnpti\Tp-lIs(' I'ormula (F=I{f) WaS first drHlop('d prilll:lrily 1'01' c\('l/'I'lllining SC'Hsolln.i C'orfficicllts (K). Howr\"cl', it is l"('('oglliz(ld thilt ('orffir'il'llts 1'01' ('olllputil)g monthl,\- and pcnk riltes of watpr ('onsulllptioll HI'(' I1rp(\('(1 to mee( the drlnnllds of Hc-lion IlgrlwiC's. :-iillC'c 10:)0 1110l'r datil l11tH h('rn obtnined b\' 1'('1'C':lI'('11 stuciiN; 011 ('011511111 pti H' liSP by III 011 t hs a lid for shol'(rl' pC'l'lods.

CONSrMPTIVE USE OF WATER

Although it is rr('ognized lhut 1H11l1('rous ftletol's must he taken into ('onsi(\rl'1ltion to ddcl"lninc' HCCul'iltrly ('onsumptin' USe or WilleI', thr rfl'cct of tr!l1prnlturc ilnd sunshine upon pltlllt growth as mettSlll'eS of sollu' radiation 1s, \\-ithout don!>t, (he Illost 1mportant of the dimntic fn('tol's. 'J'01ll[lrrtttul'c nncl pf'('cipillllion records fll'e more rrlldiL,\nv:tilablp tlJunrnost othcr climatic datil throughout prC's('nL nllc! potcntinlngri('ullurftl arcHS or tlw \\orl(!. Hc('orcis or ndunl sun;;\tilt(' are not gencl'11l1,\- Hy:\ilablr, bllt thp prl'pel or tlun,.,lrinp is \'('1'.\- important on til(' mt(' of pl:lnl growth nnd t h,) alllount of Wl11C'/" pl:tnt,., will C'onSunH',

The crl'c'd of sunBhinr Clln be illll'odu('('(1 by using (11(' 1(lng-tll or days during the cl'op-growing SCllson :It \-arious I:ttitud(,s. "\s nn example, the kngth of tho cliwlilllr nt thc Equator vnrips littlP throughout the' ~'enl', Wh(,I'(':lS nt 50 X. Intillldl', thc length of the dny in SlIllllll('r is much longrl' tllnn in wiutpl'. Thus, ;1.1 cquill tplllprrn.tur(s, photos.\Tnthesis ('all tnke phtC'c for 5('V('I'111 hourB 10ngC'r e:tdl .Jul1r c1a.rat !lIP north latitud(' than ftt the Equatol', Crop gl'owth nnd \nLtPI' cOnsumption nllT with the opportunity for photosynthesis.

...

..

..

CQXSUMPTIYE USE AXD WA'l'E.R REQUIRKMENTS 1.7

~Jlonlhly pcrcentages of annual cln.yLirne hours compuled 1'1'0111 possible sunshine hours (1) for latitudes covering most cropland areas of the world nrc shown in appcndix, table 16. It is realizcd that COIl1puted daytime hours may be somewhat lllislcltcling, pnrticulnrly in areas where hCILVY fog or stormy weathcr exists during tbe cropgrowing seasonj ho,rever, tempcmtures tend to correct this effeet. Lr hUll1 idity records nrc n vailable, thesc' may also br llsed ilS 11 corre('tion (/6). It is to be understood that if fwlual data IU'(' uYltiJnbk, thes(' should be proprl"l.r correluted and. used. Undoubtedly, as records 111'(' illlpro,'ed in the future, tlte t1woreti('ltl ,";tiues will be replaced by adual nllues in nUll1Y computations.

CONSUMPTIVE-USE FORMULA

Disregarding many influencing factors, cOllsumptive USe varies with the tempC'rn.tul'C', lcngth or clay, nnd avaibbk moisture regardless of its Source (precipitation, irriglltion \nltl'r, or Ilfltul"Hl groulld watpr). ~[ultiplying thr mettll monthl.,- tpmpC'l"lttUl"r (t) by thc possibk 1110llthly l}(,lTl'lltnge of daytillw hOllrs or lhc yetll' (p) gi\-C's a mOllthly (~OIlSUlllpti\"C-use ftlctor U). It is flSSllll1ed that crop consuillptin usC' \-;lries direetiy as this factor \\-hc'n ;lllllll1plt' Witter suppl.,' is availablr. IDxprrssrd nlathclnllticnlly in Ellglish units 1L=I.:j twd C=SUIll or kj=K.P whcrr,

t=~lcall monthly temppmtuH" ill degrers F;thrrnhcit. p=~lonthly perccntage of d;lytime hOlll'S or tlte .\'CaT.

f=l~g=lIlonthlY eOllsumptivp-us(' factor. u=~lolltld.\' eonsumpti,-p liSP, in illchl's. ('=Srllson;11 consulllptin~ use (or ('\'llpotI"aIlSpimtioll), in ill("lws. F=Sulll or the monthly ('onsllll1ptive-us(' radors for thl' lll'riod

(SUIIl of thC' products or llH'nll 1l10lltltly (elnprl"lltUI"(' and mOllthl.\" prrC"clltage of d:I.,-tillH' hours of the .'"pur).

f(= Empirictll rOllsumplin-llse crop ("oeflieient ror irrigatioll S('llS011 or growing period. ('I'ltis hns b('('11 roulld to be I"l';tsollably eonstlUl L ror ail ;tl"('ns.)

III IIlPlri(' till i ls,

/ (-t;j.7t+~i1:)) . I . '11'II=/,:p - J()()-- =~loll[hy l"OIISlllllptL\'(' Lise, III 1111 IIIlP(('rR.

I,:::~rl'all Illonthly (l'IIlI)('nliul"l', in dl'gl'('PS ('{,Iltigrade.

Thr COIlSlIlllptiw'-lise rll('(Or (F) Illtty bl' (,OlllputNI ror ILl'pnS for whieh monthly tClllperature re("oL'(\s lIre ;l\";lilllblc, ir lI1(' pC'ITPlllnge of hours thaL llre shown in app(ndix litblc Hi are used. Theil, tlte totnl erop consumptive usc ([T) is oiltnilH'(\ bX IIluilipi.\-ing (P') by tlte ('Inpirical consull1ptin-lIsl' crop ('odf.i(:iellt ([(). This rl'i:ttiollship allows the cOlllpultttion of ('OIlSlllllptin' ww :lllywhl'I'(' in till' \\'orld for nops for whieh coeffieim(s 1m\'(' b('('I.l ('xlwrillll'lltnil.\' ('s(ablisIH,d 01' which can be estilllated. .\PIWlld ix tII Ilks 17 11 lid I f) COil til ill ('It\eu In ted 1I0nrHtl monlhl.\- eonsull1ptin~-us(' fnctorR CO iLnd fl\'C'l"ltg(' 1110I1thl.\' precipitation (1") ror arellsin,res(C'rn CnitC'd :-;(;\lrs and in \-arious 1l1"l'nS or the world. From t1H'sl' dlltt\' til!' R('asonal r;w(or (F) (';UI Il(, d('ll'rlllilled ror nlly growing p('riod nl tbes(' IO(,;ltioll::;.

18 TECHNICAL BULL1!~TIX 1275, U,S, DEPT, Oli' AGHICULTURE

Seasonal Consumptive-Use Coefficients

A snmnuu'y of mcasured consumptive-usc yalucs (U) for important crops at various locations, ('alcnln trd consumptive-use fnctors (F), nnd the computed crop coefficients ([0, is gin~n in nppcndi.'I: blble 15, As ....

U mn,y he obscrved, the computed coefficients by the formuh [(== F show

some vtuiation, Such mcnSUl'emcnts nre diHicult (0 mnkc twel may lw Rubject to crror bceallse 01' the IlltlLl,V diversf' conditions untiPl' which the studies were conducted b,\" the various investigators, Not only did climate YtllT, but uSllllll,Y the soils, waleI' supplies tlVllihtbll' to thl' crop, mcthods of measuring consumptive use, crop yiclds, and OtlH'I' influencing Jnciors also ,aril'cL widely from plilce to plnce, Thus, a vHl'i!llion in tbe computl'd coefficients (K) is to be expected, Howen~l', bnsed on a personal knolcLedge of the physical conditions uncll'r which many of the studies wcre conducted, the authol's han nnttlyzed nil the avnilable chltn and prepared table 4, This table lists coefficien(R l'f'coUlmended 1'01' vilTious crops growlI undcl' nOt'lll ill conditions, I'('gardless of location, The iH1.thors rl'cognille the Pllueity of datIl itvfliln,ble, particularl~~ for mtlll,\' crops of lltl' world, FUl'thf'1' studies IlIll\" yc'ril'v 01' modil\r these coeffi('ien ts, In those areas ",hel'f' I'eliablf' ('x,)el'imeI1tal clllta a'j,l' availnbk, consumptin-use eoefflt'il'llls !lilly hI' Ildjusted to fit local ('oll

19 CONSUMPTIVE USE AND WATER REQUIREMENTS

l'AI~Lr; 4.-Seasonal consumptive-use coe./ficients CK) for i1"l'i[/ated crops in Western United States

Crop Length of normal growing !Consmnpth'e-use season or period 1 I coefficient (K) 2

IAlfalfa___ _ Between frosts __ . _____ ... ' 0.80 to 0.90 Banana.asi(' inrormatioll is available, such aetual datil should Iw lIsrd. But rarely al'p all needed dlLta known in sufIi('irnt eIptnil. Tn grll('rnJ, 1I1r more actual datiL available, the mOl"e IH'('umtc slrould 1)(, Ilrc ('slilllntcs 01" assulllptions. Wh('l"e Ilc('essar.v inrormation is laeking, {hr rollowing ilssumptions IllUSt bp madc in applying thc conslIlI1pti,'r-lIsP rOl"llllll:l to tl'ansrel" da tIL betwcpn arcas:

1. Spasoll:d ("onslIllIptivc usc ([') or walpl" varies din'elly willr tlr(, ('OIlSlllllpl iH-us(l r:letol' (r).

2. ('1'01' growth and yields arc 1I0t lillliit'd hy illfuil'qullil' \\'Itfpr :IL_llny tilllc,

20 'rECENICAL BULUJ>:.!IN 1275, U.S. DEP'l? OF AGRICULTUHEl

,00 , , I I , , I It":>-:o ! , , , ,, , ,I ~ I :~ ;: 1 I I j. I ,~,___-'-_1 I I I I1,-,-.~I" '-'----;--,--; --;-~ I. ". ---"----,-,--

- 10. 10. I Itt I tOtO I I t 1 t t 0 QU'";) ! ~ f I~-r. I. , , .

I t I f , f, z, 0 " :, 1 I , , , ,l---'-'--I-- 10.000 :00 :!: ,IClO

I --; cr.; U; l- 10 l-- 1- Il- Ie":) f 1 1

j 0 I d : .. f ~.,~~ ~-_. ___~ ___ ~ ._____'~2-! __~.I_

_ I ~IX!

----:--l~~----- - -, --,-------,:I; I' 000100 OOOICIO

-OO~'JJ OO':r.:I-iO

< f '---1-'-' , --- -----,--------

- I~-o' I:': 0 0 0 In 0010 L': 10 _ -0-01- C~OCI""IO-:! ..... . .... ,

~ --~,~-------.-"--..----.. "-.-.-I

g

00000 o In 00 ~:'t':'I-I-IO ':t; l-t Clr::,

'-

o

=

, ,

'f,

.~

CONSUMPTIVE USE AND 'VATER REQUIRE"-IEN'l'S 21

3. The fNtility and producti"ity of the soils ill the ,'arious locntious nrc similnr.

4. Growing periods for alf:IIra, pasture, onhard ('wps, nnd "natural" vegetation, although usually extemling beyond the I'rost-free IH'riods, nrc usunlly indicated by suC'h periods. Yields of crops dependent upon vege(:ltiye growth only v!try with the length of the growing period.

Figure 2 is u nomograph dc\~cloped for the solution of lIlC consumpt i\'C'-uSC' 1'0rll1uln,u= kf, in the English nncL metriC' systems. H the Illean lllonthly tempNl1tlll'C nnd the latitude of the area are known, it is possible to cstim:ltc the nOl'lllnl montbly consumptive USc (u) of any ('rop for ",11i('h (k) is known"

As :1I1 cxnmple, :lSSUllle lhnt it is desired to know whilt tlte July t'onsulllptin. usc of \\,:lter hy sugHr beets might be in llll area of lnl. :36 0 X., \\'bere the menu tempel'll.iulp during thp month \\':lS 70 0 F. For this condition, the .Tuly eonsumptin-use coefIieient for sugilr bp('ts is estim:lted to be 0.70. From appendix table Hi, l' is 9.99 pe('(('nt. Entering the nomograph (fig. 2) "'itlt the ilboye vnlues of lane! jJ, \\'P find. thtlt f=(UJ. With a k or 0.70 the usc of wllt('r by 8llg:u' bt'C'ls during ,Tul,\' wilt be about 4.8 incil('s. Had the (TOP been nIr:IU':1 with a k or 1.00, til(' normal ,Tuh' use would be about 6.9 inch('s. tn OthCl' wOI'lI,;, 7 ineill's of wn.t('r lllllst be lIlade anlilablc for el'op use during the month. This l'cquil'clIH'nl nllly be llJet frolll precipitatioll,

Jl: Monthly consumptiv. un (evapotranspiration)

.1,= Emptrlcal coefficient 'or crop

.1..'= Mean rn 01'1'1 hly temperature

..E.': Monthly percent of doytlme hours of the y.or

1...2,.1.'100

2.

~) T:~ 34 12 30 II 10 ?o6

24 9 22

8 20

7 -t 18

IIOf45100 ~ 40 35

90 .30

80 25 4 3

20

15

6

5

16

14

12

70' 20 5 4 10 6 7

4 10

8 9

::1-:: 40 5

30 0

. e 10 12

15 ~ 6

I:9 JO I' ~ 12 13 7 6 5

3

2.

3 8

7

r6 I

Z L5

f, FII;l-HI, 2.~-X()J1I()!-(ntJlh for ";Ollitioll of lIIolithlr f'(JIl~1I1Jlpl i\'fHI~P fo['l II lib:

{j1'02G~~ 02 -I

22 j'ECHNICAL BULLE'l'IN 1275, U,S, DEP'l', OF AGRICULTURE

carryover soil moisture stored prc\'iously, ground wllter, and irrigation,In the hot, (lry westcrn tu'cns, most, if not all, of this rcquil'cment must be mct by irrigation, .As we move cnstwnrd, morc ftnd morc of the crop nceds may be met by sumnll'r precipitation,

IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS

Bnsic consulnptin~-use dllhl Ul'(' used ill N;timating th(' in'iglltion wulrl' requil'cll1cnt of existing 01' proposeu(('(I, Illld appli('(1, PSp('C'illlly on it long, nnrl'Ow proj('('t. Jl'rigatioll Hutiloritil's 11lI\'(' ('stil11at('(1 tlllll IPss thall :30 Ill'I'('Pllt of till' water

CONSU~IP'.rI\'E USE AND W A'l'ER REQUIREMENTS 23

consumptive llse. Ir-l'igf1tion efficiency determillittions hilve been made by the U.S. Depltrtment of Agriculture in cooperation with State agric:ultuml expel'imen t sbltions and other agencies in 'Vestern Shltes, particul:ul.v ('ltiifol'llin, (1), Xew Mexico (36), Utilh (33), and vVnshin cr ton. 3

If th~ filnn llltemis al'e relatively short, if they are lined, or if the water is deliwred to the field hy pipelines, farm transmission losses nmy become negligible nnd field-irrigation efficiency may be approximiltel\r the Sllllle as the fnrll1-il'rig:ttion efliciencv. Skill in the handli~lg or the water by the il'rigntor, proper land preparation, and lldeqUilte I'llI'm irrigation structures mny greutly increuse the efficiency. This \dll allow 1'01' fl corresponding decrease in the total amount of water that must be r\pli,'ered to the lnnd 1'01' crop production.

~[ethods or detprmining irrigiltion effieiency have been described in other rrports (4, 33). To dptermine the field-irrigation efficiency, it is essential to know the 1lI0isturl' content of the soil before and Ilfter irrigation, liS well as the quantity of water delivered to the fidd or plot. Additional inrOl'llllltion on irrigation efficiencies is needed 1'01' \"Ill'ious irrigation site conditions.

Effect of Soils

Prohnbly the f:tdor h:t\'ing the gre:ltcst effect on irrigntion effi('ieney, aside from the handlillg- by the irrig-ator himself, is the soil on the flU'Il1 n.nd thaI soil through which the ('anals lind ditches run. This applies parti('ularly 10 oldcr projects, where fnnn irrigation systcms wen' not IH'C'('ss:lrily Inid out n('('ording 10 soil characteristics. III geneml, ('onsid('l'ilhlc loss of \\'nl('[' b., dccp pe['coilition occurs in tile lighter soils. On lit(> hca\'ic[' soils, llllWIr watcr lllll)' he lost through surrnec !'llllo!L T~'pi('al irrigation (,fljeiencics 1'0[, se"cral difrcretlt soil eonditiolls aI'(' shown in lithic (i.

TAlll,); G .. Typical ll'alo'-applicalion [1)88('8 ((lid il'l'iyation r:.tjiciellcie.~ for rh:tfaellt soil cOllrlition8

Op('Il, ~r('di\llll He'l\'\' !l0I'OUS 10Hm Ci;lY'

J'aeol/l Percellt Percent Fnrm-latrral los:; I .. J5 )0 ; 5 Surfaec runofr lo~s. ,; 10 ; 25 Deep per~'olnHon lo~~ __ 35 I 15 I to Ficld-irricrlllioll cfliei!'IH'\" 2 i0 75 ' 65 Farm-irrigatioll ctrieiclH:Y 2. .);:; (;5 GO

t ('lliined diteit('s (io~~ in II(,w-lincri dilcitP!< nnc! pipplincs is uiiually nhollt 1 pe1'eent).

2 i:'ce appendix rOl' d('finil ion:', p. :l\l.

3 ~rprh. ;i. ,J. 1'IWtm~;ii" HEl'tJ!(1'. 11'l'ignliC)n BnuH'h ExperilllPn! :;!atioll, 1'1'0:'::;('1'1 Wash. J ()18. (Typewritten.)

24 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1275, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE'

One of the major reasons for low ilTigation efficiencies is the change of intake rate that oecurs throughout the irrigation season Iwd from year to year within the crop rotation period. Becnuse of this rateof-intake variation, which might range from one to four within any one season and at least double between seasons, considerable flexi- ~ bility must be built into the irrigation system if high efficiencies are II to be obtained. The size of stream per unit are!L must be large when in take rates nTe high and sma11er ns t.he intake Tutes decrease.

Effect of Crops

...As II, nile, it is possible to gethighet efl-iciency or il'l'igation with close-growing crops than with those growlI in rows. Also, applicntion efficiencies 1'01' deep-rooted crops nre usually higher than JOl' SI1l111owrooted crops. In large fields or shallow-rooted crops, n substnntinl pnl't of the water applied mny be lost because lhe upper' end of the field becomes "oversoaked" alld the water sinks below the root zOlle before the 10weL' end has received enongh water.

In a similar mtumer, the age or the crop likewise nfl'eets inig[ttion efficiency, especially with row crops when the plants al'e young. The root zone of young plants is extt'emely shallow, iwd much water is usually lost through deep per('olntion or' smfaee runoff before enough water moves hori7.ontally from the fmrow to the hill under young plants. 1\.s the plants develop and the root systems grow, this loss can be reduced n,ppreciably.

Effect of Methods of Irrigation

'rhe method of iuign,tion hns considerahle efred 011 LllP efliciellP\' of application. UncleI' some couditions, the highest nppliclItioil efficiency can be attained by the usc or sprinklet's. Borclerirl'igiltion, where adapted, is condueiye to relatively high efficiency 111 the usc of Wtlter. At th(' other end or the scale, "'ild flooding is probably the least efficiel1 t of nIl methods iwd is usually not justified where the cost of water is high. Flooding J't"equentiy results in nonuniform distribution and excessive waste of wiLter nnd is lIkely to create serious (iI'ainage problems.

High Efficiencies Essential

.Many naLuml factol's enter into ohtaining higll application emcieney. They should be earefulljT considered when basi(' conSlun pli'Teuse d[LttL ond irrigation-efficiency figlll'es are used to determine tolal irrigation W[ltet l'eq uirern en ts. ..

Effieien t water npplien lion not only eonscrves the protlucti\'i ty of soils but also helps to keep the Witter under ('ontrol. These arC major goals in irrigation agriculture. In the intt'rest or the individunl in'igator and the public, . the~'erore, high irrigation.efJicienyies should be the rule. Lower effictCnCles may be tolerated III pnrlIeulal' areilS 01''1 good natural drainage and where deeply percoittting wfltcr will not wnterlog producti,'e soil and will soon be recoYered ns return flow, .... or by pumping. In some arens, water must be applied for leaching

CONSUMPTIVE USE AND WATER REQUIREMENTS 25

purposes to decrease the accumuln,tion of harmful salts in surface soils, But efficient water application on the higher lands delays the time when drainage of adjH,cent lower lands may be required,

USABLE PRECIPITATION

The amount of growing-season precipitation thnt is usable by plants is difficult to predict because of the many conditions enCOUlltere(\. Undoubtedly, not all rainwater will enter and be stored in the soil. In some areas of light rainfall, practically all summer precipitation may be lost by evaporation from the foliage and adjacent land surfilce, None may be retained in the soil for transpiration by the CTOP, Howey-er, in such areas, the total summer precipitation is pl'obilbly a relatively small amount of the seasonal consumptive requirements of the crops, The showers, although adding little or nothing to the usable soil moisture supply, are commonly accompanied by doudy weather, during which evapotmnspiratioll is slowed down. Thus, sllch storms may be of value in meeting the wiLter needs of crops.

In those nl'eas where growing-season rainfall is heavy and ill tense, SOIUC will be lost, depending upon the intnke rate and stol'llge capncity or the soil in the root zone or the crop use, Likewise, eyell though tIte soil nU1Y nbsorb the rfLinl'all, any in excess of tllilC which the root. zone will retain is lost to the crop above,

Unless ([etailed inl'ormation is fLVailable on the chanLCLer or the storms ancl the surface Tunofr and deep percolation that occurs I'rom eaeh, the authors recommend that "efrective Snl11lner precipitation" be estilllnted, using monthly precipitiltion dilta and the relationship as shown in table 3, But here again, local experience may ue more lIsel'ul than ,wy ilrbitmry Jormulil that might be set up to covel' nJI eonditiof1[3 of rninfall, soils, CL'OPS, topogl'fLphy, and climate.

WINTER SOIL-MOISTURE CARRYOVER CONTRIBUTION

As with precipitn.tion, tile contribution or earryovet' soil moisture !o the seasonal witter l'l'Cjuirelllent is difficult to e\~nhHttc. III SOIllC arens, winter precipiltltion is suffieie.nt to. hring the soil Jllois\.ut'C ill the root zone or the plillltS up to :~ield cflpncity (4), 'Yhel'c Illteseason wilter supplies ilre short, the soil moisture is usually well below field capacity itnd possibly down to the wilting point in the fall.

POl' CL'OpS with it 6-1'00t root zone, lhe illlloun t or uSilble water that ('ould be stored might range from 1. to 2 inches or wn,ter pet' foot depth of soil, or 6 to 1.2 inches in the 6-1'00t root zone, This is it l)Uljor pitrt or the annuall'equirelllent or somc crops fl.nd CHIl be supplied by winter precipitation in some m.'eilS in wet years. However, in ill'eflS where irrigation wnter is plentiful, it is not unusunl to :lind the soil moisture content itt the elld of the senson nearly ns high as itt the begilllling. Thus, there is no slomge cnpa('ity left in the 1'00!i lIone and the contribution from winter precipitntion is negligible. X everthe1ess, the qUfln tily of moisture cflJ'l'ied o\'er in the soil 1'1'0111 \vinter precipitntion tellds to ofl'set flny deficiency in the estill1ated irrigation wflter requirements,

http:suffieie.nt

26 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 12i5) U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

GROUND WATER CONTRIBUTION

In areas of high natural ground water) the irrigl1tioll requirement may be 11l1terially less than if ground Wl1ter were not aVl1ilable. However) if the high ground Wl1ter is the result of excess irrigation, the overall demand 011 the irrigation supply by the crops is not decreased. In such a case, part of the irrigl1tion is obtained by underground methods. As an exam pIe, studies ill Sail Fernando VaUe:r in southern ('aliforni:1, indicated n ("onsulllpti\-e use of waler by alfalfa of 37 inches during the irrigation seilson (17). In are:1S of high Wilter table in this valley only 24 inches of surface irrigiltion water was required to produce a good yield or alfalfa. The additiona113 inches callle h01l1 undergwund water supplies and :1 small amount of sUlllmer precipitation. Alfillf:1" which is a phreatophyte, will produce a crop in some areas of high water with \-ery little irrigation.

APPLICATION OF CONSUMPTIVE-USE

FORMULA TO SPECIFIC AREAS

The amounts of wilter required to irrigate ill I indh-idual ("wp, :~ single farm, or ill1Y entire irrigation projed mlL.\' b(' estillHlt('d by the procedure described by Bbney (10).

In the following section this procedure has been Ilpplied 1IIld('r sevenll different climatic conditiolls found ill tilt' Cllited St:l.tl'S. Five difl"eren t cXiunples for illdi\'id lIIll erops are presen ted, co\~ering coastal areas to hot humid interior areas. An example showing USl' of the method for computillg total fann irrigation requil'{'ments for an intermounblin :lrea is induded. This latter proceduro can be l'xp:lmled to cover illl entire irrigation projed or a eomplete valley. The v:dllP'; for sprinkler irrigation systems in Hllwnii need to be Illodified.

COASTAL AREA IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

Irrig:ltion is tlte most essential itl'llI in the prodlletio[) of citrus fruits in southel'Il Califol'lli:l. The total lllHHlal minfall in thaL are:l is insufflcient to meet the Ileeds of tlte crops. ~orll1ally, rninf:tll occurs from No\rember to April, ill('\usiYl', and pro\-ides moisture for winter use. Ho\\-e\rer, rainfall distributioll in sOllle .\-earS llllly be sueh as to make sonle winter irrigation lIecessary. 'Yater is uSllillly deli\-ered to the farm heildgiLte through pipe or ('ollcretf'-lillE'd eanals, 'l'heL"C is pmctically no convcyance loss frolll thl' undNground pipe distribution system between the fnl'lll Iwndgttte and till' field to he irrigated. Thus the farm-irrigiltion eflicieltey is usually about the same llS the field-irrigiltion efficiency.

The procedure for computing the nOL'llIid Illonlltl.\r irrigation requirements of :1, mature orange grove in Omnge COUllty is ginll in table i. On },{arch 31 about 3.7 inches of rnoistul'c is stored ill the soil fronl winter rains, so no inigiltion is required in April. The tot:11 irrigation requirement for the period April :'W to Odober:U is estimated lit 21.9 inches. In ye!lrS of normal distribution of l'Ilinfllll, V('ry little irrigation is needed until ~hy. In wet years 18 inchps of irrigation w:ller Hilly be suftieient to meet the needs of the crop.

"

~

...

'111

....

.,: "

'l.'.\.Ii[,E I ..... ('ompllll'd I/ol'lilalliloltthly COl/81WlptiL'e 1/8(' (lild irri!lation /'I'lj!tiremenls of nIL ol'anye wove, Sa,nla, ..lna, Oalif. ;(~-"'--"~--r------

('(lIl~l"IlPI h'l' 11;-;1' A\'prag;1' I ,OIlSIIIIl pt 1\'1'-, lrri' l" 1I ('j ~Ipall D" \'l i III!' ('OIl:;III1IP- I AV('I'Hgt' (,Ifl'('\h',' i 11,';

41

28 '.rECHNICAL BULLETIN 12 i 5, U ,S, DEPT, OF AG UICUL'rUUE

SALT RIVER VALl,BY, ARIZ,

The climnte or the 8nlt River Vlllley is Chfu'llderizl'd by high temperatures, long hot summers ilnc! mild winters, 10\\" anlHHLil'llinfnll, illld low hllll1idih", Rese:1I'e11 studies hnxe been milde on usc of Wlttel' by aUlllra, cotton, citrus, sorghum, 1111e! other e!'Ops in this \"l1l1e,\", The ('flnsumptin Wl1tet' l'equil'emcnts of cdton ill the \"ieinity of Phoenix I1l'e geneI'lllly typical of the wlItel' needs or this (,I'OP in other hot int('l'iol' valleys of the "'est und in 0111('1' areas of the \\'orl(L How('H'I', summel' pi'('cipitntioll IllIlY lllilkc II rnnl'ked difl'('I'('nee ill tilt' eonsumplive irl'iglltion l'equil'eIllellt (/6),

The computed mOllth1,\" irl'iglltion n'quil'eJJlents of cOttOIl ill tll(~ Slllt River Ynlley or AJ'izolln nl'e sho\\-n ill hlble~, This table shows j}, total consumptive use o[ about 36 indll's, of whieh :32 IlIust be supplied f!'OIll irrigation, "'ith nn irrigtltion effieiel1e,\' of '/0 pel'Cellt, Itbout 46 in('hes, or 8,8 1l('l'e-f('et, of \\':1.tel.' II1USt IH' deliVC'l'c'd for ('otton grown in this dimlttc,

TABI;]'; K--('ompllter/ I/Of'l)W! Illlmthly CO/l-,

CONSUMPTIVE USE AND WATER REQUIRE:MENTS 29

'l'AllLE 9.-Computed normal monthly consumptiL'c 18e ctnd irrigcttion requirements for gra,s8-aifaifa, nea,r Oaldwell, Idaho

..~ "~--~-------~"-'-~ ~------

Consumptivc Rnillfall: ConsulllP-1 usc COII- j ti.ve use 1 Irr:igll

_.,--___! Rump- ;__.. _.,..-___ III III us ef- I tlOIl Month tivc feclive ; require-I

Factor COl'm lise Total EfTec- ":tiJlfall! ment;' rient tin' !

(J)I {k)2 (It) I (r) I! (It-r.) U)

-----I---:------f! j : 1I/che.. j-;:;::--1-1-lIc-,,,-'..-1 1I/ell/,.. I " Illehes

i~layi-315l .l, 30 0.83 i :3. 5i I I. OS I I. 02 \ 2.55 4.25 .rune. ~ __ ~ l Ii. liS . Sf! ; 5. 05 . 92, . Si 5. OS'S. 4i ,J uly _. _~! ~. 5 . O~ () S') , ')4 ' . 23 G.50 1.O.9S AugusL ___ , 6.8, .S3 5: iO : I!) I . IS 5.52 9.20 September J 5. 15 . (i\) 3. 55 . 53 ; . 50 3.05 . 5.08.02 ,_______ _Ortob~'r 1- i .3S .35 I .13 . 12 i . IJ

3. ' , . j ~.__~________--....--__.....-! ~..___~ ........ __ " ~4 ~~ .,....- _____ ._ ~ __ ._._____

25. i2: 3. OS I 2.01 22. SI, 3S.01 t i

I See appC'ndix table 1i. 2 See appC'nd ix til ble IS. a See table 3 . ., Ba:5ed on GO prrccnt f:trlll-irrigation rfIh:iency. ;, A;:;:ulI1('d to be thrpp-fourth:; of il1110unt for the full month.

ALTlTS AREA, OKLA.

~[ost crops,ineiuding gl'flin, cotton, ftnd alfnil'n, ftre grown without irrigittion in mitl1y scmihul1l id sou thcl'n Hrcas of tlw ~lidwest. HowC'"et, in d r~' ycnrs, yields I'rcq uentl.r nrc low. Pn rtieubrLy, nil'lllfn. wjll show jlJereascd production undcr irri 0',ltioll. One such nrelt is lhe Altus BurCiLll or Reelnmation Projeet, 5klahoma.

Annual prceipitntion nt Altus rilnges rront about 14 to 48 ill ('hes. The ll1ellll IUlnual preeipibltion is 26 inches. Of this 26, about 20 inches falls during the period April to Oetolwr, indusi'-e. TIlble 10 ilLustm U's It pro('cd un' slIggestpd in estilllnting the normal Wit tel' requirements und the distribution or irrigation Witt('[ for a field of nHnll'n. In YPIll'S of an~mge rninrnll, with it iipld-irrigation pfficiency 01'75 perccnt, the totnl irriglltion wnit'l' requin'd ror nn alfall'n. field

'J? would hCO~;5 01' 29 i1lches. During periods or hi~h-intcnsity rainfall,

usually some water will be nOllefl'(,etin' bt'CliUSC or surflH'e rLlllof!'. endel:' the cOllditions of relati,'cly h~'Il\"y winter prc('ipitntion, it waS assllmed that llt~nrl'y:~ ill('h('s of willler pn'C'ipitnlion ('an be stored ill the soil for use by all'nll'a. during tlt(' following SU 1\1 111('1'. This wus tnken into cOl1sidenltioll in IH'C'pHrillg tahle 10, whi('h shows it total cOllsu.mptiYe irrigation l'C'quil'cll1ent of only 22 inC'h(';';.

SOlTTll ATLANTIC COASTAL ARRA. CHARLESTON, S.C.

In l'C('('nt .rC'ms, n.pplien,tioll of irrigation wiLleI' to sllppl('lllellt mill fulL hfl.s greatly incrcnsNI along the Atln.ntie coast. ~[[l('h or the il'l'ign.tioll in the Enst is done by the sprinkl('r ll1ethod, tLnd eslilllfttes

8

TADLE lO.-Computed normal monthly COn8'lUltptive '!lise and irri(lat'ion water reguil'ementsjor alfalfajor the major growing season, .I1lf.lI.,~ aren, Okla. IJ.:I

o C(;IlSIlIllPti\.~ I:S(~ . . . . . . .. ~.- -;:~I~II-"~---'-'--"-I Irrigation requircmcnt

Ci., "---~~:I~~!:'~~~~:~;~~'-i- .. - /~~IIJl:t ;Elft'l:ti\'{,/;"". Willt('I~!-~lltlll'llll~OI' C~lIl-11 At thc fi~ld t-l MOllth fDI'ador ('~:)('Ih-; 1'(''11111'1'- Mont.hly pl~I'(,- i dllJ'l!lg (:VllPOru-, CllJ'J'j'- SlIllIptl\"(' Iwudgute ' !i,....('1('nI 2 , 1111'111. t"'f' : groWIIIg ILIOII frolll! ov('r us lise of t

, ': S('USOII I soil ~ isoillllOis- crops u I ~ (1',) . tlln' r. t t"

(j'J I {k)2 (II - A:fl (1') (I' )'1 , I t:Ij - --.. -- ------~ !.,._-~.. -, .L ~- -- ___1_____ ~ lucltt';f IlId'f.1 I"rlle., 1Ilcllr.v '/IIcll,. IlItlle,' I IIICIIl'. l' IlIc'ttx I Peel t'j,lanulIl'\' _ 2.74 O. 7fi 0.71i O. 50 O. 2(i . _ _. _ _.. _ _ ~ F('brtl:1rr a. on .1;4. .1;4 , 5~ . ~4 !-- 1 _1 __ ." ZMIII'l'h. .1. 4a I. 54 1.44 7;) . (,0 1_ I __ ...ApriL. 5. 'II) O. 50 2.74 2. 78 2. 41) 2. 40 j _ 1 (S) I . _ '1_ - . -- ~Mny_ fi.8f) . RI) 5. In ;3.50 a. 0 I 3.01 : I (.II) _. _ _,. _ .._ 'I

.filliP 7.78 1. On 7.78 3. 18 0.2. SO 2. SO 10 4. 77 n. 3(; O. 53 ,Iuly R 33 I. 10 O. Iii I. 84 1. 71 I. 71 7. 45 O. !)3 I 83August 7.82 1. 05 8.21 2. 10 2.2U 2.2U I 5.05 7.03 i .66 d S('ph'IIIbt'r fi.:H I. 00 ti. :34 2.1;3 2. f3 2.53 3. 8 L 5. 08 1 42 ~ Octoll!'r 5.07 . 50 2.54 3.21 2.82 II 2. 54 .28 I ~ ... _" __X oVl'IIlIll'1' :3. ti5 I. 24 I. 17 50, . li7 i, ,- ... .,' .. _. -,. .. ._.'_ ~ DI'('(llIiJl'r. 2. 88 1. 21; I. 20 50. . 70 I - .,j.... ... -i . . ." .........-- .. --~------I-~~____,___--~ ~

Toinl 01' n\'l'l'Hgl' ti4. IS , R5 12.2fi 25.40 2:3.0a 17. 34 2. 75' 2. 04 I 21. !IS I 20. ao I 2. 4.1 o ,1_ f . ____~__ _ ":1

I Fl'olll ilp(lendix tnhll' 17. :..1 COllsulllptin' 1'['(luin'mellt, of 2.74 iuches millus effective 2 A~~\I1I1('d fl'OIll ('Xlwl'illll'ntal data ill oihl'l' al'(,H~. plw,jpijut iou of 2.4!) would I'

CONSl;MPTIYE USE AND WA'l'ER REQUIRE:MEN'l'S 31

o[ both monthly and seasonal requirements 01' water are needed in designing the sprinklcr system and other structures. In such irrigated areas, monthly and seasonal distribution of precipitation is all extremely important factor. Precipitation records for tbe growing season during t}1)ical yenTs should l)c analyzed by storms in order that irriglllioll requirements Cim be properly estimn,ted. Also, surface runoff should 1)(' considered when the rainfall rates exceed the infiltration cupncity o[ the soil. It llliLy be that the slandnrd redut'tion to obtain l'ffecti,-e precipitn.tion, as shown in table 3, will not nhntys appl.,- without sOl1le further correction [or the site conditioll. Howenl'. only local data ('an show this.

Owillg'to the high humidit.,- in the Enstel'll coustnl area, conSlllllptin-usC' coefficients dC'veloped ror arid nne! srminriti regions should b(' rC'dllC(,(\. Fll1'thel' research is needed to ,-erify the relation of monthly tempemture ,dth monthly consumpti,:e use in humid dimatC's. ~Ieanwhi\(', the tentn.ti'-e cocfficients indicnted in table 5 Illll'- be used for bumid iLJ'('ltS ILnd fllrtiwr refined if local dn.tn so inclien,tl's.

Thr Ilormni mean mon tltl.,- prl'eipitn,lion r(>('ords nt. Ch a!'\C's tOil , S.( '., intii('u,tt' slIf[lcient rainl'nJI to producl' SOllll' ('rops during til(' g-ruwing s('n~OI1, w.it('t'('tlS OtllN ('rops will 1'equin' supplell1clI tnl in'igu(ion ill til(' SlIlllllll'r mouths 1'01' uptimum yidd nlld qualit.\-. III dr.\SUl1Illlf'rS (h('l'l' is il. definite Ill'l'd for irrigation o[ most ('!'Ops. 'l'nblP U illustmtl's til(' mdhod oJ mnking tcntatin> ('stinHLtt's o[ mont.hly consullllHin' USt' and irrigation requirements for it dr.,- yNI.I' Ilt Chnrit'ston for all illlpron'd grnss pasture bnsed on ILII nnnlysis of tl'mpl'rittUI'l" t'nLpomtion, nnd preeipitDtion. The tolal irrigation rC'quin'IlH'nt of this ('!'OJ) from ~[n,r('h 1 to Oetobl'r a1 is eomputNI :lS ubout 21-) inchrs.

MONTROSE AREA, COLO.

An pXillllPIP or ('ol1lputing watC'I' requirclIlents is illusLrllted in tables 12 to H. The cnielliations necessary to dl't('l'lllinc mOlllhhconsulllptin'-us(' fnetol's (j) nnd efl'ecti\-c nlinrnll Cre) nrc shown i'n tnble 12. ThesC' ('omputations do not include an~r eurryovcr soil moisturC' from winlc'r pr('eipitatioll or nny contribution from gl'OUlIc! ,,-aLer.

In SOJll(' fnrlll-plnllning progr:IIIlS it is nce('ssnry to estilllute irrigillion requireJlH'nts or tll(1 ::w\'('rnl ('rops nt Uw point of wut('r delin~ry to th(' firltL. This II\ny bt, nc('olllplisht'd by dividing thc llC't COllsumpti\ c usc ,lotnl eonsUllIpti\"(\ lIS(, 11IiJluS dl'c('live pl'('(:ipilation) by field irrigation eflieit'lley, as shown in tabl(' 1:3. For example, thC' il'l'ign.tion wntC't' l'(\qllirN\ to Rutisfy the eOIlRulIlptivP llS(' of alfalfn is 26.45-4.46, or 22 inches. Assullling a field irrigatioll C'tnciency of

?? 70 percent, then (;~O=31 inches, the alllount of irrigation wuler thut

would be t'C'quil'cd nt U)(' field fot' the Sl'llson, ~Iay () to O

- --

32 'l'ECHNICAL BULLETIN 12i5, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

,5 .. ~~f6~~;i~~~i~I ._ 9....:J .:: -: -,:,i ,:- ~i d ~ ~ . { ct5-'- - j ":'1En=::;._ C";:: i ;... .:; .,:; .... I

~~f::g~~;6~~~~ ~....: ....: ~i ....: -:= -r ,:"i _. , ~

~~::d~~~;~~~ I ~ ~-:-i~-iIr5~~~C'i Ie

~

; CI) Ii~ =- c:: - ..,. ~ - =: -:"1. ~,":,J r-- 00 00 - Ie r- In .:: =-' ~ ~ .:: -= -= ....: ~ -:-i ....: ....: ~i .::s i

~ t ~ - 2 I--=-~__t._... __~.. "_

I:,!:::;. ,. =: i~

.~

~'r: -:.::: ~ oc. -r::.= :"1-:"E::: oc Z ~ - .::: ~ -: .:; -7 I:: == I"': oc ...: ~ I"';

s~:~~~ti;;;:;; ..t:.i:r..~~==~~I":..,

7'1:r.;=::r..':F.;7'I~tr..

.=-:'".3....: ~':'"i --= I"':OC :;,. Ie ::; 1- 1- oc u; I-':"=

.~

S(

-= :.. '"~

f-'S2 E~~ :.. ~t=;.~...::4 ~ ~ . or. -::-::::...

...= ~ =;; ... "-. ~ :::;:.; ;:

~I~'~~'~~~ ~ ;-;-::~":;":;

4 ~~-(.

rL\.lIJ,I~ 12.-1!.'.rample oj obsel'cedmonfhly tempera/unll:,. and precipitation and calculated cOH811lnptive-use jactol's and ".[{('clive rainjallfol' the JIonll'v8e area" Colo.

1 . l'I'CC~;ilat iOI~~ T~:I~~~I~;:~~~~:;' c:et::~;-dr!)Clive. minCall for crops g

I z

] COn~III1lI.)- . f during" Ihe CI'OHtJl'l'C 01' growing period l\ll'ill! I'cl't::cnt th'p 1I:i(1 t I

1('1111)('1'11- cia ,'limc Cndol', 1-- I "'~I------------l'-'--' ;,'[ollih lUI'(' hOll1'8 l xl' ' Alflllf:l, ~I':IS';, hll.y, COl'll IIlId olh!:1' Gmill and bcalls,

100- ! :\ol'lllni Elree- alld ol'chHl:d, 5f{) lllllllWls, 5/0 5/(j Lo 8/6 (i\'('. to Wi(j to 'Jj6 m

I ; --.'-- c:i U1

(p) J (~_I__ ~_j _.._~~J.~~~L_(f)_I. Cr.) 2 1- (n I ('.)' >

(0 til m

Z'!';', _. . ! . . l,'clle~ ~ [lIclle~.) I - ! 111 cll e. I 1I1c/lc. I c_. _.. __ [1Iche. t;,/1 .lal1l1:1n' :;'1. ~ l~. ~.\ ,- ;~. (,~ O.;)~ O. n: ,- -, , 1_1~!:bl'lIn'n' .)1. I (l. IS _.1;) . '\1 . In '. I : :;J;\lnn'h _' :l!l. S R a\ . ;{. :U . 70 . 72 ; _ . _,. ; >Apl'iI_ ,I.S.I So!!:! I ,t.;{2 1.00 .U51_ . __ .... _1 _ _..... __________ _ l-3 ;\II1Y _ tol~~. :~ it p.\ r ~. ~o I. o~ 1. oq ,!. (~O o. R! 1 ,!. (~O I 0.81' ~. ~o 0.81 ::

8

~ ~

'l'AIILt} 13.-]l':t(l:mp[l' IIj l'ompulat-ion (if sl'nsollal con8umptiL'ellSI' nud irrigatiun rellU'irementlljol' crops in the J11ontl'ose area, Colo. I

.~e_. __~__. _________

I I I: COllSlllllpt.h'c 1I8(~ ComplltNI Pield irri Irrigation

l~roRtfl'l>f' or I erT('cti Vl' U minlls gil tiOll effi require ~ Land lise , growing 1-'" .-- - rainfull /( ciency ment

I seaSOll I Faetnr CUl'ffieil'nt Amollnt ~ l':l (B) (I) _________.___I:____J ~. __ ,. (l() (C') 1__ {/(.) _____ 1 ~

.... t.::lI : lucile., I II/che., IUc/le., Percell/. [I/chts

Alfalfa . 5/(H 0!6' 3J. 121 O. 85 2(;. J5 4. 46 21. g\) 70 31. 3 -l

'"~ Unlsl-i hal' 5i6 I=Uj-:)(,=irrigaliOIl rcquirement at head of the field; no/t'=~lInl of mont.hly USt' fa('(or:; (J) for the growing 01' irrigation o:- ::>jsenson, c:llTyOYel' of Roil mois\;nl'(' from wint~'r prel!ipitution, considered liS

('ITI'dive in this eXMnpl!',

::>j l':l

... ---i :.II>. ~ ~ -'""

35 i, CONSUMPTIVE USE AND WATER REQUIREMENTS

'l'ABLE 14.-Exam1Jie oj the method 1lsed to compute the normal amount oj irrigation 1cater 1'equire(l at headgate at a typical SO-acre Jarm near llfontrose, Colo.

: i Irrigation water I ! Wllter required l'eQ uired for con- I Farm ir-' for crops at

Land liSt' Land /

sumplh'e use 1 I I'igation I farm heaclgate aren f 'I' efficiency 2 '

t j 1'('1' acl'() ; Total , Pel' acre 31 Total1--.--",------- --- -'--~-'" ---I-~- ---,-----1--rrri!/(I/(>ri 'i i Acre- I Acre

I .lere.,! ~Icre-[el'a!!;l'

fOl'1I01'lllai i j ('

.::ien";Oll . - -I SO! I. 5!J I I~7

1 Consumptive U~l' (G) minus ('ff"eli\'!' pl'f'eipit.ation (R,) for growing season. (See table 3.)

2 Assul11cd reasonable for this area. (See table 6.) 3 Amount of water to be delh-ered althe farm headgatf', in acre-feet. to satisfy

crop requirl'ment:::. ~ ~[ost of this use might bl' clirninatNI by lanrl leveling fmd better water maTl

agement, and the water put to a higher or more beneficial usc. 5 Vegetation along ditchbllnks and on low land.

The sult1mation of the headgate requirements 1'01' each crop times its acrenge gi\ToS tho total amount of water that mllst be delivered to the furlll heaclgnte for satisfactory crop production. 'rho computed values for a ,Montros(' fnrlll aro shown in table 14. It is noted that in this cxample some incidental consumption of irrigation watel' occurs because of the fannjng opemtions. How('\cer, this incidental use does not require any lldditionul dpliY('I'.\' allowance at the farm beadgatc. 'Cnder the above aSSlllll ptions 1.59 u('I'l'-fel't PCI' acre would b(' consuU1C'(\ on the 80-a('1'0 fn,rlll alld 2.70 aCI'p-feeL would Ill'pd to be doliV('red for each nerc in the I'llI'm. 'I'Jl(~ :wemge delivery for actual cropped ncl'('s would be 2.88 acrp-fep\,

HAWAII

Ble",jll (1tJ) in 1960 presellted It method of estimatillg wat('I' requirement valups neC'

36 TECHNICAL BULLEl'li" 1275 J U.S. DEPT'. OF AGIUCULTURE

Blaney-Criddle mcthod of estimaLing consumptive usc will need modification before it can be applied to these islands. Blewitt modified the B-C Ilwthod by using monthly eyaporution as corrcction factors. This modified procedure seems to gi\-e satisfactory results for the islands and may be useful in other nrrtls of the world where constal conditions prevail.

LITERATURE CITED

[:'Irany pI'oc('ssNI :lrlieles are no longer twailable]

(I) ABBE, CLEYEr,AXD. ] !l05. .~ "FIRS1' REI'OHT ox 'l'IIE HEl.ATIOXS B~~'r\\"};gx CI.DIATES Axn CROPS

r.H. J)('pL Agr. W('ather Bur. Bul. 26, :)86 P1>. (2) ADA~I", FHAXK, \'};IIDI8YER, F. J., AXD HHOWX, L. X.

1!H2. COTTOX I It R IGNrrox IX\'ES'l'IGNrIOXS IX SAX .IO,\Q l'IX \'A J.J.~;", t'ALIFORXIA, 1926 TO 1035. Calif. Agr. Exp!. H(a. Bul. 6GS, rn pp., illui'.

(a) H8CKE'I"i', ::i. H. 1!)30. IRRWATIOX HEQl'IIlE~n;X'!'H IX so C'I'II EHX C,\I"IF(JHXIA, Calif. U!'pt..

Pub. \\'ork", \Yater Hesuul'ees Di\-. Bul. :~2 kh. Ill, pp, ii7~(i0.(,I) - BI,A~a;", H. F., AXD TAYI~OH, G. A.

1(Jao. IHRLGATJ(JX WA'n;H REQnRE~IEX'1' :;'ITOIE,; OF CI'I'Hl'''; A"O A \O(,.'AOU 'rHEES IX SAX DIEGO eoex'!'y, C,\I,n'OHXIA, 100lU "XU IU2;. Ctllif. Agl'. Expt. Hta. nul. -IS!), 51 pp., illu.,;,

(5) ,\XI) DL'XSIlEE, C. F.>, ._ 1!)32. WA'r.EH HEQnRE~IEXTS O.F (,O'J"],OX ox SAXUI' I.O,UI HUII.S IX S()I'TII

}CltX SAX JOAQnx \'ALbEY. Calif. Agr. Expt. Stn. .Bul. ;ja7, 18 pp.,iIIu,;,

fU) 13I,AXEI', H. F. ]!l3S. FIEI.n .\lETIIOI)S OF IH~1'EIUIIXIX(; C()XSL'~II'Tln; ,''';1:) OF WA'I't;H.

Xatl. Congo Cuban Engin. Proc. 1, 16 pp.(7)

] !)51. E\'APOTIt,\XSPIRATIOX M EA"eRE~1 EXTS IX \n:~;'J'r:HX I:XI'n;1) s'!'A'n~:;. Assoc. Internal!. d'lIydrol. :-ici., \'01. 3, Bul. as, pp. l,jO-160, illus.

(8) IOiif!. I RRWATIOX .IU:S};AHC'U AX]) WAT8R l"'l'lI"IZATlOX IX IS ILU:r.. IT.H.

Jntl'rI111tl. Coop. Admin. n,O:'lI Agl'. HpL, .I LG pp. \\'lI:;hinglon,D.C. [Proc(",,(c1.]

(Il) 111;i!). .\lOXTIII"" ("OXH(,~II"nn; I:Sg /(EQl"IH}:~IJ::X'l"S FOR IHHIGA'n~O ('HOI'S.

Ampl'. ~o(". Ch'il Engill. Proc., Irri!5. and I)rtlinnge Div.Jour. (IJt-1, Papcr 1!)63) S;j: 1-12, iIIUiept. Agr. i:ioil COIl~erv. 8('1'\'. f;Ct;,TJ'-(J6, .J.1 pp" illu~. lPro('l'~s('d,]

(13) -~-- EWIXG, P. A., JSIUELSEX, O. \\'., AXI) OTm:H);. 10:38.HE(;J()XAL PI>AXXIXG, PAHT' \'l--l"PI'}~R HIO GIUXDE: PAHT IIr, WNfEIt

l'TlbIZATIOX. .'\tltl. HN'OUrtc:; Com., pp. 203-,128, illu~. (1.1) '_ .. -'_ .. HAISE, H. H., AXI) ,h;XSEX, :'II. E.

I \);j!J. COX>iCMI"I'IYf} I:SE Hl"] nftWA'I'EO CHOPS IX \l'ES'I'EIIX "XI'/'f;J) i)'J'A'J'ES,LT.;;. J)(.pt. Agl'., Agr. He;;, Bel'\'. 53 pp. [Processed.)

..

r

....

1

1

37 CQNSUMP'l'IVE USE A:.~D WA'.rER REQUIREMENTS

;

r-. J

~

~

~

(15) 131"I.NEY, H. F., AND HARRIS, KARl,. 1951. CONSUllPTIVE USE AND IRRIGA'l'ION REQt:IREMEI,'rS OF CROPS IN

ARIZONA. U.S. Dept. Agr. Soil Conserv. Serv., 49 pp., ilIus. [Proeessed.1

(1 H) --- AND ?lIORIN, K. V. I \)12. EVAPORATION AND CONSt:~IP'l'IVE USE (H' WA'I'.ER EMl'IRICALFOR

lIULAS. Amer. G!'ophys. Union Trans., pt. 1. (August): 7H-83. ( (7) -.-- RICH, L. R., CRIDDLE, W. D., AND O'I'II~~HS.

I !)52. CONSU~IPTIYE USE OF WATER. Amer. ~oc. Civil En6rin. Trans. (paper 2524) 117: !l48-!)H7, ill liS.

(18\ - ..- TAYLOR, C. A., AND YOUNG, A. A. 1!l:30. RAINF,.\.I,I, PENE'I'RA'I'ION AND CONSI'~IPTIV~; [TS~; Ov II'A'l'~~H IN SAN'I"\

.\NA RIVER Y,.\.I,I,E' AND COASTAl, PI,AIN. Calif. Diy. \\Tat!'r Resoure!'s Bul. 33, IH2 pp., illll;;.

( I !I) BI,EW.ITT. R. 1. .I!)(jO. ES'l'IMA'l'INO CONf'DII"rl\'E t:s~~ FUH ('Rill':; IN HAWAII. G.:;. Dept.

Agr. Soil Consen'. H!'r\.--Hawaii Tech. .Kotes 10, \) pp. [Proc(':,sed.]

(:.!O) BOWEN, LESI,IE. J03H. TilE llEC1IANICS O~' IRRIGATION AND CROP SELEcnON. U.S. Dept.

Agr. Div. Irrig. [Proces;:;ed.] (21) CIIRIS'I'OPOCLOS, C. P.

105!L [DIscessloN (H' ".\IONT1IL. CONSl'~IPTI\'E l'SE Rf;QeIRE~IENT;:; FOR IRRIGATED CROPS."] Arner. Soc. Civil Engin. Proc., [rrig. Ilnd Drninilgl' Diy. ,10111". (IU-I, pt. I) ~,5: 7(\-77.

(2:.!) ('IIIlJDI,f;, \V. D., AND l\IAHR, ,J. C. I nI:). \'ONRDIPTI\'E l'SE OF \l'AT.EH 11' IDAHO. lU4. I )ppt. Agr. Hoil

Conl'I'r\'. Sel"\., .1() pp., ill liS. [l'rm'c"l'P(1.1(:.!a) - .INI> PETERSON, D. 1

~

38

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

(44)

(45)

(46)

('1i)

(48)

(4!)

TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1275) U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

LIST, R. .T.

195 L. SlUTHSONIAN ME'l'EOROLOGlC.U, 'l'ABI,ES. SlIIithsn. Misc. Collect.

vol. 114, (Pub. 4014), 527 pp., illus. Eel. 6.

LOWR\', R. L., Jr., AND JOHNSON, A. F.

1941. CONSU:\IPTIVE USE Ot' WATER FOR AGRICUL'l'URE. Amer. Soc. Civ.

Engin. Proc. 67: 595-616, illus.

l\IcLAUGHLIN, \V. 'V., BI,AI>EY,H. F., E'\'ING, P. A., .~ND OTHERS.

1942. COI>SUMPTIVE '.vATER USE AND HEQUIRE~IENTS. In Thc Pecos

River Joint Investigation Reports of Participating Agencies.

Nat!. Resources Planning Bel., pp. 170-230, illus. [Processed.]

MUNSON, W. C. 1960. METHOD FOR ES1'UIATING CO), J. L.

1948. NATURAl, EVAPORATIO:-I "RO;\[ OPEN 'I'ATER, BARE SOIf" AND GRASS. Roy. Soc. London, Proc., SCI'. A, HJ3: 120-145.

PITTl[AN, D. 'V., A:-IJ) STE'I'ART, GEOHGE. 1930. TIYENTY-EIGIIT YEARS OF IRRIGATION EXPERDIENTS NEAR r.OGAN,

UTAH, 1002-29 INcr,usrVE. Utah Agr. l

'.

APPENDIX DEFINITIONS OF CONSUMPTIVE USE AND IRRIGATION TERMS

Con8umptive 1tSe (evapOll'an8piration).-'l'he unit amount of water used on a given area in transpiration, building or plant tissue, and evaporated from adjacent soil, snow, or lntel'cepted precipitation In any specified time, Oonsumptive use may be expressed in volume per unit area, sueh as ae!'e-illches per acre, or in depth, such as lnches 01' millimeters,

Transpiration.-'l'he net quantity of water absorbed througb the ('rop roots and transpired, plus that us('d directly in the building of plant tissue. It docs not include evapomLion from the soil or inter('epted precipitation, Jt is expressed in ter.llls of volume per ullit urea 01' as depth in feet or inches,

('onsumptive water reqltirement,-'J'he alllount of water pot('ntially required to meet the evapotnwspiration needs of vegetative arens so that plant production is not limited from lack of watel',

Oonsumptive irriYCLtinn l'eqwirement.-The depth of irrigation water, exclusive of precipitation, stored soil moisture, o!' gl'OuncL wnter, t,hat is required consulllpti\'c!y for crop production,

Irriyation ei/icienc?/,-The percentage of irrigation ",atp!, thai is stored in the soil and a\'i1ilable for consumpt.i ve use by the cropE, 'When the water is IlwnsUl'ed n.t the fiU'II! hendgltte it is co.lled farlllirrigation efficiency,; when measured at the field, it iE designated ns field-irrigation efficiency; and when 1l1('11sUI'ed at the point of divP!'sion, it may be cnlled project-efficiency,

Irrigation water I'eqnil'ement.-Thl' consUlllptivt' irrigation waLe!' !'equl/'ellient divided by the irrigation (,{Ikinney,

Jloistnre percent(Lge.--'rllC pcrcenUtge of 1Il0isture in the soil, based on the weight of the ovell-dry material.

Field cap(witl/,-'rJw moisture percentage, on a dry-weight basis, of a soil after /'apid dntinage hns taken plaee following l1n ltpplicntion of Witter, provided therc is no water table within eapilhu',Y nnch of the root zone, This moisture percentage usually is reached within 2 to 4 ditys after an ordinlu-y irriglttion, tIle time-intervnl depending on the soil type,

IVilting IJoint,-Tlte Illoistul'P percclltage or the soil below which little 01' no plan t growth occurs,

Effective predpitcLtinn,-PrecipiLation falling during the growing period of the crop tltn.t is available to meet the consuillptive waleI' requirelllents of crops, It docs not ineludc cleep percolation helow the root zone nOl' sud'ace runoff,

Oarryover soil moisture,-Y[oisture stomcL in the root zone soils during the winter while the m'op is dorl1lant 01' before it is planted, '1'1!is moisture is nvn.ilablc to help llleet the conslIlllpti\Tc water needs of the crop,

39

I

40 TEC~TICAL BULLE'l'IN 1275, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

LIST OF BULLETINS ON WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTAIN WESTERN STATES

Arizona BLANEY, H. F., AND HARRIS, I\:ARL. CONSUMP'rIVE USE AND IRRlGA'l'ION

REQUIRE~IENTS OF CROPS IN ARIZONA. U.S. Dept. Agr. Soil Conserv. Serv., 41i pp. 1951. [Processed.]

California BLANEY, H. F., AND .EWING, P. A. IItltlGA'l'ION I'RAC'I'ICE;; AND CON;;UMP'I'I\'F:

lISE O.Io' WATER IN S.-\.I,INAS V..I.I,LE\, CAI,H'UUNIA. Salilla~ Ba:;in lll\'es!;,;., Galif., Div. Wuter Resources Bul. 52, app. 0, pp. L95-2:W. .L!Hli.

STATE \VA:rER RESOURCES BOARD. I\'..\!I'ER U'I'If.IZA'I'[OX AND UEQl'IUEM~,N'l';; IN CALIFORNIA. Bul. 2, ch. 2, v. 1., 227 pp. 11)55.

Colorado BLANEY, H. F., AND ORIDDLE, 'V. D. CONSIIMPTl\'E USE AND IUUlG..\:l'LON

WATER REQUIRE~IENTS O~' CUOPS rN COLORADO. U.S. Dept. Agr. Soil Oonserv. Serv., 55 pp. 19-19. [Processed.]

Idaho ,JENsEN, ),1. 0., AND OUIDD[;E, \V. D. E;;'l'IMA'l'ED mUlGA'L'ION WA'l'EU UEQIIIUE

MENTS FOR IDAHO. Idaho Agl'. /Dxpt:. ::lta. Bul. 201, 2:3 pp. 1 \152. Kansas

HANSON, It. .E., .AND ),IEY8U, \\'. Lt. IItUIGA'I'WN REIll'IUE\IEX'l'S: E;;'I'LIINI'E;'; FOU KANSAS. Kans. Engin. Expl. ::ita. Bul. 1m, .(.( pp., ill liS. 1.\J5:3. llfontulut

i\lfONSON, O. W., OI(JDUL[~, W. D., A"':U !JAVI::;, :-i'l'EltI.I"':U. F;S'rL\[ATEU WA'I'EU REQUIREMENTS OF' CUopS IN rnUlGATED AIUlAS OF ~[(JNTAXA. ),[011 L Agr. fDxpt.Sta. Bul. 194, 23 pp., illus. J95;3,

lVevada IIolIS'l'O"':, C. E. CUX;;lI~lpTrVF: L'SE (H' "'A'I'I;U BY AI,f'AI,~'A IN WE:';'l'EHN

NEVADA. XC\'. 1\gr. Expt. Sta. Bill. lO 1, 20 pp., illu:;. J\)i,)5. New 11fexico

BLAXEY, H. (C., HANSOX, Eo n., ANIl LI'I'Z, U. IlL CUXsDlI"rl\'E 1:,;F; ANIl :i lRRIGNl'lON II'ATF:H HEQ1'IHI~~mX'I''; (W C[({)I';; IN NEil' Mr'XIGO. l;.S. ()(.pt. AI-(I'. Soil COII~{,IT. :'-iCIT., ;~.( pp., illus. 1 !)50. [Pl'ot'l'sspd.)

North Dakotn D" V[I:;, l;'rEltLl"NG, EI'A.'o1';, X. A., AXil l[,\ZEN, A. U. E:';'I:I.\IN1'E'; UF IItUI(;A'I'IUN

\\'A'I'ER RF;QL;IRmLE.'o1!,:; FOIt enOl's LS NOH'!'/( /)..1 K01'A. X. Dak. Agl'. I';xpl. St:L. Bul. 377, (8 pp., illu:;. 1!JI,)2. Okla/zol/W

CARTOS, .T. g., AXil CRIDULE, \\'. D. F:STr~IATf;s OF C(JN~H;.\II"j'I\J'-I;:;~: ANII lltItIGA'l'ION WA'1'Elt ItE{J1.:IlU;.\IFJNTS Or,' CRUI':; IN IIKI ..\II,).\I,.\. Oklfl. AI-(I'. Expl:, Sta. Tech. Bul. 'l'-il7, 2U pp., illus. Wil5. OI'I!(fon

T[[,F;li'l'U.'o1, Ii'. :'L, AND \\'UI.I'F;,.J. \V. 1It1t1GA'!'I(JX ItF:(ll;IItI':~If,NTS (8:;'1'1.\1.\'1'[.:1' FOlt OR[,GUN). Ong. AI-(I'. /';xpt. Hta. Bul. 500, ;{:! pp., il 1II:;. W51. SOlith Dakota

gU[E, I,..J. CON;;L'~Il"!,I\'E U,;E ANIl IltltlGA'L'IOg \\NI'P.lt HEQl'JI(f;~Il'XT;; ('110' GltO.l'!:l IN liUUTIl IlAKO'I'A. t:.I;. Dl'pt. Agl'. Sui! ('on:,('l'v. Hen'., :H (lp., illw.;. 1!J52. (Pl'ocessed.] 1'exus ."1

"'IcI)Ax[m.s, L. L. COXSII~II"r[\'F] lISE O~' WA'I.'EH B\' ~L\:J()lt GHOP:; [N '!'f;X,uL Tex. J3e1. Water Engin. 13111. UOH), 47 pp. U)UO. Utah

./lOSKEI,I,F]\, O. 0., A.'o1I) OHIDIlI,8, \\'. D. (lONsr.;~II"rl\'F] (r:;F] Ob' 1I',ITF:lt ,\NI) lRRIGA'I'ION HF;QUJRE~IEN'l'S Ob' CHOPS IX 1.:'1'..111. ('tah Stale J~ngin. 1'('('h. Pub. 8, :30 pp. 1\)52.

Washington IIJ01~ENAAH, ALDEn']', OIlJl)DI,E, \V. D., AND PAlItF;, C. H. ESTDINI'E/l OF ,

CONSUMP'r[\'.E 'USB AXD IftnfGA'l'ION Ut;QC'llt,"~I,".'o1'1'H Ob' Cltol';; IN 11'..\;;1[1 S (;'1:0 N. Wash. Agr . .Expt. ~ttL. Oir. 201, 20 pp., illus. 1!.l5:!.

CONSUMPTIVE USE AND WATER REQUIREMENTS 41

Wuoming TOMILSOX, B. R. ESTUIATE OF WAT.ER REQUIREllENTS OF CROPS. "TyO. Agr.

Expt. Stu. Bul. 303, 28 pp. 1951.

TABLES 15 TO 18 TABI.E l5.-Records of lIlCaS~lred seasonal conswnplit,c use of water by irri(Jaleci

crops and calculated con.~wl/ptiL'e-1Ise factors (F) aud ('rop coefficients (K) at variolls sites in fiTestern United Siaies

('OIlSlIlIlp ('onsllmpnrowil1~ ,. ('OIl$1I1J1 p. Un-tl&! the-usn Hrfl'r ("roll will Itwntion Y('nf ~'as()n or tin' Il~ f"dor cOl'lneien t ('n('e

I}('riocl j i WI (1-'\ (K) __. _.______1____. ..

.\Ifalfa at. ftUJIC$ ..1.".",1---",Carlshad, X. ~fI'x I!J.lO :18.6 , "U 0.8S ISIIlFort Stoekfon, 'T(.lx~ ~ I!J.lO 40.n tf).'JC 1 s.~ I (311)~al1 F'('rnnn-:m 411 -IOi31 I :11.0 I no. 0 tt? Wi)Bakprst1~ld, Calif 1!t2T-:W . 4:1 -1O.:1I I -1,.14 .Ii~ (S)2\1.21.00 llanos, ('aIiL_ 10:12 5: I lOi:lI ~.j. ;1 I .,18-I4.l!1 ('I1.05 Hanos. CnHL .. 1U:14 iii I -IO/:H ~3.U .[11. 17 .5S 1') ~Wt(' ("oll(~:zet X~ )IC'x 10:10 2fi,H H.SI. .r.o r/S!Cnrlshad, X. ~rpx.. n i~s=llnl I 2.'i.7 47.39 .111 ,31))Fort ~lol'kton, T{'X'._ W40 4)1:1-111'11 ! :.>s. 9 1Ii.:.>8 .02 .111)

D:tt('s nt Tl'rnp(i-, ';\riz,.,~. 1!!:1I-:J2 AllnllnL _' 47.7 i T..t21 .6.5 (16)Flax In ~I{'sa, Ariz____ _ ml:J-I4 10114- 6,30 :H.U 42.~J .SO 115)Hrnnll grnins nt

;:;('oltsblutT, Xphr....... 19::12-35 ! lt 72 2O.1Y.! .74 (2(1'BOllIIPrs .Ferry, Idaho., 19aO-4. 1 50 19.-18 !.l10 (Et)Prosser, \\"'nsh. ____ .., .._,.. 1944 IS.m ~ta2 .. ?7 ('Jgan Luis. \'allr.y, Colo_ Inn 14.05 I~. o:J (13)".ISLognn, (I(\h____ . IllIt22!1 17.5 ~'O. 00 .S7 (40)\'prnnl, t;lnh_. 1U4>-: lO.n 150\ I') .91 emFerron, t:rnh. l!J.lb 17.8 21l: 86 .il5 (J!,'j)!l,n-is, ('nlif.. 12.0 17~ 7:5 .HS (')

Cimin, sorghums rlwgnril )ll'S:l,'" :::::::::; 21.4 29.7S .72 (')Ariz.

On'hanl fruits Cit rus frllit:

(;rapt,'(ruit [It ..\I{-S3, Ariz_ Hl3l-;!1 :u -.IO':ll 40.:! ~,~ I l.'ill ~ rc!m. Ariz.4 19:1I-:H .\111111:11.. 17. r. (.11/"tai ~ Ornngc$ nt .\resn, ,\r;7. ... HI:n-:14 3:1 -10:31 :12.4 ,.0;, ~~l .56, (3Jl~I{'$a .r\riz ...... l!l:n-:14 .\nlluoL . _ :U;.1i 73.;)_ " ,,52 ; (.'Ill'I'usl.ln, ('aliL Ht2'J Iil -lflal :.'11.0 -14. It I .47 I qUIAZlIsn, ('alif. 19:!1l-aO .1.1 -9.:111 IS. I ;j'.I1H .49 , liS)A 7.Usa, (,uIiL __ l!r2'J ",I -Hlal 21.8 4:1,11/ t ",>() [ liS)Sail Fernando, Calif, lI/40 4'1 -1fI.:1I 22.1 4:!.7J, ';1. (11

Lemons at ::an FC'rnfindo, It40 4,1 ,10,31 21.S ,la.'3 I .m (I)('alif. ,

\\'(\lmllsni~ Tustin, Cnlif . 1!t2S 4:1 - 9.:)0 2ft30: :1. 00 ,r.9Tustin, CaIiC_ 19'2'J .u - 9 30 27,-I:i 3S.63 : .71

See footnotes at end of tabJp..

http:I'usl.ln

42 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 12i5, U,S. DEPT, OF AGRICULTURE

T....lILE 15,-Records oj measured seasoltal consumptive usc oj water by irri{/ated crops and calculated consumptive-use Jactors (F) and crop coefficients (K) at variolls sites in lVestcrn United States-Continued

- COIISII'UP- conslllllP-1 Growing Commmp- ti\"llU~ tin!'-usc. HC((lr

('rap nll(lloclltioll S(~n~on or tiV(~ use (mtor t;~fJic:ient t encl.' pt.1rfod \

I (U) f (F) (l{) I ~:;;-ar-d-f-r-u;~---c-o-n.-----I-- --'--------I-----!-.---;----!--~-

Deciduous fruits IIt l i "I! Ont.llrio, Calif. (peachcsl Davis,Calif__ .. _._ ...-Wenlltchee, Wash ____._ Albuquerque, N. Mex..

Past.ure at-Vemnl,. Utllh.... Columbln Basin, \\',.~hRedmond, Oreg___ _ ..

Peasnt Davis, Calif_ Potatoes at.

_, 1!l