International Journal of Science amp Technology Volume 3 No 2 151- 159 2008

Determination of the Effect of Compost on Soil Microorganisms

EIşıl ARSLAN Erdal OumlBEK Sevda KIRBAĞ Ubeyde İPEK and Murat TOPAL

Fırat University Eng Fac Environmental Eng Dept Elazig Turkey Fırat University Fac of Science and Art Biology Dept Elazig Turkey

Cumhuriyet University Eng Fac Environmental Eng Dept Sivas Turkey eobekfiratedutr

(Received14052008Accepted23062008)

Abstract In this study the effect of the addition of various percentages of kitchen waste compost to soil on the soil microorganisms was investigated under laboratory conditions The compost treatments were done by adding 10 (compost treatment of 10 = CT-10) 20 (CT-20) and 30 (CT-30) compost to the soil Compost and soil were mixed completely to get homogeneous mixtures An untreated soil (CS) and a compost without soil (CC) were used as controls The mixtures incubated for 28 days at 27 oC The numbers of total bacteria for CT-20 and CT-30 increased by addition of kitchen waste compost but compost was not effective for CT-10 at the end of the incubation The actinomycetes numbers increased for CT-10 and CT-20 but decreased for CT-30 at final In general numbers of fungi-yeast in soils treated with compost declined over the incubation period in the present study Anaerobic bacteria number increased for CT-10 and CT-20 while decreased for CT-30 At the end of the incubation period proteolytic bacteria numbers decreased for all treatments and controls Key words Compost Total Bacteria Actinomycetes Anaerobic Bacteria Proteolytic Bacteria Fungi-Yeast

Kompostun Toprak Mikroorganizmaları Uumlzerine Etkisinin Tespit Edilmesi

Oumlzet Bu ccedilalışmada toprağa farklı yuumlzdelerde mutfak atığı kompostunun eklenmesinin toprak mikroorganizmaları uumlzerine etkisi laboratuvar şartları altında araştırılmıştır Kompost tasfiyeleri 10 (10 luk kompost tasfiyesi = CT-10) 20 (CT-20) ve 30 (CT-30) kompostun toprağa eklenmesiyle yapılmıştır Kompost ve toprak homojen karışımların elde edilmesi iccedilin tamamen karıştırılmıştır Tasfiyesiz bir toprak (CS) ve topraksız bir kompost (CC) kontroller olarak kullanılmıştır Karışımlar 27 oCrsquo de 28 guumln inkuumlbe edilmiştir İnkuumlbasyon sonunda toplam bakteri sayıları mutfak atığı kompostunun eklenmesiyle CT-20 ve CT-30 iccedilin artmıştır fakat kompost CT-10 iccedilin etkili olmamıştır Bitişte aktinomiset sayıları CT-10 ve CT-20 iccedilin artmıştır ancak CT-30 iccedilin azalmıştır Genel olarak kompostla tasfiye edilen topraklardaki kuumlf-maya sayıları mevcut ccedilalışmada inkuumlbasyon suumlresi boyunca azalmıştır Anaerobik bakteri sayısı CT-30 iccedilin azalırken CT-10 ve CT-20 iccedilin artmıştır İnkuumlbasyon suumlresi sonunda proteolitik bakteri sayıları tuumlm tasfiyeler ve kontrollerde azalmıştır Anahtar Kelimeler Kompost Toplam bakteri Aktinomiset Anaerobik bakteri Proteolitik bakteri Kuumlf-maya

1 Introduction

The biological component of the soil is responsible for soil humus formation cycling of nutrients and building soil tilth and structure along with many other functions [1-3] Microorganisms in a soil form part of the biomass and contribute to the reserve of soil nutrients and are generally referred to as the microbial biomass [4 5] The application of compost increases the percentages of organic matter

nutrient levels (providing a slow fertilization action over a long period of time) microbial biomass and improves the soils physical properties (aeration water holding capacity etc) [6 7] Compost is obtained by composting process The process is an aerobic biological process that uses naturally occurring microorganisms to convert biodegradable organic matter into a humus-like product [8-13] and permits the hygienization of the product by reaching thermophilic temperatures and reducing mass and volume which makes compost suitable for agricultural applications [14] Various studies have examined the effects of

Arslan et al

152

different organic matters on microbial biomass of soil Previous studies have found that amendment with farm-yard manure [15] grape compost [16] and spent mushroom compost [17] significantly affected soil microbial community structure [18] However the effects of compost were found to vary depending on both the type of compost and the soil type [17] The effects of sewage sludge turkey manure and composted turkey manure were found to vary with the specific amendment and were transient [19] Contrary to these results Carrera et al [18] did not see significant effects of manure or compost They were interpreted this result to the specific compost they used the short-term nature of the study or the soil type In the study of Saison et al [16] the effects of the treatment time and treatmentndashtime interaction on microbial biomass were all highly significant The microbial biomass in soilcompost mixtures increased within 10 days after the addition of compost to the soil (except for sterilized soil amended with a high level of compost where the maximum value was observed after 22 days) The microbial biomass increased with the number of compost added to the soil From day 22 until the end of the experiment the microbial biomass decreased on all treatments In our study the addition of different percentages of kitchen waste compost to soil was evaluated in terms of impact on soil microorganisms under laboratory conditions 2 Materials

The soil used in this study came from the Fırat University campus It was drawn from a depth of 5-10 cm Composition of the soil used is given in Table 1 The compost of interest for this research was obtained by aerobic composting of kitchen wastes Composition of the compost is reported in Table 2

Culturing media used for the isolation of the total bacteria actinomycetes anaerobic bacteria proteolytic bacteria and fungi-yeast were Plate Count Agar (PCA)

Bacto Actinomycetes Isolation Agar (AIA) Brewer Anaerobic Agar (BAA) gelatin and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) respectively 3 Methods

Volatile solid (VS) was determined as described in Standard Methods [20] Compost samples were dried at 105 oC for 24 hours and these dried samples were ground in a coffee mill after they were homogenized in a blender and then ground to pass through a 60 mesh (0250 mm) sieve for cellulose N Ca Na K pH and electrical conductivity (EC) analyses Cellulose quantification was performed according to the AOAC Methods [21] N was determined as described in Methods of Soil Analysis [22] Ca Na and K were measured by flame spectrophotometer (Jenway PFP 7) pH and EC were measured in a compost-water mixture 110 (wv) by using a pH meter (WTW Germany pH 330) and an EC meter (WTW Germany LF 330) respectively C was calculated according to Adams et al [23] The samples were dried at 65 oC for 48 hours for heavy metal determination Heavy metal determinations were done according to Hseu [24] by nitric acid digestion method that partly modified from that of Zheljazkov and Nielson [25] An ATI UNICAM Model 929 flame atomic absorbtion spectrophotometer equipped with ATI UNICAM hollow cathode lamp was used for heavy metal determinations

Compost treatments were done by adding respectively 10 (CT-10) 20 (CT-20) and 30 (CT-30) of compost to the soil Compost and soil were thoroughly mixed to get homogeneous mixtures Untreated soil (CS) and compost alone (CC) were used as controls Each mixture was adjusted to 60 of its water-holding capacity with sterile distilled water Mixtures were then incubated for 28 days at 27 oC adding sterile distilled water when required Sampling was at days 0 7 14 21 and 28

Measurements were done with of the number of total bacteria actinomycetes anaerobic bacteria proteolytic bacteria and fungi-yeast by using the dilution method

Determination of The Effect of Compost on Soil Microorganisms

153

[26] Two replications of plates were incubated at 20degC for proteolytic bacteria 27oC for actinomycetes yeasts and fungi 37degC for total bacteria (for 48 hours) and

anaerobic bacteria (in anaerobic incubator) The counts of plates given in this study were mean avarege of these replications

Table 1 Composition of the Soil Parameter Value Sand () 6554 Clay () 1791 Silt () 1655

Total lime () 097 Organic matter () 102

N () 0107 SO2 (ppm) 4716

pH 803

Table 2 Composition of the Compost Parameter Value

pH 829 EC (μScm) 959

VS () 8687 C () 4826 N () 245 CN 1969

Cellulose () 373 Ca (mgkg) 102908 Mg (mgkg) 15635 Na (mgkg) 55875 K (mgkg) 141129 Cr (mgkg) 224 Mn (mgkg) 943 Cd (mgkg) Ni (mgkg) 15525 Zn (mgkg) 1907 Cu (mgkg) 35 Co (mgkg) 77 Fe (mgkg) 264175

below detection limit

4 Results 41 Total bacteria

Counts of total bacteria in CS progressively decreased with the time while in CT-20 and CT-30 significantly increased at day 7 Decrease in CS may be explained with the low content in organic matter which on the other hand had been supplied

in adequate numbers to CT-20 and CT-30 by compost amendments While the organic matter decrease the total bacteria number decrease (after day 7) Similar to the CT-20 and CT-30 total bacteria number increase in CT-10 at day 7 after then the number decrease while the CC followed the nearly same trend (Fig 1)

Arslan et al

0102030405060708090

100110120130140150160170180

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Tota

l bac

teria

(x10

7 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 1 Total Bacteria Numbers During Incubation Period

42 Anaerobic bacteria

Increase of anaerobic bacteria number was observed for both CC and CS (Figure 2) These increases are probably based on the increase of CO2 as a result of respiration of aerobic bacteria The metabolic activities of the microorganisms those require the anaerobic conditions prevent the growth of the other microorganisms and plants in soils by the toxic chemicals those they produced Anaerobic bacteria number increased for CT-10 and CT-20 while decreased for CT-30 probably due to (i) the enough nutrition for the growth of aerobic bacteria in CT-30 thus the aerobic bacteria continuously grow during incubation period but after 28 days probably they would replace with anaerobic bacteria because of the CO2 that they produced (ii) the enough porosity because of the high number of compost that achieving enough air to the soil-compost mixture particles for CT-30 43 Actinomycetes

During incubation of the samples the actinomycetes numbers decreased in CS

while the numbers increased in CC as a result of higher numbers of organic matter and actinomycetes in compost Also in the CT-30 the actinomycetes were higher than the other treatments and controls because of the high numbers of organic matter and actinomycetes in soil and compost (Figure 3)

Actinomycetes numbers in compost treatments generally increased (except the significant decrease at day 28 in CT-30) by time They are dominant in an environment with stabile compounds than easily degradable compounds those degradaded by microorganisms during the early phase of composting process Thus when the easily degradable compounds consumed by other microorganisms Actinomycetes became dominant and consume the stabile compounds

The significant decrease at day 28 in CT-30 interpretable to the lack of both easily degradable compounds and stabile compounds

154

Determination of The Effect of Compost on Soil Microorganisms

05

101520253035404550

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Ana

erob

ic b

acte

ria (x

107 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 2 Anaerobic Bacteria Numbers During Incubation Period

0255075

100125150175200225250

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Act

inom

ycet

es (x

104 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 3 Actinomycetes Numbers During Incubation Period

44 Proteolytic bacteria

The proteolytic bacteria degradate proteins The decreases in proteolytic bacteria were probably as a result of the decreases in proteins contrary to this the increases were probably as a result of the increases in proteins The number of proteolytic bacteria decreased in CS CC CT-10 and CT-30 during first 7 days while

increased in CT-20 Then the number followed nearly same trend for CS and CT-20Also the number were nearly stable after 7 days in CT-30 But fluctuated for CT-10 and CC The numbers of proteolytic bacteria decreased at the end of the incubation period for all treatments and controls (Figure 4)

155

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1012141618202224

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Prot

eoly

tic b

acte

ria (x

104 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 4 Proteolytic Bacteria Numbers During Incubation Period

45 Fungi-yeast In this study fungi-yeast numbers were lower than the bacteria numbers

In general numbers of fungi-yeast in soils treated with compost declined over the

incubation period in the present study (Figure 5) The decreases are probably based on alkali pH values Acidic pH values support fungi and yeast growth

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Fung

i-yea

st (x

104 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 5 Fungi-Yeast Numbers During Incubation Period

5 Discussion

Bacteria are favoured by neutral pH conditions [27] In our study pH values of both compost and soil were at alkali levels and thus support the growth of bacteria

Similar to our findings in the study of Kim et al [28] the addition of sewage sludge-yard trimmings to soil significantly increased the populations of total bacteria

compared with the controls Interestingly in the study of Toyota and Kuninaga [15] total bacterial numbers were not significantly different between in the soil amended with chemical fertilizer and soil amended with chemical fertilizer with farmyard manure except one sampling occasion

156

Determination of The Effect of Compost on Soil Microorganisms

157

Anaerobes are found in environments where dioxygen has been displaced by gaseous products of anaerobic metabolism such as CH4 CO2 hydrogen and H2S Despite sensitivity to oxygen anaerobic bacteria are also persist in circumstances usually thought to be aerobic in character Thus they commonly occur in microenvironments where oxygen is constantly removed by the respiration of aerobes as in small soil particles [29]

In stabile compost actinomycetes are dominant microorganisms Actinomycetes are known to emerge late in the microbial succession possibly because of their capacity to degrade complex organic polymers [30] The actinomycetes are better competitors for structural substrate than for easily degradable substrate [31 32]

Actinomycetes are generally poorly tolerant of acid pH environments and most are unable to grow in media more acid than pH 5 [33 34 27] In our study pH values of both compost and soil were alkali that suitable for actinomycetes growth

Fungi are one of the main components of the microbial biomass Their relative importance varies substantially with organic matter content and such other soil characteristics as texture and pH Yeasts are unicellular fungi that are normally poorly represented in the soil although they may occasionally play important roles [27] In soil fungi although numerically much less abundant than bacteria can account for twice the weight of bacteria and actinomycetes combined [35 36]

Soil fungi can occur free-living or in association with plant roots The best-known function of fungi is decomposition of complex compounds of plant and animal origins such as cellulose lignin and chitin [36] Fungi are mainly primary decomposers feeding on carbonhydrates Fungi tend to dominate at low pH values [27] Fungal contribution to the decomposition of easily degradable substrates is highest in acid soils This pattern has been attributed to the ability of fungi in its superior osmatic stres tolerance capabilities in comparision with those of the bacteria [37 38]

Contrary to our study crab shell waste and wood chips increased populations of total fungi compared with controls in the study of Kim et al [28] In the study of Saison et al [16] fungal biomasses in the soilcompost mixtures were enhanced following the addition of compost No resilience was observed when a high level of compost was added whereas resilience was observed for the soil amended with a low level of compost treatment

In the study of Peacuterez-Piqueres et al [17] green waste amendment did not modify the densities of fungi in a clayey soil and a sandy silty clay soil Conversely to both this result and our results spent mushroom compost (Wellesbourne United Kingdom) significantly increased the fungal density in the sandy silty clay soil Spent mushroom compost (France Champignon Saumur France) produced a significant increase in densities of fungi in the clayey soil and sandy silty clay soil Concerning the amendments green waste was the compost with the lowest number of fungal CFU meanwhile spent mushroom compost (France Champignon Saumur France) had the highest microbial densities

6 Conclusions

The results of our study showed that the

kitchen waste compost perfectly increased the numbers of total bacteria for CT-20 and CT-30 but not effective for CT-10 at the end of the incubation period Also the actinomycetes numbers increased at final for CT-10 and CT-20 but fluctuated during incubation time and decreased at final for CT-30 During incubation of the samples the actinomycetes numbers decreased in CS while the numbers increased in CC as a result of higher organic matter content and actinomycetes number in compost Also in the CT-30 the actinomycetes were higher than the other treatments and controls because of the high numbers of organic matter and actinomycetes in soil and compost In the point of waste recycling in soil view CT-20 will be improve the characteristics of the soil because of the

Arslan et al

158

increases in the numbers of both the total bacteria and actinomycetes Fungi-yeast numbers decreased for all treatments Anaerobic bacteria numbers increased for CT-10 and CT-20 contrary to the CT-30 that the number decreased at final The numbers of proteolytic bacteria decreased at the end of the incubation period for all treatments and controls

7 References

1 Lynch JM (1983) Soil Biotechnology

Microbiological Factors in Crop Productivity Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford

2 Wood M (1991) Biological Aspects of Soil Protection Soil Use Manage 7 130ndash136

3 Kennedy AC (1999) Bacterial diversity in agroecosystems Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 74 65ndash76

4 Insam H (1990) Are the Soil Microbial Biomass and Basal Respiration Governed by Climate Regime Soil Biol Biochem 22 525-532

5 Moreno JL Hernaacutendez T and Garcia C (1999) Effects of a Cadmium-contaminated Sewage Sludge Compost on Dynamics of Organic Matter and Microbial Activity in an Arid Soil Biol Fertil Soils 28 230-237

6 Ribereau-Gayon J and Peybaud E (1982) Ciencias y teacutecnicas de la vintildea Tratados de ampeologiacutea Tomo I Biologiacutea de la vintildea Suelos de Vintildeedo Editorial Hemisferio Sud SA Argentina

7 Bertran E Sort X Soliva M and Trillas I (2004) Composting Winery Waste Sludges and Grape Stalks Bioresource Technol 95 203-208

8 Bujang KB and Lopez-Real JM (1993) Composting for the Treatment of Cattle Waste Compost Science amp Utilization 1 38-40

9 Georgacakis D Tsavdaris A Bakouli J and Symeonidis S (1996) Composting Solid Swine Manure and Lignite Mixtures with Selected Plant Residues Bioresource Technol 56 195ndash200

10 Lau AK Liao PH and Lo KV (1993) Evaluation of Swine Waste Composting in Vertical Reactors J Environ Sci Health A28 761ndash777

11 Liao PH Vizcarra AT Chen A and Lo KV (1993) Composting Seperated Solid

Swine Manure J Environ Sci Health A28 1889ndash1901

12 Maynard AA (1994) Seventy Years of Research on Waste Composting and Utilization at the Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station Compost Science and Utilization 2 13ndash21

13 Imbeah M (1998) Composting Piggery Waste a Review Bioresource Technol 63 197ndash203

14 Gea T Artola A and Saacutenchez A (2005) Composting of De-inking Sludge from the Recycled Paper Manufacturing Industry Bioresource Technol 96 1161-1167

15 Toyota K and Kuninaga S (2006) Comparison of soil microbial community between soils amended with or without farmyard manure Appl Soil Ecol 33 39ndash48

16 Saison C Degrange V Oliver R Millard P Commeaux C Montange D and Le Roux X (2006) Alteration and resilence of the soil microbial community following compost amendment effects of compost level and compost-borne microbial community Environmental Microbiology 8 (2) 247-257

17 Peacuterez-Piqueres A Edel-Hermann V Alabouvette C and Steinberg C (2006) Response of soil microbial communities to compost amendments Soil Biol Biochem 38 460ndash470

18 Carrera LM Buyer JS Vinyard B Abdul-Baki AA Sikora LJ and Teasdale JR Effects of cover crops compost and manure amendments on soil microbial community structure in tomato production systems Appl Soil Ecol 37 247-255

19 Calbrix R Barray S Chabrerie O Fourrie L and Laval K (2007) Impact of organic amendments on the dynamics of soil microbial biomass and bacterial communities in cultivated land Appl Soil Ecol 35 511ndash522

20 APHA AWWA and WPCF (1989) Standard Metots for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Washington

21 AOAC (1990) Official Metots of Analysis Association of Agricultural Chemist Virginia

22 SSSA (1996) Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3 Chemical Metots Soil Science Society of America Book Series pp 1089-1121

23 Adams RC Maclean FS Dixon JK Bennett FM Martin GI and Lough

Arslan et al

152

different organic matters on microbial biomass of soil Previous studies have found that amendment with farm-yard manure [15] grape compost [16] and spent mushroom compost [17] significantly affected soil microbial community structure [18] However the effects of compost were found to vary depending on both the type of compost and the soil type [17] The effects of sewage sludge turkey manure and composted turkey manure were found to vary with the specific amendment and were transient [19] Contrary to these results Carrera et al [18] did not see significant effects of manure or compost They were interpreted this result to the specific compost they used the short-term nature of the study or the soil type In the study of Saison et al [16] the effects of the treatment time and treatmentndashtime interaction on microbial biomass were all highly significant The microbial biomass in soilcompost mixtures increased within 10 days after the addition of compost to the soil (except for sterilized soil amended with a high level of compost where the maximum value was observed after 22 days) The microbial biomass increased with the number of compost added to the soil From day 22 until the end of the experiment the microbial biomass decreased on all treatments In our study the addition of different percentages of kitchen waste compost to soil was evaluated in terms of impact on soil microorganisms under laboratory conditions 2 Materials

The soil used in this study came from the Fırat University campus It was drawn from a depth of 5-10 cm Composition of the soil used is given in Table 1 The compost of interest for this research was obtained by aerobic composting of kitchen wastes Composition of the compost is reported in Table 2

Culturing media used for the isolation of the total bacteria actinomycetes anaerobic bacteria proteolytic bacteria and fungi-yeast were Plate Count Agar (PCA)

Bacto Actinomycetes Isolation Agar (AIA) Brewer Anaerobic Agar (BAA) gelatin and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) respectively 3 Methods

Volatile solid (VS) was determined as described in Standard Methods [20] Compost samples were dried at 105 oC for 24 hours and these dried samples were ground in a coffee mill after they were homogenized in a blender and then ground to pass through a 60 mesh (0250 mm) sieve for cellulose N Ca Na K pH and electrical conductivity (EC) analyses Cellulose quantification was performed according to the AOAC Methods [21] N was determined as described in Methods of Soil Analysis [22] Ca Na and K were measured by flame spectrophotometer (Jenway PFP 7) pH and EC were measured in a compost-water mixture 110 (wv) by using a pH meter (WTW Germany pH 330) and an EC meter (WTW Germany LF 330) respectively C was calculated according to Adams et al [23] The samples were dried at 65 oC for 48 hours for heavy metal determination Heavy metal determinations were done according to Hseu [24] by nitric acid digestion method that partly modified from that of Zheljazkov and Nielson [25] An ATI UNICAM Model 929 flame atomic absorbtion spectrophotometer equipped with ATI UNICAM hollow cathode lamp was used for heavy metal determinations

Compost treatments were done by adding respectively 10 (CT-10) 20 (CT-20) and 30 (CT-30) of compost to the soil Compost and soil were thoroughly mixed to get homogeneous mixtures Untreated soil (CS) and compost alone (CC) were used as controls Each mixture was adjusted to 60 of its water-holding capacity with sterile distilled water Mixtures were then incubated for 28 days at 27 oC adding sterile distilled water when required Sampling was at days 0 7 14 21 and 28

Measurements were done with of the number of total bacteria actinomycetes anaerobic bacteria proteolytic bacteria and fungi-yeast by using the dilution method

Determination of The Effect of Compost on Soil Microorganisms

153

[26] Two replications of plates were incubated at 20degC for proteolytic bacteria 27oC for actinomycetes yeasts and fungi 37degC for total bacteria (for 48 hours) and

anaerobic bacteria (in anaerobic incubator) The counts of plates given in this study were mean avarege of these replications

Table 1 Composition of the Soil Parameter Value Sand () 6554 Clay () 1791 Silt () 1655

Total lime () 097 Organic matter () 102

N () 0107 SO2 (ppm) 4716

pH 803

Table 2 Composition of the Compost Parameter Value

pH 829 EC (μScm) 959

VS () 8687 C () 4826 N () 245 CN 1969

Cellulose () 373 Ca (mgkg) 102908 Mg (mgkg) 15635 Na (mgkg) 55875 K (mgkg) 141129 Cr (mgkg) 224 Mn (mgkg) 943 Cd (mgkg) Ni (mgkg) 15525 Zn (mgkg) 1907 Cu (mgkg) 35 Co (mgkg) 77 Fe (mgkg) 264175

below detection limit

4 Results 41 Total bacteria

Counts of total bacteria in CS progressively decreased with the time while in CT-20 and CT-30 significantly increased at day 7 Decrease in CS may be explained with the low content in organic matter which on the other hand had been supplied

in adequate numbers to CT-20 and CT-30 by compost amendments While the organic matter decrease the total bacteria number decrease (after day 7) Similar to the CT-20 and CT-30 total bacteria number increase in CT-10 at day 7 after then the number decrease while the CC followed the nearly same trend (Fig 1)

Arslan et al

0102030405060708090

100110120130140150160170180

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Tota

l bac

teria

(x10

7 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 1 Total Bacteria Numbers During Incubation Period

42 Anaerobic bacteria

Increase of anaerobic bacteria number was observed for both CC and CS (Figure 2) These increases are probably based on the increase of CO2 as a result of respiration of aerobic bacteria The metabolic activities of the microorganisms those require the anaerobic conditions prevent the growth of the other microorganisms and plants in soils by the toxic chemicals those they produced Anaerobic bacteria number increased for CT-10 and CT-20 while decreased for CT-30 probably due to (i) the enough nutrition for the growth of aerobic bacteria in CT-30 thus the aerobic bacteria continuously grow during incubation period but after 28 days probably they would replace with anaerobic bacteria because of the CO2 that they produced (ii) the enough porosity because of the high number of compost that achieving enough air to the soil-compost mixture particles for CT-30 43 Actinomycetes

During incubation of the samples the actinomycetes numbers decreased in CS

while the numbers increased in CC as a result of higher numbers of organic matter and actinomycetes in compost Also in the CT-30 the actinomycetes were higher than the other treatments and controls because of the high numbers of organic matter and actinomycetes in soil and compost (Figure 3)

Actinomycetes numbers in compost treatments generally increased (except the significant decrease at day 28 in CT-30) by time They are dominant in an environment with stabile compounds than easily degradable compounds those degradaded by microorganisms during the early phase of composting process Thus when the easily degradable compounds consumed by other microorganisms Actinomycetes became dominant and consume the stabile compounds

The significant decrease at day 28 in CT-30 interpretable to the lack of both easily degradable compounds and stabile compounds

154

Determination of The Effect of Compost on Soil Microorganisms

05

101520253035404550

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Ana

erob

ic b

acte

ria (x

107 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 2 Anaerobic Bacteria Numbers During Incubation Period

0255075

100125150175200225250

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Act

inom

ycet

es (x

104 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 3 Actinomycetes Numbers During Incubation Period

44 Proteolytic bacteria

The proteolytic bacteria degradate proteins The decreases in proteolytic bacteria were probably as a result of the decreases in proteins contrary to this the increases were probably as a result of the increases in proteins The number of proteolytic bacteria decreased in CS CC CT-10 and CT-30 during first 7 days while

increased in CT-20 Then the number followed nearly same trend for CS and CT-20Also the number were nearly stable after 7 days in CT-30 But fluctuated for CT-10 and CC The numbers of proteolytic bacteria decreased at the end of the incubation period for all treatments and controls (Figure 4)

155

Arslan et al

02468

1012141618202224

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Prot

eoly

tic b

acte

ria (x

104 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 4 Proteolytic Bacteria Numbers During Incubation Period

45 Fungi-yeast In this study fungi-yeast numbers were lower than the bacteria numbers

In general numbers of fungi-yeast in soils treated with compost declined over the

incubation period in the present study (Figure 5) The decreases are probably based on alkali pH values Acidic pH values support fungi and yeast growth

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Fung

i-yea

st (x

104 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 5 Fungi-Yeast Numbers During Incubation Period

5 Discussion

Bacteria are favoured by neutral pH conditions [27] In our study pH values of both compost and soil were at alkali levels and thus support the growth of bacteria

Similar to our findings in the study of Kim et al [28] the addition of sewage sludge-yard trimmings to soil significantly increased the populations of total bacteria

compared with the controls Interestingly in the study of Toyota and Kuninaga [15] total bacterial numbers were not significantly different between in the soil amended with chemical fertilizer and soil amended with chemical fertilizer with farmyard manure except one sampling occasion

156

Determination of The Effect of Compost on Soil Microorganisms

157

Anaerobes are found in environments where dioxygen has been displaced by gaseous products of anaerobic metabolism such as CH4 CO2 hydrogen and H2S Despite sensitivity to oxygen anaerobic bacteria are also persist in circumstances usually thought to be aerobic in character Thus they commonly occur in microenvironments where oxygen is constantly removed by the respiration of aerobes as in small soil particles [29]

In stabile compost actinomycetes are dominant microorganisms Actinomycetes are known to emerge late in the microbial succession possibly because of their capacity to degrade complex organic polymers [30] The actinomycetes are better competitors for structural substrate than for easily degradable substrate [31 32]

Actinomycetes are generally poorly tolerant of acid pH environments and most are unable to grow in media more acid than pH 5 [33 34 27] In our study pH values of both compost and soil were alkali that suitable for actinomycetes growth

Fungi are one of the main components of the microbial biomass Their relative importance varies substantially with organic matter content and such other soil characteristics as texture and pH Yeasts are unicellular fungi that are normally poorly represented in the soil although they may occasionally play important roles [27] In soil fungi although numerically much less abundant than bacteria can account for twice the weight of bacteria and actinomycetes combined [35 36]

Soil fungi can occur free-living or in association with plant roots The best-known function of fungi is decomposition of complex compounds of plant and animal origins such as cellulose lignin and chitin [36] Fungi are mainly primary decomposers feeding on carbonhydrates Fungi tend to dominate at low pH values [27] Fungal contribution to the decomposition of easily degradable substrates is highest in acid soils This pattern has been attributed to the ability of fungi in its superior osmatic stres tolerance capabilities in comparision with those of the bacteria [37 38]

Contrary to our study crab shell waste and wood chips increased populations of total fungi compared with controls in the study of Kim et al [28] In the study of Saison et al [16] fungal biomasses in the soilcompost mixtures were enhanced following the addition of compost No resilience was observed when a high level of compost was added whereas resilience was observed for the soil amended with a low level of compost treatment

In the study of Peacuterez-Piqueres et al [17] green waste amendment did not modify the densities of fungi in a clayey soil and a sandy silty clay soil Conversely to both this result and our results spent mushroom compost (Wellesbourne United Kingdom) significantly increased the fungal density in the sandy silty clay soil Spent mushroom compost (France Champignon Saumur France) produced a significant increase in densities of fungi in the clayey soil and sandy silty clay soil Concerning the amendments green waste was the compost with the lowest number of fungal CFU meanwhile spent mushroom compost (France Champignon Saumur France) had the highest microbial densities

6 Conclusions

The results of our study showed that the

kitchen waste compost perfectly increased the numbers of total bacteria for CT-20 and CT-30 but not effective for CT-10 at the end of the incubation period Also the actinomycetes numbers increased at final for CT-10 and CT-20 but fluctuated during incubation time and decreased at final for CT-30 During incubation of the samples the actinomycetes numbers decreased in CS while the numbers increased in CC as a result of higher organic matter content and actinomycetes number in compost Also in the CT-30 the actinomycetes were higher than the other treatments and controls because of the high numbers of organic matter and actinomycetes in soil and compost In the point of waste recycling in soil view CT-20 will be improve the characteristics of the soil because of the

Arslan et al

158

increases in the numbers of both the total bacteria and actinomycetes Fungi-yeast numbers decreased for all treatments Anaerobic bacteria numbers increased for CT-10 and CT-20 contrary to the CT-30 that the number decreased at final The numbers of proteolytic bacteria decreased at the end of the incubation period for all treatments and controls

7 References

1 Lynch JM (1983) Soil Biotechnology

Microbiological Factors in Crop Productivity Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford

2 Wood M (1991) Biological Aspects of Soil Protection Soil Use Manage 7 130ndash136

3 Kennedy AC (1999) Bacterial diversity in agroecosystems Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 74 65ndash76

4 Insam H (1990) Are the Soil Microbial Biomass and Basal Respiration Governed by Climate Regime Soil Biol Biochem 22 525-532

5 Moreno JL Hernaacutendez T and Garcia C (1999) Effects of a Cadmium-contaminated Sewage Sludge Compost on Dynamics of Organic Matter and Microbial Activity in an Arid Soil Biol Fertil Soils 28 230-237

6 Ribereau-Gayon J and Peybaud E (1982) Ciencias y teacutecnicas de la vintildea Tratados de ampeologiacutea Tomo I Biologiacutea de la vintildea Suelos de Vintildeedo Editorial Hemisferio Sud SA Argentina

7 Bertran E Sort X Soliva M and Trillas I (2004) Composting Winery Waste Sludges and Grape Stalks Bioresource Technol 95 203-208

8 Bujang KB and Lopez-Real JM (1993) Composting for the Treatment of Cattle Waste Compost Science amp Utilization 1 38-40

9 Georgacakis D Tsavdaris A Bakouli J and Symeonidis S (1996) Composting Solid Swine Manure and Lignite Mixtures with Selected Plant Residues Bioresource Technol 56 195ndash200

10 Lau AK Liao PH and Lo KV (1993) Evaluation of Swine Waste Composting in Vertical Reactors J Environ Sci Health A28 761ndash777

11 Liao PH Vizcarra AT Chen A and Lo KV (1993) Composting Seperated Solid

Swine Manure J Environ Sci Health A28 1889ndash1901

12 Maynard AA (1994) Seventy Years of Research on Waste Composting and Utilization at the Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station Compost Science and Utilization 2 13ndash21

13 Imbeah M (1998) Composting Piggery Waste a Review Bioresource Technol 63 197ndash203

14 Gea T Artola A and Saacutenchez A (2005) Composting of De-inking Sludge from the Recycled Paper Manufacturing Industry Bioresource Technol 96 1161-1167

15 Toyota K and Kuninaga S (2006) Comparison of soil microbial community between soils amended with or without farmyard manure Appl Soil Ecol 33 39ndash48

16 Saison C Degrange V Oliver R Millard P Commeaux C Montange D and Le Roux X (2006) Alteration and resilence of the soil microbial community following compost amendment effects of compost level and compost-borne microbial community Environmental Microbiology 8 (2) 247-257

17 Peacuterez-Piqueres A Edel-Hermann V Alabouvette C and Steinberg C (2006) Response of soil microbial communities to compost amendments Soil Biol Biochem 38 460ndash470

18 Carrera LM Buyer JS Vinyard B Abdul-Baki AA Sikora LJ and Teasdale JR Effects of cover crops compost and manure amendments on soil microbial community structure in tomato production systems Appl Soil Ecol 37 247-255

19 Calbrix R Barray S Chabrerie O Fourrie L and Laval K (2007) Impact of organic amendments on the dynamics of soil microbial biomass and bacterial communities in cultivated land Appl Soil Ecol 35 511ndash522

20 APHA AWWA and WPCF (1989) Standard Metots for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Washington

21 AOAC (1990) Official Metots of Analysis Association of Agricultural Chemist Virginia

22 SSSA (1996) Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3 Chemical Metots Soil Science Society of America Book Series pp 1089-1121

23 Adams RC Maclean FS Dixon JK Bennett FM Martin GI and Lough

Determination of The Effect of Compost on Soil Microorganisms

153

[26] Two replications of plates were incubated at 20degC for proteolytic bacteria 27oC for actinomycetes yeasts and fungi 37degC for total bacteria (for 48 hours) and

anaerobic bacteria (in anaerobic incubator) The counts of plates given in this study were mean avarege of these replications

Table 1 Composition of the Soil Parameter Value Sand () 6554 Clay () 1791 Silt () 1655

Total lime () 097 Organic matter () 102

N () 0107 SO2 (ppm) 4716

pH 803

Table 2 Composition of the Compost Parameter Value

pH 829 EC (μScm) 959

VS () 8687 C () 4826 N () 245 CN 1969

Cellulose () 373 Ca (mgkg) 102908 Mg (mgkg) 15635 Na (mgkg) 55875 K (mgkg) 141129 Cr (mgkg) 224 Mn (mgkg) 943 Cd (mgkg) Ni (mgkg) 15525 Zn (mgkg) 1907 Cu (mgkg) 35 Co (mgkg) 77 Fe (mgkg) 264175

below detection limit

4 Results 41 Total bacteria

Counts of total bacteria in CS progressively decreased with the time while in CT-20 and CT-30 significantly increased at day 7 Decrease in CS may be explained with the low content in organic matter which on the other hand had been supplied

in adequate numbers to CT-20 and CT-30 by compost amendments While the organic matter decrease the total bacteria number decrease (after day 7) Similar to the CT-20 and CT-30 total bacteria number increase in CT-10 at day 7 after then the number decrease while the CC followed the nearly same trend (Fig 1)

Arslan et al

0102030405060708090

100110120130140150160170180

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Tota

l bac

teria

(x10

7 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 1 Total Bacteria Numbers During Incubation Period

42 Anaerobic bacteria

Increase of anaerobic bacteria number was observed for both CC and CS (Figure 2) These increases are probably based on the increase of CO2 as a result of respiration of aerobic bacteria The metabolic activities of the microorganisms those require the anaerobic conditions prevent the growth of the other microorganisms and plants in soils by the toxic chemicals those they produced Anaerobic bacteria number increased for CT-10 and CT-20 while decreased for CT-30 probably due to (i) the enough nutrition for the growth of aerobic bacteria in CT-30 thus the aerobic bacteria continuously grow during incubation period but after 28 days probably they would replace with anaerobic bacteria because of the CO2 that they produced (ii) the enough porosity because of the high number of compost that achieving enough air to the soil-compost mixture particles for CT-30 43 Actinomycetes

During incubation of the samples the actinomycetes numbers decreased in CS

while the numbers increased in CC as a result of higher numbers of organic matter and actinomycetes in compost Also in the CT-30 the actinomycetes were higher than the other treatments and controls because of the high numbers of organic matter and actinomycetes in soil and compost (Figure 3)

Actinomycetes numbers in compost treatments generally increased (except the significant decrease at day 28 in CT-30) by time They are dominant in an environment with stabile compounds than easily degradable compounds those degradaded by microorganisms during the early phase of composting process Thus when the easily degradable compounds consumed by other microorganisms Actinomycetes became dominant and consume the stabile compounds

The significant decrease at day 28 in CT-30 interpretable to the lack of both easily degradable compounds and stabile compounds

154

Determination of The Effect of Compost on Soil Microorganisms

05

101520253035404550

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Ana

erob

ic b

acte

ria (x

107 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 2 Anaerobic Bacteria Numbers During Incubation Period

0255075

100125150175200225250

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Act

inom

ycet

es (x

104 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 3 Actinomycetes Numbers During Incubation Period

44 Proteolytic bacteria

The proteolytic bacteria degradate proteins The decreases in proteolytic bacteria were probably as a result of the decreases in proteins contrary to this the increases were probably as a result of the increases in proteins The number of proteolytic bacteria decreased in CS CC CT-10 and CT-30 during first 7 days while

increased in CT-20 Then the number followed nearly same trend for CS and CT-20Also the number were nearly stable after 7 days in CT-30 But fluctuated for CT-10 and CC The numbers of proteolytic bacteria decreased at the end of the incubation period for all treatments and controls (Figure 4)

155

Arslan et al

02468

1012141618202224

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Prot

eoly

tic b

acte

ria (x

104 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 4 Proteolytic Bacteria Numbers During Incubation Period

45 Fungi-yeast In this study fungi-yeast numbers were lower than the bacteria numbers

In general numbers of fungi-yeast in soils treated with compost declined over the

incubation period in the present study (Figure 5) The decreases are probably based on alkali pH values Acidic pH values support fungi and yeast growth

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Fung

i-yea

st (x

104 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 5 Fungi-Yeast Numbers During Incubation Period

5 Discussion

Bacteria are favoured by neutral pH conditions [27] In our study pH values of both compost and soil were at alkali levels and thus support the growth of bacteria

Similar to our findings in the study of Kim et al [28] the addition of sewage sludge-yard trimmings to soil significantly increased the populations of total bacteria

compared with the controls Interestingly in the study of Toyota and Kuninaga [15] total bacterial numbers were not significantly different between in the soil amended with chemical fertilizer and soil amended with chemical fertilizer with farmyard manure except one sampling occasion

156

Determination of The Effect of Compost on Soil Microorganisms

157

Anaerobes are found in environments where dioxygen has been displaced by gaseous products of anaerobic metabolism such as CH4 CO2 hydrogen and H2S Despite sensitivity to oxygen anaerobic bacteria are also persist in circumstances usually thought to be aerobic in character Thus they commonly occur in microenvironments where oxygen is constantly removed by the respiration of aerobes as in small soil particles [29]

In stabile compost actinomycetes are dominant microorganisms Actinomycetes are known to emerge late in the microbial succession possibly because of their capacity to degrade complex organic polymers [30] The actinomycetes are better competitors for structural substrate than for easily degradable substrate [31 32]

Actinomycetes are generally poorly tolerant of acid pH environments and most are unable to grow in media more acid than pH 5 [33 34 27] In our study pH values of both compost and soil were alkali that suitable for actinomycetes growth

Fungi are one of the main components of the microbial biomass Their relative importance varies substantially with organic matter content and such other soil characteristics as texture and pH Yeasts are unicellular fungi that are normally poorly represented in the soil although they may occasionally play important roles [27] In soil fungi although numerically much less abundant than bacteria can account for twice the weight of bacteria and actinomycetes combined [35 36]

Soil fungi can occur free-living or in association with plant roots The best-known function of fungi is decomposition of complex compounds of plant and animal origins such as cellulose lignin and chitin [36] Fungi are mainly primary decomposers feeding on carbonhydrates Fungi tend to dominate at low pH values [27] Fungal contribution to the decomposition of easily degradable substrates is highest in acid soils This pattern has been attributed to the ability of fungi in its superior osmatic stres tolerance capabilities in comparision with those of the bacteria [37 38]

Contrary to our study crab shell waste and wood chips increased populations of total fungi compared with controls in the study of Kim et al [28] In the study of Saison et al [16] fungal biomasses in the soilcompost mixtures were enhanced following the addition of compost No resilience was observed when a high level of compost was added whereas resilience was observed for the soil amended with a low level of compost treatment

In the study of Peacuterez-Piqueres et al [17] green waste amendment did not modify the densities of fungi in a clayey soil and a sandy silty clay soil Conversely to both this result and our results spent mushroom compost (Wellesbourne United Kingdom) significantly increased the fungal density in the sandy silty clay soil Spent mushroom compost (France Champignon Saumur France) produced a significant increase in densities of fungi in the clayey soil and sandy silty clay soil Concerning the amendments green waste was the compost with the lowest number of fungal CFU meanwhile spent mushroom compost (France Champignon Saumur France) had the highest microbial densities

6 Conclusions

The results of our study showed that the

kitchen waste compost perfectly increased the numbers of total bacteria for CT-20 and CT-30 but not effective for CT-10 at the end of the incubation period Also the actinomycetes numbers increased at final for CT-10 and CT-20 but fluctuated during incubation time and decreased at final for CT-30 During incubation of the samples the actinomycetes numbers decreased in CS while the numbers increased in CC as a result of higher organic matter content and actinomycetes number in compost Also in the CT-30 the actinomycetes were higher than the other treatments and controls because of the high numbers of organic matter and actinomycetes in soil and compost In the point of waste recycling in soil view CT-20 will be improve the characteristics of the soil because of the

Arslan et al

158

increases in the numbers of both the total bacteria and actinomycetes Fungi-yeast numbers decreased for all treatments Anaerobic bacteria numbers increased for CT-10 and CT-20 contrary to the CT-30 that the number decreased at final The numbers of proteolytic bacteria decreased at the end of the incubation period for all treatments and controls

7 References

1 Lynch JM (1983) Soil Biotechnology

Microbiological Factors in Crop Productivity Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford

2 Wood M (1991) Biological Aspects of Soil Protection Soil Use Manage 7 130ndash136

3 Kennedy AC (1999) Bacterial diversity in agroecosystems Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 74 65ndash76

4 Insam H (1990) Are the Soil Microbial Biomass and Basal Respiration Governed by Climate Regime Soil Biol Biochem 22 525-532

5 Moreno JL Hernaacutendez T and Garcia C (1999) Effects of a Cadmium-contaminated Sewage Sludge Compost on Dynamics of Organic Matter and Microbial Activity in an Arid Soil Biol Fertil Soils 28 230-237

6 Ribereau-Gayon J and Peybaud E (1982) Ciencias y teacutecnicas de la vintildea Tratados de ampeologiacutea Tomo I Biologiacutea de la vintildea Suelos de Vintildeedo Editorial Hemisferio Sud SA Argentina

7 Bertran E Sort X Soliva M and Trillas I (2004) Composting Winery Waste Sludges and Grape Stalks Bioresource Technol 95 203-208

8 Bujang KB and Lopez-Real JM (1993) Composting for the Treatment of Cattle Waste Compost Science amp Utilization 1 38-40

9 Georgacakis D Tsavdaris A Bakouli J and Symeonidis S (1996) Composting Solid Swine Manure and Lignite Mixtures with Selected Plant Residues Bioresource Technol 56 195ndash200

10 Lau AK Liao PH and Lo KV (1993) Evaluation of Swine Waste Composting in Vertical Reactors J Environ Sci Health A28 761ndash777

11 Liao PH Vizcarra AT Chen A and Lo KV (1993) Composting Seperated Solid

Swine Manure J Environ Sci Health A28 1889ndash1901

12 Maynard AA (1994) Seventy Years of Research on Waste Composting and Utilization at the Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station Compost Science and Utilization 2 13ndash21

13 Imbeah M (1998) Composting Piggery Waste a Review Bioresource Technol 63 197ndash203

14 Gea T Artola A and Saacutenchez A (2005) Composting of De-inking Sludge from the Recycled Paper Manufacturing Industry Bioresource Technol 96 1161-1167

15 Toyota K and Kuninaga S (2006) Comparison of soil microbial community between soils amended with or without farmyard manure Appl Soil Ecol 33 39ndash48

16 Saison C Degrange V Oliver R Millard P Commeaux C Montange D and Le Roux X (2006) Alteration and resilence of the soil microbial community following compost amendment effects of compost level and compost-borne microbial community Environmental Microbiology 8 (2) 247-257

17 Peacuterez-Piqueres A Edel-Hermann V Alabouvette C and Steinberg C (2006) Response of soil microbial communities to compost amendments Soil Biol Biochem 38 460ndash470

18 Carrera LM Buyer JS Vinyard B Abdul-Baki AA Sikora LJ and Teasdale JR Effects of cover crops compost and manure amendments on soil microbial community structure in tomato production systems Appl Soil Ecol 37 247-255

19 Calbrix R Barray S Chabrerie O Fourrie L and Laval K (2007) Impact of organic amendments on the dynamics of soil microbial biomass and bacterial communities in cultivated land Appl Soil Ecol 35 511ndash522

20 APHA AWWA and WPCF (1989) Standard Metots for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Washington

21 AOAC (1990) Official Metots of Analysis Association of Agricultural Chemist Virginia

22 SSSA (1996) Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3 Chemical Metots Soil Science Society of America Book Series pp 1089-1121

23 Adams RC Maclean FS Dixon JK Bennett FM Martin GI and Lough

Arslan et al

0102030405060708090

100110120130140150160170180

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Tota

l bac

teria

(x10

7 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 1 Total Bacteria Numbers During Incubation Period

42 Anaerobic bacteria

Increase of anaerobic bacteria number was observed for both CC and CS (Figure 2) These increases are probably based on the increase of CO2 as a result of respiration of aerobic bacteria The metabolic activities of the microorganisms those require the anaerobic conditions prevent the growth of the other microorganisms and plants in soils by the toxic chemicals those they produced Anaerobic bacteria number increased for CT-10 and CT-20 while decreased for CT-30 probably due to (i) the enough nutrition for the growth of aerobic bacteria in CT-30 thus the aerobic bacteria continuously grow during incubation period but after 28 days probably they would replace with anaerobic bacteria because of the CO2 that they produced (ii) the enough porosity because of the high number of compost that achieving enough air to the soil-compost mixture particles for CT-30 43 Actinomycetes

During incubation of the samples the actinomycetes numbers decreased in CS

while the numbers increased in CC as a result of higher numbers of organic matter and actinomycetes in compost Also in the CT-30 the actinomycetes were higher than the other treatments and controls because of the high numbers of organic matter and actinomycetes in soil and compost (Figure 3)

Actinomycetes numbers in compost treatments generally increased (except the significant decrease at day 28 in CT-30) by time They are dominant in an environment with stabile compounds than easily degradable compounds those degradaded by microorganisms during the early phase of composting process Thus when the easily degradable compounds consumed by other microorganisms Actinomycetes became dominant and consume the stabile compounds

The significant decrease at day 28 in CT-30 interpretable to the lack of both easily degradable compounds and stabile compounds

154

Determination of The Effect of Compost on Soil Microorganisms

05

101520253035404550

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Ana

erob

ic b

acte

ria (x

107 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 2 Anaerobic Bacteria Numbers During Incubation Period

0255075

100125150175200225250

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Act

inom

ycet

es (x

104 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 3 Actinomycetes Numbers During Incubation Period

44 Proteolytic bacteria

The proteolytic bacteria degradate proteins The decreases in proteolytic bacteria were probably as a result of the decreases in proteins contrary to this the increases were probably as a result of the increases in proteins The number of proteolytic bacteria decreased in CS CC CT-10 and CT-30 during first 7 days while

increased in CT-20 Then the number followed nearly same trend for CS and CT-20Also the number were nearly stable after 7 days in CT-30 But fluctuated for CT-10 and CC The numbers of proteolytic bacteria decreased at the end of the incubation period for all treatments and controls (Figure 4)

155

Arslan et al

02468

1012141618202224

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Prot

eoly

tic b

acte

ria (x

104 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 4 Proteolytic Bacteria Numbers During Incubation Period

45 Fungi-yeast In this study fungi-yeast numbers were lower than the bacteria numbers

In general numbers of fungi-yeast in soils treated with compost declined over the

incubation period in the present study (Figure 5) The decreases are probably based on alkali pH values Acidic pH values support fungi and yeast growth

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Fung

i-yea

st (x

104 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 5 Fungi-Yeast Numbers During Incubation Period

5 Discussion

Bacteria are favoured by neutral pH conditions [27] In our study pH values of both compost and soil were at alkali levels and thus support the growth of bacteria

Similar to our findings in the study of Kim et al [28] the addition of sewage sludge-yard trimmings to soil significantly increased the populations of total bacteria

compared with the controls Interestingly in the study of Toyota and Kuninaga [15] total bacterial numbers were not significantly different between in the soil amended with chemical fertilizer and soil amended with chemical fertilizer with farmyard manure except one sampling occasion

156

Determination of The Effect of Compost on Soil Microorganisms

157

Anaerobes are found in environments where dioxygen has been displaced by gaseous products of anaerobic metabolism such as CH4 CO2 hydrogen and H2S Despite sensitivity to oxygen anaerobic bacteria are also persist in circumstances usually thought to be aerobic in character Thus they commonly occur in microenvironments where oxygen is constantly removed by the respiration of aerobes as in small soil particles [29]

In stabile compost actinomycetes are dominant microorganisms Actinomycetes are known to emerge late in the microbial succession possibly because of their capacity to degrade complex organic polymers [30] The actinomycetes are better competitors for structural substrate than for easily degradable substrate [31 32]

Actinomycetes are generally poorly tolerant of acid pH environments and most are unable to grow in media more acid than pH 5 [33 34 27] In our study pH values of both compost and soil were alkali that suitable for actinomycetes growth

Fungi are one of the main components of the microbial biomass Their relative importance varies substantially with organic matter content and such other soil characteristics as texture and pH Yeasts are unicellular fungi that are normally poorly represented in the soil although they may occasionally play important roles [27] In soil fungi although numerically much less abundant than bacteria can account for twice the weight of bacteria and actinomycetes combined [35 36]

Soil fungi can occur free-living or in association with plant roots The best-known function of fungi is decomposition of complex compounds of plant and animal origins such as cellulose lignin and chitin [36] Fungi are mainly primary decomposers feeding on carbonhydrates Fungi tend to dominate at low pH values [27] Fungal contribution to the decomposition of easily degradable substrates is highest in acid soils This pattern has been attributed to the ability of fungi in its superior osmatic stres tolerance capabilities in comparision with those of the bacteria [37 38]

Contrary to our study crab shell waste and wood chips increased populations of total fungi compared with controls in the study of Kim et al [28] In the study of Saison et al [16] fungal biomasses in the soilcompost mixtures were enhanced following the addition of compost No resilience was observed when a high level of compost was added whereas resilience was observed for the soil amended with a low level of compost treatment

In the study of Peacuterez-Piqueres et al [17] green waste amendment did not modify the densities of fungi in a clayey soil and a sandy silty clay soil Conversely to both this result and our results spent mushroom compost (Wellesbourne United Kingdom) significantly increased the fungal density in the sandy silty clay soil Spent mushroom compost (France Champignon Saumur France) produced a significant increase in densities of fungi in the clayey soil and sandy silty clay soil Concerning the amendments green waste was the compost with the lowest number of fungal CFU meanwhile spent mushroom compost (France Champignon Saumur France) had the highest microbial densities

6 Conclusions

The results of our study showed that the

kitchen waste compost perfectly increased the numbers of total bacteria for CT-20 and CT-30 but not effective for CT-10 at the end of the incubation period Also the actinomycetes numbers increased at final for CT-10 and CT-20 but fluctuated during incubation time and decreased at final for CT-30 During incubation of the samples the actinomycetes numbers decreased in CS while the numbers increased in CC as a result of higher organic matter content and actinomycetes number in compost Also in the CT-30 the actinomycetes were higher than the other treatments and controls because of the high numbers of organic matter and actinomycetes in soil and compost In the point of waste recycling in soil view CT-20 will be improve the characteristics of the soil because of the

Arslan et al

158

increases in the numbers of both the total bacteria and actinomycetes Fungi-yeast numbers decreased for all treatments Anaerobic bacteria numbers increased for CT-10 and CT-20 contrary to the CT-30 that the number decreased at final The numbers of proteolytic bacteria decreased at the end of the incubation period for all treatments and controls

7 References

1 Lynch JM (1983) Soil Biotechnology

Microbiological Factors in Crop Productivity Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford

2 Wood M (1991) Biological Aspects of Soil Protection Soil Use Manage 7 130ndash136

3 Kennedy AC (1999) Bacterial diversity in agroecosystems Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 74 65ndash76

4 Insam H (1990) Are the Soil Microbial Biomass and Basal Respiration Governed by Climate Regime Soil Biol Biochem 22 525-532

5 Moreno JL Hernaacutendez T and Garcia C (1999) Effects of a Cadmium-contaminated Sewage Sludge Compost on Dynamics of Organic Matter and Microbial Activity in an Arid Soil Biol Fertil Soils 28 230-237

6 Ribereau-Gayon J and Peybaud E (1982) Ciencias y teacutecnicas de la vintildea Tratados de ampeologiacutea Tomo I Biologiacutea de la vintildea Suelos de Vintildeedo Editorial Hemisferio Sud SA Argentina

7 Bertran E Sort X Soliva M and Trillas I (2004) Composting Winery Waste Sludges and Grape Stalks Bioresource Technol 95 203-208

8 Bujang KB and Lopez-Real JM (1993) Composting for the Treatment of Cattle Waste Compost Science amp Utilization 1 38-40

9 Georgacakis D Tsavdaris A Bakouli J and Symeonidis S (1996) Composting Solid Swine Manure and Lignite Mixtures with Selected Plant Residues Bioresource Technol 56 195ndash200

10 Lau AK Liao PH and Lo KV (1993) Evaluation of Swine Waste Composting in Vertical Reactors J Environ Sci Health A28 761ndash777

11 Liao PH Vizcarra AT Chen A and Lo KV (1993) Composting Seperated Solid

Swine Manure J Environ Sci Health A28 1889ndash1901

12 Maynard AA (1994) Seventy Years of Research on Waste Composting and Utilization at the Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station Compost Science and Utilization 2 13ndash21

13 Imbeah M (1998) Composting Piggery Waste a Review Bioresource Technol 63 197ndash203

14 Gea T Artola A and Saacutenchez A (2005) Composting of De-inking Sludge from the Recycled Paper Manufacturing Industry Bioresource Technol 96 1161-1167

15 Toyota K and Kuninaga S (2006) Comparison of soil microbial community between soils amended with or without farmyard manure Appl Soil Ecol 33 39ndash48

16 Saison C Degrange V Oliver R Millard P Commeaux C Montange D and Le Roux X (2006) Alteration and resilence of the soil microbial community following compost amendment effects of compost level and compost-borne microbial community Environmental Microbiology 8 (2) 247-257

17 Peacuterez-Piqueres A Edel-Hermann V Alabouvette C and Steinberg C (2006) Response of soil microbial communities to compost amendments Soil Biol Biochem 38 460ndash470

18 Carrera LM Buyer JS Vinyard B Abdul-Baki AA Sikora LJ and Teasdale JR Effects of cover crops compost and manure amendments on soil microbial community structure in tomato production systems Appl Soil Ecol 37 247-255

19 Calbrix R Barray S Chabrerie O Fourrie L and Laval K (2007) Impact of organic amendments on the dynamics of soil microbial biomass and bacterial communities in cultivated land Appl Soil Ecol 35 511ndash522

20 APHA AWWA and WPCF (1989) Standard Metots for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Washington

21 AOAC (1990) Official Metots of Analysis Association of Agricultural Chemist Virginia

22 SSSA (1996) Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3 Chemical Metots Soil Science Society of America Book Series pp 1089-1121

23 Adams RC Maclean FS Dixon JK Bennett FM Martin GI and Lough

Determination of The Effect of Compost on Soil Microorganisms

05

101520253035404550

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Ana

erob

ic b

acte

ria (x

107 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 2 Anaerobic Bacteria Numbers During Incubation Period

0255075

100125150175200225250

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Act

inom

ycet

es (x

104 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 3 Actinomycetes Numbers During Incubation Period

44 Proteolytic bacteria

The proteolytic bacteria degradate proteins The decreases in proteolytic bacteria were probably as a result of the decreases in proteins contrary to this the increases were probably as a result of the increases in proteins The number of proteolytic bacteria decreased in CS CC CT-10 and CT-30 during first 7 days while

increased in CT-20 Then the number followed nearly same trend for CS and CT-20Also the number were nearly stable after 7 days in CT-30 But fluctuated for CT-10 and CC The numbers of proteolytic bacteria decreased at the end of the incubation period for all treatments and controls (Figure 4)

155

Arslan et al

02468

1012141618202224

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Prot

eoly

tic b

acte

ria (x

104 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 4 Proteolytic Bacteria Numbers During Incubation Period

45 Fungi-yeast In this study fungi-yeast numbers were lower than the bacteria numbers

In general numbers of fungi-yeast in soils treated with compost declined over the

incubation period in the present study (Figure 5) The decreases are probably based on alkali pH values Acidic pH values support fungi and yeast growth

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Fung

i-yea

st (x

104 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 5 Fungi-Yeast Numbers During Incubation Period

5 Discussion

Bacteria are favoured by neutral pH conditions [27] In our study pH values of both compost and soil were at alkali levels and thus support the growth of bacteria

Similar to our findings in the study of Kim et al [28] the addition of sewage sludge-yard trimmings to soil significantly increased the populations of total bacteria

compared with the controls Interestingly in the study of Toyota and Kuninaga [15] total bacterial numbers were not significantly different between in the soil amended with chemical fertilizer and soil amended with chemical fertilizer with farmyard manure except one sampling occasion

156

Determination of The Effect of Compost on Soil Microorganisms

157

Anaerobes are found in environments where dioxygen has been displaced by gaseous products of anaerobic metabolism such as CH4 CO2 hydrogen and H2S Despite sensitivity to oxygen anaerobic bacteria are also persist in circumstances usually thought to be aerobic in character Thus they commonly occur in microenvironments where oxygen is constantly removed by the respiration of aerobes as in small soil particles [29]

In stabile compost actinomycetes are dominant microorganisms Actinomycetes are known to emerge late in the microbial succession possibly because of their capacity to degrade complex organic polymers [30] The actinomycetes are better competitors for structural substrate than for easily degradable substrate [31 32]

Actinomycetes are generally poorly tolerant of acid pH environments and most are unable to grow in media more acid than pH 5 [33 34 27] In our study pH values of both compost and soil were alkali that suitable for actinomycetes growth

Fungi are one of the main components of the microbial biomass Their relative importance varies substantially with organic matter content and such other soil characteristics as texture and pH Yeasts are unicellular fungi that are normally poorly represented in the soil although they may occasionally play important roles [27] In soil fungi although numerically much less abundant than bacteria can account for twice the weight of bacteria and actinomycetes combined [35 36]

Soil fungi can occur free-living or in association with plant roots The best-known function of fungi is decomposition of complex compounds of plant and animal origins such as cellulose lignin and chitin [36] Fungi are mainly primary decomposers feeding on carbonhydrates Fungi tend to dominate at low pH values [27] Fungal contribution to the decomposition of easily degradable substrates is highest in acid soils This pattern has been attributed to the ability of fungi in its superior osmatic stres tolerance capabilities in comparision with those of the bacteria [37 38]

Contrary to our study crab shell waste and wood chips increased populations of total fungi compared with controls in the study of Kim et al [28] In the study of Saison et al [16] fungal biomasses in the soilcompost mixtures were enhanced following the addition of compost No resilience was observed when a high level of compost was added whereas resilience was observed for the soil amended with a low level of compost treatment

In the study of Peacuterez-Piqueres et al [17] green waste amendment did not modify the densities of fungi in a clayey soil and a sandy silty clay soil Conversely to both this result and our results spent mushroom compost (Wellesbourne United Kingdom) significantly increased the fungal density in the sandy silty clay soil Spent mushroom compost (France Champignon Saumur France) produced a significant increase in densities of fungi in the clayey soil and sandy silty clay soil Concerning the amendments green waste was the compost with the lowest number of fungal CFU meanwhile spent mushroom compost (France Champignon Saumur France) had the highest microbial densities

6 Conclusions

The results of our study showed that the

kitchen waste compost perfectly increased the numbers of total bacteria for CT-20 and CT-30 but not effective for CT-10 at the end of the incubation period Also the actinomycetes numbers increased at final for CT-10 and CT-20 but fluctuated during incubation time and decreased at final for CT-30 During incubation of the samples the actinomycetes numbers decreased in CS while the numbers increased in CC as a result of higher organic matter content and actinomycetes number in compost Also in the CT-30 the actinomycetes were higher than the other treatments and controls because of the high numbers of organic matter and actinomycetes in soil and compost In the point of waste recycling in soil view CT-20 will be improve the characteristics of the soil because of the

Arslan et al

158

increases in the numbers of both the total bacteria and actinomycetes Fungi-yeast numbers decreased for all treatments Anaerobic bacteria numbers increased for CT-10 and CT-20 contrary to the CT-30 that the number decreased at final The numbers of proteolytic bacteria decreased at the end of the incubation period for all treatments and controls

7 References

1 Lynch JM (1983) Soil Biotechnology

Microbiological Factors in Crop Productivity Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford

2 Wood M (1991) Biological Aspects of Soil Protection Soil Use Manage 7 130ndash136

3 Kennedy AC (1999) Bacterial diversity in agroecosystems Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 74 65ndash76

4 Insam H (1990) Are the Soil Microbial Biomass and Basal Respiration Governed by Climate Regime Soil Biol Biochem 22 525-532

5 Moreno JL Hernaacutendez T and Garcia C (1999) Effects of a Cadmium-contaminated Sewage Sludge Compost on Dynamics of Organic Matter and Microbial Activity in an Arid Soil Biol Fertil Soils 28 230-237

6 Ribereau-Gayon J and Peybaud E (1982) Ciencias y teacutecnicas de la vintildea Tratados de ampeologiacutea Tomo I Biologiacutea de la vintildea Suelos de Vintildeedo Editorial Hemisferio Sud SA Argentina

7 Bertran E Sort X Soliva M and Trillas I (2004) Composting Winery Waste Sludges and Grape Stalks Bioresource Technol 95 203-208

8 Bujang KB and Lopez-Real JM (1993) Composting for the Treatment of Cattle Waste Compost Science amp Utilization 1 38-40

9 Georgacakis D Tsavdaris A Bakouli J and Symeonidis S (1996) Composting Solid Swine Manure and Lignite Mixtures with Selected Plant Residues Bioresource Technol 56 195ndash200

10 Lau AK Liao PH and Lo KV (1993) Evaluation of Swine Waste Composting in Vertical Reactors J Environ Sci Health A28 761ndash777

11 Liao PH Vizcarra AT Chen A and Lo KV (1993) Composting Seperated Solid

Swine Manure J Environ Sci Health A28 1889ndash1901

12 Maynard AA (1994) Seventy Years of Research on Waste Composting and Utilization at the Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station Compost Science and Utilization 2 13ndash21

13 Imbeah M (1998) Composting Piggery Waste a Review Bioresource Technol 63 197ndash203

14 Gea T Artola A and Saacutenchez A (2005) Composting of De-inking Sludge from the Recycled Paper Manufacturing Industry Bioresource Technol 96 1161-1167

15 Toyota K and Kuninaga S (2006) Comparison of soil microbial community between soils amended with or without farmyard manure Appl Soil Ecol 33 39ndash48

16 Saison C Degrange V Oliver R Millard P Commeaux C Montange D and Le Roux X (2006) Alteration and resilence of the soil microbial community following compost amendment effects of compost level and compost-borne microbial community Environmental Microbiology 8 (2) 247-257

17 Peacuterez-Piqueres A Edel-Hermann V Alabouvette C and Steinberg C (2006) Response of soil microbial communities to compost amendments Soil Biol Biochem 38 460ndash470

18 Carrera LM Buyer JS Vinyard B Abdul-Baki AA Sikora LJ and Teasdale JR Effects of cover crops compost and manure amendments on soil microbial community structure in tomato production systems Appl Soil Ecol 37 247-255

19 Calbrix R Barray S Chabrerie O Fourrie L and Laval K (2007) Impact of organic amendments on the dynamics of soil microbial biomass and bacterial communities in cultivated land Appl Soil Ecol 35 511ndash522

20 APHA AWWA and WPCF (1989) Standard Metots for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Washington

21 AOAC (1990) Official Metots of Analysis Association of Agricultural Chemist Virginia

22 SSSA (1996) Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3 Chemical Metots Soil Science Society of America Book Series pp 1089-1121

23 Adams RC Maclean FS Dixon JK Bennett FM Martin GI and Lough

Arslan et al

02468

1012141618202224

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Prot

eoly

tic b

acte

ria (x

104 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 4 Proteolytic Bacteria Numbers During Incubation Period

45 Fungi-yeast In this study fungi-yeast numbers were lower than the bacteria numbers

In general numbers of fungi-yeast in soils treated with compost declined over the

incubation period in the present study (Figure 5) The decreases are probably based on alkali pH values Acidic pH values support fungi and yeast growth

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

0 7 14 21 28

Time (days)

Fung

i-yea

st (x

104 )g

CSCCCT-10CT-20CT-30

Fig 5 Fungi-Yeast Numbers During Incubation Period

5 Discussion

Bacteria are favoured by neutral pH conditions [27] In our study pH values of both compost and soil were at alkali levels and thus support the growth of bacteria

Similar to our findings in the study of Kim et al [28] the addition of sewage sludge-yard trimmings to soil significantly increased the populations of total bacteria

compared with the controls Interestingly in the study of Toyota and Kuninaga [15] total bacterial numbers were not significantly different between in the soil amended with chemical fertilizer and soil amended with chemical fertilizer with farmyard manure except one sampling occasion

156

Determination of The Effect of Compost on Soil Microorganisms

157

Anaerobes are found in environments where dioxygen has been displaced by gaseous products of anaerobic metabolism such as CH4 CO2 hydrogen and H2S Despite sensitivity to oxygen anaerobic bacteria are also persist in circumstances usually thought to be aerobic in character Thus they commonly occur in microenvironments where oxygen is constantly removed by the respiration of aerobes as in small soil particles [29]

In stabile compost actinomycetes are dominant microorganisms Actinomycetes are known to emerge late in the microbial succession possibly because of their capacity to degrade complex organic polymers [30] The actinomycetes are better competitors for structural substrate than for easily degradable substrate [31 32]

Actinomycetes are generally poorly tolerant of acid pH environments and most are unable to grow in media more acid than pH 5 [33 34 27] In our study pH values of both compost and soil were alkali that suitable for actinomycetes growth

Fungi are one of the main components of the microbial biomass Their relative importance varies substantially with organic matter content and such other soil characteristics as texture and pH Yeasts are unicellular fungi that are normally poorly represented in the soil although they may occasionally play important roles [27] In soil fungi although numerically much less abundant than bacteria can account for twice the weight of bacteria and actinomycetes combined [35 36]

Soil fungi can occur free-living or in association with plant roots The best-known function of fungi is decomposition of complex compounds of plant and animal origins such as cellulose lignin and chitin [36] Fungi are mainly primary decomposers feeding on carbonhydrates Fungi tend to dominate at low pH values [27] Fungal contribution to the decomposition of easily degradable substrates is highest in acid soils This pattern has been attributed to the ability of fungi in its superior osmatic stres tolerance capabilities in comparision with those of the bacteria [37 38]

Contrary to our study crab shell waste and wood chips increased populations of total fungi compared with controls in the study of Kim et al [28] In the study of Saison et al [16] fungal biomasses in the soilcompost mixtures were enhanced following the addition of compost No resilience was observed when a high level of compost was added whereas resilience was observed for the soil amended with a low level of compost treatment

In the study of Peacuterez-Piqueres et al [17] green waste amendment did not modify the densities of fungi in a clayey soil and a sandy silty clay soil Conversely to both this result and our results spent mushroom compost (Wellesbourne United Kingdom) significantly increased the fungal density in the sandy silty clay soil Spent mushroom compost (France Champignon Saumur France) produced a significant increase in densities of fungi in the clayey soil and sandy silty clay soil Concerning the amendments green waste was the compost with the lowest number of fungal CFU meanwhile spent mushroom compost (France Champignon Saumur France) had the highest microbial densities

6 Conclusions

The results of our study showed that the

kitchen waste compost perfectly increased the numbers of total bacteria for CT-20 and CT-30 but not effective for CT-10 at the end of the incubation period Also the actinomycetes numbers increased at final for CT-10 and CT-20 but fluctuated during incubation time and decreased at final for CT-30 During incubation of the samples the actinomycetes numbers decreased in CS while the numbers increased in CC as a result of higher organic matter content and actinomycetes number in compost Also in the CT-30 the actinomycetes were higher than the other treatments and controls because of the high numbers of organic matter and actinomycetes in soil and compost In the point of waste recycling in soil view CT-20 will be improve the characteristics of the soil because of the

Arslan et al

158

increases in the numbers of both the total bacteria and actinomycetes Fungi-yeast numbers decreased for all treatments Anaerobic bacteria numbers increased for CT-10 and CT-20 contrary to the CT-30 that the number decreased at final The numbers of proteolytic bacteria decreased at the end of the incubation period for all treatments and controls

7 References

1 Lynch JM (1983) Soil Biotechnology

Microbiological Factors in Crop Productivity Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford

2 Wood M (1991) Biological Aspects of Soil Protection Soil Use Manage 7 130ndash136

3 Kennedy AC (1999) Bacterial diversity in agroecosystems Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 74 65ndash76

4 Insam H (1990) Are the Soil Microbial Biomass and Basal Respiration Governed by Climate Regime Soil Biol Biochem 22 525-532

5 Moreno JL Hernaacutendez T and Garcia C (1999) Effects of a Cadmium-contaminated Sewage Sludge Compost on Dynamics of Organic Matter and Microbial Activity in an Arid Soil Biol Fertil Soils 28 230-237

6 Ribereau-Gayon J and Peybaud E (1982) Ciencias y teacutecnicas de la vintildea Tratados de ampeologiacutea Tomo I Biologiacutea de la vintildea Suelos de Vintildeedo Editorial Hemisferio Sud SA Argentina

7 Bertran E Sort X Soliva M and Trillas I (2004) Composting Winery Waste Sludges and Grape Stalks Bioresource Technol 95 203-208

8 Bujang KB and Lopez-Real JM (1993) Composting for the Treatment of Cattle Waste Compost Science amp Utilization 1 38-40

9 Georgacakis D Tsavdaris A Bakouli J and Symeonidis S (1996) Composting Solid Swine Manure and Lignite Mixtures with Selected Plant Residues Bioresource Technol 56 195ndash200

10 Lau AK Liao PH and Lo KV (1993) Evaluation of Swine Waste Composting in Vertical Reactors J Environ Sci Health A28 761ndash777

11 Liao PH Vizcarra AT Chen A and Lo KV (1993) Composting Seperated Solid

Swine Manure J Environ Sci Health A28 1889ndash1901

12 Maynard AA (1994) Seventy Years of Research on Waste Composting and Utilization at the Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station Compost Science and Utilization 2 13ndash21

13 Imbeah M (1998) Composting Piggery Waste a Review Bioresource Technol 63 197ndash203

14 Gea T Artola A and Saacutenchez A (2005) Composting of De-inking Sludge from the Recycled Paper Manufacturing Industry Bioresource Technol 96 1161-1167

15 Toyota K and Kuninaga S (2006) Comparison of soil microbial community between soils amended with or without farmyard manure Appl Soil Ecol 33 39ndash48

16 Saison C Degrange V Oliver R Millard P Commeaux C Montange D and Le Roux X (2006) Alteration and resilence of the soil microbial community following compost amendment effects of compost level and compost-borne microbial community Environmental Microbiology 8 (2) 247-257

17 Peacuterez-Piqueres A Edel-Hermann V Alabouvette C and Steinberg C (2006) Response of soil microbial communities to compost amendments Soil Biol Biochem 38 460ndash470

18 Carrera LM Buyer JS Vinyard B Abdul-Baki AA Sikora LJ and Teasdale JR Effects of cover crops compost and manure amendments on soil microbial community structure in tomato production systems Appl Soil Ecol 37 247-255

19 Calbrix R Barray S Chabrerie O Fourrie L and Laval K (2007) Impact of organic amendments on the dynamics of soil microbial biomass and bacterial communities in cultivated land Appl Soil Ecol 35 511ndash522

20 APHA AWWA and WPCF (1989) Standard Metots for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Washington

21 AOAC (1990) Official Metots of Analysis Association of Agricultural Chemist Virginia

22 SSSA (1996) Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3 Chemical Metots Soil Science Society of America Book Series pp 1089-1121

23 Adams RC Maclean FS Dixon JK Bennett FM Martin GI and Lough

Determination of The Effect of Compost on Soil Microorganisms

157

Anaerobes are found in environments where dioxygen has been displaced by gaseous products of anaerobic metabolism such as CH4 CO2 hydrogen and H2S Despite sensitivity to oxygen anaerobic bacteria are also persist in circumstances usually thought to be aerobic in character Thus they commonly occur in microenvironments where oxygen is constantly removed by the respiration of aerobes as in small soil particles [29]

In stabile compost actinomycetes are dominant microorganisms Actinomycetes are known to emerge late in the microbial succession possibly because of their capacity to degrade complex organic polymers [30] The actinomycetes are better competitors for structural substrate than for easily degradable substrate [31 32]

Actinomycetes are generally poorly tolerant of acid pH environments and most are unable to grow in media more acid than pH 5 [33 34 27] In our study pH values of both compost and soil were alkali that suitable for actinomycetes growth

Fungi are one of the main components of the microbial biomass Their relative importance varies substantially with organic matter content and such other soil characteristics as texture and pH Yeasts are unicellular fungi that are normally poorly represented in the soil although they may occasionally play important roles [27] In soil fungi although numerically much less abundant than bacteria can account for twice the weight of bacteria and actinomycetes combined [35 36]

Soil fungi can occur free-living or in association with plant roots The best-known function of fungi is decomposition of complex compounds of plant and animal origins such as cellulose lignin and chitin [36] Fungi are mainly primary decomposers feeding on carbonhydrates Fungi tend to dominate at low pH values [27] Fungal contribution to the decomposition of easily degradable substrates is highest in acid soils This pattern has been attributed to the ability of fungi in its superior osmatic stres tolerance capabilities in comparision with those of the bacteria [37 38]

Contrary to our study crab shell waste and wood chips increased populations of total fungi compared with controls in the study of Kim et al [28] In the study of Saison et al [16] fungal biomasses in the soilcompost mixtures were enhanced following the addition of compost No resilience was observed when a high level of compost was added whereas resilience was observed for the soil amended with a low level of compost treatment

In the study of Peacuterez-Piqueres et al [17] green waste amendment did not modify the densities of fungi in a clayey soil and a sandy silty clay soil Conversely to both this result and our results spent mushroom compost (Wellesbourne United Kingdom) significantly increased the fungal density in the sandy silty clay soil Spent mushroom compost (France Champignon Saumur France) produced a significant increase in densities of fungi in the clayey soil and sandy silty clay soil Concerning the amendments green waste was the compost with the lowest number of fungal CFU meanwhile spent mushroom compost (France Champignon Saumur France) had the highest microbial densities

6 Conclusions

The results of our study showed that the

kitchen waste compost perfectly increased the numbers of total bacteria for CT-20 and CT-30 but not effective for CT-10 at the end of the incubation period Also the actinomycetes numbers increased at final for CT-10 and CT-20 but fluctuated during incubation time and decreased at final for CT-30 During incubation of the samples the actinomycetes numbers decreased in CS while the numbers increased in CC as a result of higher organic matter content and actinomycetes number in compost Also in the CT-30 the actinomycetes were higher than the other treatments and controls because of the high numbers of organic matter and actinomycetes in soil and compost In the point of waste recycling in soil view CT-20 will be improve the characteristics of the soil because of the

Arslan et al

158

increases in the numbers of both the total bacteria and actinomycetes Fungi-yeast numbers decreased for all treatments Anaerobic bacteria numbers increased for CT-10 and CT-20 contrary to the CT-30 that the number decreased at final The numbers of proteolytic bacteria decreased at the end of the incubation period for all treatments and controls

7 References

1 Lynch JM (1983) Soil Biotechnology

Microbiological Factors in Crop Productivity Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford

2 Wood M (1991) Biological Aspects of Soil Protection Soil Use Manage 7 130ndash136

3 Kennedy AC (1999) Bacterial diversity in agroecosystems Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 74 65ndash76

4 Insam H (1990) Are the Soil Microbial Biomass and Basal Respiration Governed by Climate Regime Soil Biol Biochem 22 525-532

5 Moreno JL Hernaacutendez T and Garcia C (1999) Effects of a Cadmium-contaminated Sewage Sludge Compost on Dynamics of Organic Matter and Microbial Activity in an Arid Soil Biol Fertil Soils 28 230-237

6 Ribereau-Gayon J and Peybaud E (1982) Ciencias y teacutecnicas de la vintildea Tratados de ampeologiacutea Tomo I Biologiacutea de la vintildea Suelos de Vintildeedo Editorial Hemisferio Sud SA Argentina

7 Bertran E Sort X Soliva M and Trillas I (2004) Composting Winery Waste Sludges and Grape Stalks Bioresource Technol 95 203-208

8 Bujang KB and Lopez-Real JM (1993) Composting for the Treatment of Cattle Waste Compost Science amp Utilization 1 38-40

9 Georgacakis D Tsavdaris A Bakouli J and Symeonidis S (1996) Composting Solid Swine Manure and Lignite Mixtures with Selected Plant Residues Bioresource Technol 56 195ndash200

10 Lau AK Liao PH and Lo KV (1993) Evaluation of Swine Waste Composting in Vertical Reactors J Environ Sci Health A28 761ndash777

11 Liao PH Vizcarra AT Chen A and Lo KV (1993) Composting Seperated Solid

Swine Manure J Environ Sci Health A28 1889ndash1901

12 Maynard AA (1994) Seventy Years of Research on Waste Composting and Utilization at the Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station Compost Science and Utilization 2 13ndash21

13 Imbeah M (1998) Composting Piggery Waste a Review Bioresource Technol 63 197ndash203

14 Gea T Artola A and Saacutenchez A (2005) Composting of De-inking Sludge from the Recycled Paper Manufacturing Industry Bioresource Technol 96 1161-1167

15 Toyota K and Kuninaga S (2006) Comparison of soil microbial community between soils amended with or without farmyard manure Appl Soil Ecol 33 39ndash48

16 Saison C Degrange V Oliver R Millard P Commeaux C Montange D and Le Roux X (2006) Alteration and resilence of the soil microbial community following compost amendment effects of compost level and compost-borne microbial community Environmental Microbiology 8 (2) 247-257

17 Peacuterez-Piqueres A Edel-Hermann V Alabouvette C and Steinberg C (2006) Response of soil microbial communities to compost amendments Soil Biol Biochem 38 460ndash470

18 Carrera LM Buyer JS Vinyard B Abdul-Baki AA Sikora LJ and Teasdale JR Effects of cover crops compost and manure amendments on soil microbial community structure in tomato production systems Appl Soil Ecol 37 247-255

19 Calbrix R Barray S Chabrerie O Fourrie L and Laval K (2007) Impact of organic amendments on the dynamics of soil microbial biomass and bacterial communities in cultivated land Appl Soil Ecol 35 511ndash522

20 APHA AWWA and WPCF (1989) Standard Metots for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Washington

21 AOAC (1990) Official Metots of Analysis Association of Agricultural Chemist Virginia

22 SSSA (1996) Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3 Chemical Metots Soil Science Society of America Book Series pp 1089-1121

23 Adams RC Maclean FS Dixon JK Bennett FM Martin GI and Lough

Arslan et al

158

increases in the numbers of both the total bacteria and actinomycetes Fungi-yeast numbers decreased for all treatments Anaerobic bacteria numbers increased for CT-10 and CT-20 contrary to the CT-30 that the number decreased at final The numbers of proteolytic bacteria decreased at the end of the incubation period for all treatments and controls

7 References

1 Lynch JM (1983) Soil Biotechnology

Microbiological Factors in Crop Productivity Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford

2 Wood M (1991) Biological Aspects of Soil Protection Soil Use Manage 7 130ndash136

3 Kennedy AC (1999) Bacterial diversity in agroecosystems Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 74 65ndash76

4 Insam H (1990) Are the Soil Microbial Biomass and Basal Respiration Governed by Climate Regime Soil Biol Biochem 22 525-532

5 Moreno JL Hernaacutendez T and Garcia C (1999) Effects of a Cadmium-contaminated Sewage Sludge Compost on Dynamics of Organic Matter and Microbial Activity in an Arid Soil Biol Fertil Soils 28 230-237

6 Ribereau-Gayon J and Peybaud E (1982) Ciencias y teacutecnicas de la vintildea Tratados de ampeologiacutea Tomo I Biologiacutea de la vintildea Suelos de Vintildeedo Editorial Hemisferio Sud SA Argentina

7 Bertran E Sort X Soliva M and Trillas I (2004) Composting Winery Waste Sludges and Grape Stalks Bioresource Technol 95 203-208

8 Bujang KB and Lopez-Real JM (1993) Composting for the Treatment of Cattle Waste Compost Science amp Utilization 1 38-40

9 Georgacakis D Tsavdaris A Bakouli J and Symeonidis S (1996) Composting Solid Swine Manure and Lignite Mixtures with Selected Plant Residues Bioresource Technol 56 195ndash200

10 Lau AK Liao PH and Lo KV (1993) Evaluation of Swine Waste Composting in Vertical Reactors J Environ Sci Health A28 761ndash777

11 Liao PH Vizcarra AT Chen A and Lo KV (1993) Composting Seperated Solid

Swine Manure J Environ Sci Health A28 1889ndash1901

12 Maynard AA (1994) Seventy Years of Research on Waste Composting and Utilization at the Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station Compost Science and Utilization 2 13ndash21

13 Imbeah M (1998) Composting Piggery Waste a Review Bioresource Technol 63 197ndash203

14 Gea T Artola A and Saacutenchez A (2005) Composting of De-inking Sludge from the Recycled Paper Manufacturing Industry Bioresource Technol 96 1161-1167

15 Toyota K and Kuninaga S (2006) Comparison of soil microbial community between soils amended with or without farmyard manure Appl Soil Ecol 33 39ndash48

16 Saison C Degrange V Oliver R Millard P Commeaux C Montange D and Le Roux X (2006) Alteration and resilence of the soil microbial community following compost amendment effects of compost level and compost-borne microbial community Environmental Microbiology 8 (2) 247-257

17 Peacuterez-Piqueres A Edel-Hermann V Alabouvette C and Steinberg C (2006) Response of soil microbial communities to compost amendments Soil Biol Biochem 38 460ndash470

18 Carrera LM Buyer JS Vinyard B Abdul-Baki AA Sikora LJ and Teasdale JR Effects of cover crops compost and manure amendments on soil microbial community structure in tomato production systems Appl Soil Ecol 37 247-255

19 Calbrix R Barray S Chabrerie O Fourrie L and Laval K (2007) Impact of organic amendments on the dynamics of soil microbial biomass and bacterial communities in cultivated land Appl Soil Ecol 35 511ndash522

20 APHA AWWA and WPCF (1989) Standard Metots for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Washington

21 AOAC (1990) Official Metots of Analysis Association of Agricultural Chemist Virginia

22 SSSA (1996) Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3 Chemical Metots Soil Science Society of America Book Series pp 1089-1121

23 Adams RC Maclean FS Dixon JK Bennett FM Martin GI and Lough

Determination of The Effect of Compost on Soil Microorganisms

159

RC (1951) The Utilization of Organic Wastes in NZ Second Interim Report of The Inter-Departmental Committee New Zeland Engineering

24 Hseu Z-Y (2004) Evaluating Heavy Metal Contents in Nine Composts Using Four Digestion Methods Bioresource Technol 95 53-59

25 Zheljazkov VD and Nielson NE (1996) Effect of Heavy Metals on Peppermint and Cornmint Plant Soil 178 59-66

26 Collins CH Lyne PM and Grange JM (1989) Collins and Lynersquos Microbiological Methods Sixth Edition Butterworths Co Ltd London

27 Lavelle P and Spain AV (2001) Soil Ecology Kluwer Academic Publishers pp 203-229

28 Kim KD Nemec S and Musson G (1997) Effects of Composts and Soil Amendments on Soil Microflora and Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot of Bell Pepper Crop Protection 16 (2) 165-172

29 Gest H (2003) Anaerobes in the recycling of elements in the biosphere In Ljungdahl LG Adams MW Barton LL Ferry JG and Johnson MK (eds) Biochemistry and Physiology of Anaerobic Bacteria Springer-Verlag New York Inc

30 Lacey J (1973) Actinomycetes in soils compost and fodders In Skinner FA and Sykes G (eds) Actinomycetales Characteristics and Practical Importance Society of Applied Bacteriology Symposium Series No 2 Academic Press London

31 Watson ET and Williams ST (1974) Studies on the Ecology of Actinomycetes in Soil-VII Actinomycetes in a Coastal Sand Belt Soil Biology and Biochemistry 6 43ndash52

32 Thirup L Johnsen K Torsvik V Spliid NH and Jacobsen CS (2001) Effects of Fenpropimorphn on Bacteria and Fungi During Decomposition of Barley Roots Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33 1517-1524

33 Waksman SA (1952) Soil Microbiology John Wiley amp Sons New York

34 Dommergues Y and Mangelot F (1970) Ecologie Microbienne du Sol Masson et Cie Paris

35 Jenkinson DS and Ladd JN (1981) Microbial biomass in soil measurement and turnover In Paul EA and Ladd JN (eds) Soil Biochemistry vol 5 Marcel Dekker Inc NY

36 Vig K Megharaj M Sethunathan N and Naidu R (2003) Bioavailability and Toxicity of Cadmium to Microorganisms and their Activities in Soil a Review Advances in Environmental Research 8 121-135

37 Griffiths B S Ritz K Ebblewhite N and Dobson G (1998) Soil microbial community structure Effects of substrate loading rates Soil Biology and Biochemistry 31 (1) 145-153

38 de Boer W Folman LB Summerbell RC and Body L (2005) Living in a fungal world impact of fungi on soil bacterial niche development FEMS Microbiology Reviews 29 (4) 95-811