determinants and dimensions of well-being: energy and ... · 19 source of life-moana creates life...
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Determinants and Dimensions of Well-Being:
Energy and Environment in Rural Māori Communities
8th ICEERB Conference 19-21 November, Wellington, NZ.
Dr. Guy Penny
EMPlan Services Ltd
021 839046
Planners, architects, developers and many related professions play
an increasingly critical role in shaping the conditions in which we
live, and our well-being
….. we all have a role
Determinants and Dimensions of Well-Being:
Energy and Environment in Rural Māori Communities
8th ICEERB Conference 19-21 Nov, Wellington.
Dr. Guy Penny
Overview: Determinants and Dimensions of Well – Being
Projects
1. The Changing Relationship between Coastal Maori Communities and
Marine – Aquatic Environments
2. Introducing Renewable Energy Technologies into Rural Maori Communities
Conclusions
Well - Being
Increasingly considered to be the proper measure of social progress
and the goal of public policy by national and global institutions
Is well-being at the centre of your work?
Whare Tapa Wha
4 Dimensions of Hauora
Cornell University
7 Dimensions of Well-Being
Dimensions of Well-Being
Dimensions of Well-Being
• Social health
• Mental health
• Physical health
• Spiritual health
Interdependent
Determinants of Well-Being
Physical environment
Economic or Financial situation
Social-Cultural relationships
Individual characteristics
Interrelated Limiting and/or
Enabling
Mental Health Spiritual Health
Physical Health Social Health
Dimensions of Well-Being Determinants of Well-Being
Physical environment
Economic/Financial situation
Social-cultural relationships
Individual characteristics
Diverse
and
complex
linkages
+ve / -ve
SUMMARY
Well-Being is a public policy priority
The built environment and the shape of towns and cities affects our well-being in
many ways
Role of Urban Planning+ is increasingly important, especially in times of population
growth and rapid ‘development’.
Urban Planning mediates the linkages between Determinants and Dimensions of
Well-Being
Determinants and Dimensions of Well-being are a complex mix of factors and
relationships (context specific) – Determinants are dynamic, limiting or enabling
The Revitalisation and Enhancement of Mātauranga
Hauora of Aquatic Environments
The Hauora Project
Hauora Study
Driver: Maori have poor health statistics; alienated from traditional environments/resources
Research Objectives/Questions
Changing Relationship between coastal Maori and the marine/aquatic environment?
Impact on Well- Being ?
o Physical health → seafood consumption/Omega 3
o Spiritual health → spiritual experience
o Mental health → emotions
Develop strategies to revitalize the relationship and improve ‘Hauora Maori’
Collaboration NIWA / Te Kuwaha and Crop and Food Research
2 x Coastal Hapu (rural/urban): 52 participants ( 30/ 22); 19 – 89 yrs; mean age 48yrs
o Ngati Hokopu (Whakatane)
o Te Rūnanga O Awarua (Bluff)
19 source oflife-moana creates
life
20 source of food -but some
disappearing
21 can be dangerousplace-storms , must
respect it
22 source ofidentity -spiritual,social, part of ourbeing, if polluteddirectly effects,
takes away mana askaitiaki
23 if we degrademoana has an affecton atmosphere, kai
etc , ,
24 important forphysica/mental l
well being
25 place forrelaxation and peace
26 leaveeverything(stress)
behind27 air is
different-better butalso poorer quality
28 leisure andrecreation
30 M/E a threat,coastal erosion
31 sense ofbelonging
32 don't gather kaimoana as much in
urban envt
33 don't want it todisappear- want it
for my moko
34 some placesplentiful in kai
moana35 place of healing,gathering of kai a
healing andrituals/social,36 development
(drainage), changednatural processes
initiates threat
37 specific tikanga-right time to
gather kai
53 sharks importantspecies
17 degradation ofhabitat
18 fewer kairesources
19 presentgeneration notunderstanding
tangaroa/hinemoana
21 change to seamullet b/c less fatthan those in rivers
30 what would we dowithout it
31 now lupins onsanddune
35 not teaching mokoas much now
36 now more aboutprotection
41 buy kai moana b/chard to get
46 take kids tobeach to teach about
shells
47 now make specialtrip to beach to
teach kids aboutdifferent species -
kids find it anovelty
48 used to camp atbeach but now not
58 pollution -perception of highlevels as barrier to
kai moana
59 loss of species -less abundance
herring, white bait,water cress,
60 water cress notaround any more
61 colour of waterdifferent, watersmells different
62 used to catchkingfish, trevally=
araara(tapu),
63 development-marina, houses
64 many more dairyfarms pumping
effluent intosettling ponds a ndleaching into rivers
65 Mill andprocesses around
mill source ofpollution, coal dust
66 perception of lnkbetween marine
environment qualityand human health
67 more pressure onM/E leads to
mistrust of planningand drainage
69 more recreationalboaties
70 lose access tobeach because
crowded77 council changeshave been negative -
more people,
81 recreationalboats effluent
discharged intomoana
49 in the past dailyinteraction but formany lifestyle and
other changesprohibit that now-too busy, newregs,access
difficult
50 some people don'thave vehicles to get
to beach
51 ara/access tobeach changed(council rules)
52 less interactionb/c of safety (other
people)
53 other commitmentsprevent going to
beach
54 use to be asourceof amusement but now
so many options(resistance from
kids)
55 still go to moanaeven if polluted
56 walk along beachdaily -soothing to
hear waves walk onsand
57 health preventssome people from
going to beach
68 even if pollutedwill still eat kai
moana
71 lack of accessand changes adds to
stress on peoplelives
72 council (rules)has different view
of M/E
73 laws affectinguse -i ... e
boaties/safety issue
74 Ngati Hokopu herebefore boats
75 loss of riparianrights
76 Ngati Awa don'town any land on
foreshore area - allharbour board land,
iwi blocked out
68 Toheroa accessreduced-
69 Waiau Riverchanges
70 lime removed
71 Regulation toaquatic environment
72 species reducedin size and number
73 paua
74 kina
75 land reclamation
76 destroyed mahingakai
77 mahinga kai moved
78 overf ishing
79 technology
80 dredges81 global warming
82 change to water
83 effect onmuttonbird
84 change to seasons
85 harvesting timeschanges
86 mussels
87 bountiful oysterseason with titi
88 whales gone
89 increase in sealnos ... (protected)
90 overf ishing-internationalcommercial
91 non-selective
92 dumping by-catch
93 crayf ish industryimproved with qms
94 QMS
95 chance for iwi toparticipate
96 accountabilty andquantif ication of
stock improved (notfor recreational)
97 few positivechanges to aquatic
envt
98 no problem ingetting kai moana
for hui
99 more charterboats than
commercial f ishingboats now
100 negative effecton spiritual health
101 concern for nextgeneration102 less use of
medicinal goods fromaquatic envt
104 change to'Whole' health
105 loss ofmatauranga
Spiritual Health (quotes) • “ I feel the sea itself is a living entity…it’s a source of our spirituality and marks our boundaries,
its where we actually come from”
• “When we’re travelling to the Titi Islands, for example, in my head I talk to Tangaroa, but it’s in
here, it’s something we all have, all our people have it ”
• “Its probably like meditation, its more of a connection and good feeling. I look at it as wairua . I
couldn’t see my self living inland , I’d just die ”
• “ You feel a connection with time. You’re not just a point in time. You’ve got a connection with
earlier times and generations. I feel all my ancestors are alongside me, that’s a key part of the
wairua for me”
• “I find it peace of mind when I’m out at sea. It has a very calming effect on me – just being off
shore”
• “It hurts to see other people don’t show the respect that you believe
they should. It’s bordering on sacrilege when that respect isn’t shown”
• “When I’m not feeling right I head around to the point. I tend to go
around a bit further because of the harbour & where the waters
cleaner”
• “It’s a relaxing effect and it’s the beauty of the sea. I’ve been missing
out on all of that sort of thing that I used to like. The sea is the most
important thing for me, but I miss it desperately. There’s a lot we miss
”
Impact on Spiritual Health (quotes)
Coastal Hapu Community
Marine-Aquatic Environment
Whakapapa
Wahi Whenua
Whanaunga -tanga
Kai Moana
Mahinga Kai
Kaitiakitanga
Manaakitanga
Livelihood
Jobs
Leisure Recreation
Communion Wairua
• Historically, hapu members had an active and positive relationship with the Marine/Aquatic Environment which provided multiple health benefits
• The relationship had multiple interrelated strands
• Positive Determinants of well-
being • Dimensions of well-being were
evident in each of these strands • Physical • Mental • Spiritual • Whanau
• Changes in the relationship have
had wide-ranging impacts on individuals and the community
+ ve Active
Coastal Hapu Community
Marine-Aquatic Environment
Whakapapa
Wahi Whenua
Whanaunga -tanga
Reduced
Kai Moana
Mahinga Kai
Reduced
Kaitiakitanga
Manaakitanga
Reduced
Livelihood
Jobs
?
Leisure Recreation
Reduced
Communion Karakia
Reduced
FINDINGS:
Multiple / Incremental Changes to Marine -
Aquatic Envt
→ relationship with the natural environment is fragmented
→ reduction in the complexity and extent of interactions
→ less kai moana - changes in diet
→ fragmentation of social and cultural processes
→ knowledge/tikanga being lost
→ clear impacts on physical, mental and spiritual health.
• Spiritual health - less frequent spiritual interactions - feel that wairua is being diminished
• Mental health
- Sad, guilty, frustrated, despair, hopelessness, uncertain, disrespected
- low levels of stress, continual (some long-term)
New and Emerging Energy Technologies in Remote
Maori Communities
The NEETS Project
Business
Development
Constrained
Inefficient Use of
Energy Resources
Contributing to
Poor Health
Project Drivers
LOCAL ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE IN RURAL AREAS
Opportunities for RE Technologies ?
NEETS Project
Collaboration Waipoua – Te Iwi Te Roroa – Northland – Not Grid Connected Waihi Village - Ngāti Turumakina; Tūwharetoa – Taupo - Grid
Connected NIWA – team of scientists and technicians 4 years Govt Funded (FoRST)
Action Research
Well-Being: Revitalizing the marae and the hapu, through the
introduction of sustainable energy technologies.
Social
Economy Environment
Access to Resources
Be
ha
vio
ur
Knowledge / Capacities
Attitu
de
s / Va
lue
s
Sustainable Technology Solutions
Project Objectives and Stages Technology
Transfer
Phase
Research
Methodology
1. Assessment of the renewable energy resources available to the
community
2. Determine the community’s energy needs, opportunities and
preferences (currently and in future)
3. Assess community energy efficiency and energy infrastructure and
undertake selected retrofitting
4. Establish links with suppliers, industry and other energy organisations
Search
Community-Participatory
Research
Action Research
Quantitative and
Qualitative Data/Information
5. Prepare and install renewable energy technologies the community
decides is appropriate for its needs.
Implementation
6. Monitor the performance and effectiveness of technologies,
adaptations and behaviours
Adaptation
7. Development of rules and actions to maintain the system(s)
Maintenance
Waipoua Settlement Northland NZ
ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
5-10 m3 firewood per year – space and water heating
100-150 kg LPG per year – cooking, lighting
120-180 litres diesel or petrol per year (generators) – appliances
Candles are used at a rate of approx. 1-3 per week per household (50-150 per year)
Batteries are also used (no data)
CONTEXT
Isolated (45mins drive to Dargaville - each way)
Houses dispersed (15+)
Poorly insulated or not-insulated
Minimal energy infrastructure (lines / wiring); closest lines/grid several kms away
Forestry land surrounds community
Generators noisy and inefficient (>$1.50 /kWh) - want to reduce/eliminate
Several households with small solar PV – good knowledge of RE systems / energy
Water and space heating – ok: wood and gas (summer hot water a problem)
Cooking – ok: wood or gas
Active marae - wananga; aware some don’t attend due to remoteness and power issues
Not looking for major changes
ENERGY/EFFICIENCY Needs and Opportunities
Lighting – poor; candles, torches, gas lamps (constraint on activities; health hazard)
Refrigeration – temporary, inadequate, problematic (health and manaakitanga)
Appliances – poor; power tools, TV/DVD computers, radio/music
Insulation – improve efficiency (heating), water fitting, efficient lights
Marae to be safe and functional – encourage connection / whanau return / rangatahi
Tinorangatiratanga – important value (self sufficient in energy, always have been)
Maintain and improve manaakitanga
Eliminate fire risk / Eliminate use of candles / Reduce volume of wood used
Eco-tourism opportunities ?
Centre for Wananga (Kaitiaki of Waipoua Forest) ?
Potential to generate and export energy commercially (wind) ?
• Households: could meet their energy needs with the addition of 500 - 1000kWh
per year (i.e. approx 1.5- 3 kWh per day) and a maximum load of 2kW.
– Communal systems ok, but prefer individual systems
• Marae energy needs variable, required 2 - 5 kWh/day, plus generator back up
ELECTRICITY NEEDS AT WAIPOUA
Retrofitting Insulation at Waipoua
• Relationship building / Mutual learning
• Community members received training (and references)
• Installed insulation throughout
• Signed off by EECA
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES AT WAIPOUA
Solar: good in summer, low in winter
Wind: wind speeds potentially OK for local supply (0 -5m/s)
- other sites may have export potential wind speeds (to consider)
Hydro: yes, but tributaries only ( 1 tributary suitable 60m head, low flow, 800m away)
Wave: plentiful but not realistic
Biomass: plentiful but not realistic
SOLUTIONS FOR WAIPOUA
Micro- Hydro 300W micro-hydro -2 l/s 60m head (Total $20K )
Large battery storage
3-4 x houses connected
- operate 2 x 440 litre freezers
- battery recharge facility (for houses)
Solar 6 x 120W PV systems on 6 houses (approx $2.5k each)
1 x 720W PV system on wharenui (approx $15k incl. 440lt freezer)
1 x solar hot water system on one house ($7.5k)
Wind May install small (300W) ‘trial’ wind turbine (approx $5-10k)
Re-locate wind monitoring mast to another site closer to grid – wind farm potential
WAIPOUA COMMUNITY ELECTRICITY LAYOUT
N (approx)
Waipoua River
Road Pine Forest
River Flats Micro-Wind Turbine (300W)
Micro-Hydro (300W)
6 x 120W PV House
720W PV on marae with back up generator
New system proposed for 2nd marae
Minimal occupancy houses - no power
11 x houses and marae fitted with insulation and energy efficient lights and shower heads
3 x houses connected to 300W micro-hydro
Waipoua : MICRO-HYDRO Installation
Solutions for Waipoua : Solar PV and Hotwater
WAIPOUA OUTCOMES
• Firewood use dropped by 60-70% (houses warmer)
• Candle use reduced by 90%
• Generator use reduced significantly (but retained as back up)
• Freezers – successful
• Increased use of appliances (radios, DVDs, power tools)
• Marae – more functional (better lighting, refrigeration, DVD nights) – self monitored
• Many whanau from outside the settlement interested – held demonstration day
• Small PV on households too small – took people a while to understand limits
• Some households bought and installed their own PV systems • Hydro – reasonably successful, maintenance, algal growth in line (developed solution)
• Small wind turbine connected to marae batteries (winter top up – failed after 2 years)
SITE 2: WAIHI VILLAGE - TAUPO
1. - 75% of energy needs met by electricity (hot water, cooking, appliances, lighting)
- 20% of energy needs meet by wood (heating)
- 5% of energy needs met by gas (heating)
2. Wharekai - thermal water, wood and gas (cooking) (electricity for lighting, refrigeration)
3. Households range from 500 kWh to 12000 kWh p.a (average. 4500kWh p.a.)
4. Total village approx. 100,000 kWh p.a.
5. Poorly insulated, infrastructure is in poor condition
6. Chiller under-utilised
7. Large hot water cylinder in shower-block inefficient
8. Potential to use thermal hot water for households or marae shower-block
9. Highly variable energy demands – large and small hui
10. Explore opportunities to be self-sufficient and net exporter
WAIHI ENERGY USE AND NEEDS
Wind Contour Map – Waihi
300
356
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
Altitu
de
(m
)
Turangi
Figure 9: Orography of the Turangi-Waihi village area and contours of wind speed (m/s) at 50 m above ground for west-southwest winds (approx 20% of the time).
Solar Radiation at Waihi Village
•Between 1.2 and 0.6 kWh/m2 per day (mean) supplied to battery.
• Based on 2 sq metre panel could produce about 15% of Waihi
household needs (i.e.700 kWh p.a)
Jan
Feb Mar Apl
May Ju
nJu
lAug Sep O
ctNov
Dec
Da
ily
to
tal
ele
ctr
ica
l o
utp
ut
pe
r s
q.
m
(kW
h)
0 deg
30 deg
45 deg
60 deg0.5
1.0
0
1.5
Waihi Stream Flow Mar 2003-March 2004
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1 6 11 16 21 26 31
Day
Lit
res/s
ec
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
SOLUTIONS FOR WAIHI Solar - 1 x 150 ltr Solar Hot Water System on House ($6k)
- 1 x 300 ltr Solar Hot Water System on main ablutions ($12k)
- Grid connected 720W PV system on whare kai (trial) ($15k) – upgrade transformer.
- Unplug chiller when not in use
Hydro - very good stream flow and head (data for 2 years) – up to 150kW
- will supply 10-15 times village needs
- potential to develop as grid connect system - requires extensive work and finances to
develop
- held discussion with 2 power companies – not much interest
Wind – some potential wind farm sites on ridge tops
- not worth developing for village alone.
- Local/nearby sites have low wind speeds – perhaps future potential for housing
Investigate grid connection issues for hydro
Seek ‘engineering’ assistance and partnership options for community
Solutions for Waihi: Solar Hotwater/ PV/ Hydro
NEETS Conclusions
1. RE technologies have the potential to improve health and efficiency, and provide business opportunities
2. Small Scale Renewable Energy Systems fit well with (Rural) Maori Communities’ philosophy of self- sufficiency and resource independence
3. Local energy resources available for small scale and large scale systems (dependent)
4. Many energy efficiency improvement opportunities
5. High level of interest amongst Maori in renewable energy – and reasonably good knowledge
6. Community Involvement in research process has had positive effect on community cohesion and
learning
7. Integrate ‘Energy’ into community planning - Start with an energy audit and community
workshop
8. Access to technology information and demonstrations very important – may need facilitation
9. Remoteness – positive and negative
10.Business opportunities in renewable energy for Maori but location, resource and partner
dependent
So what do the HAUORA and NEETS projects tells us:
1. A range of limiting or negative determinants (of well-being) have
impacted on the well-being of Maori/Communities - often complex and overwhelming.
2. Research can be a catalyst for starting to unpack the complexity and bring Maori/Communities together to start to build capacity and address well-being.
3. The relationship between determinants of well-being and dimensions of well-being is two-way.
4. Whakawhanaungatanga is a key. By starting to strengthen Taha
Whanau (through wananga, hui, group activities, te reo, korero,) and
build networks across all spheres of society (arts, business, sport,
science, education, politics ….) Maori/Communities can take control of
Mental Health Spiritual Health
Physical Health Social Health
Dimensions of Well-Being Determinants of Well-Being
Physical environment
Economic/Financial situation
Social-cultural relationships
Individual characteristics
Diverse
and
complex
linkages
+ve / -ve
Two-Way Relationship
Build Capacity
Take Control of Determinants
Tama tu, tama ora Tama moe, tama mate
He who stands- he lives. He who sleeps - he dies. A call to action in times of conflict Those who are wakeful and alert will be safe from surprise attacks and will live... should they sleep, they will die.
