dermatoglyphics in pulmonary tuberculosis

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Page 1: Dermatoglyphics in pulmonary tuberculosis

64J.Anat.Soc. India 54 (2) 1-9 (2005)

Palmar Dermatoglyphics In Pulmonary TuberculosisSangita S Babu, B.P. Powar, O.N. KhareR.D. Gardi Medical College Ujjain (MP)

IntroductionDermatoglyphics is the study of surface markings

of the skins, especially of the palmar and plantarregions. The study of dermatoglyphics was pioneeredlong back by Galton (1892) and it is a simple yetcomplicated tool in the study of genetic disorders. Thestudy of palmar pattern is done especially it providesa better in sight in to the study of the disease underconsideration.

Tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused bymycobacterium tuberculi is a world wide public healthproblem. The purpose of studying dermatoglyphics isto derive a diagnostic criteria from the dermatoglyphicpoint of view.

Materials And MethodsIn the present study 100 patients of pulmonary

tuberculosis (sputum +ve) were collected from thedepartment of TB & Chest. R.D. Gardi Medical College,Ujjain. Diagnosis of the patients were based on theirdetailed history, clinical examination, chest X-ray andconfirmed by sputum test. They were matched with100 healthy subjects, those who are residing in thesame locality and having no family history oftuberculosis or any other inheritable disease. Fingerprints and palm prints were taken with the help ofprinters ink on white paper by ‘ink & paper’ method.After that these prints were studied for the patterntypes, total finger ridge count (TFRC), absolute fingerridge count (AFRC) and ‘atd’ angle with the help of ahand lens. Student ‘t’ test was applied for statisticalanalysis of the results.

ObservationsThe finger print pattern of the pulmonary

tuberculosis patients were compared with that ofcontrols. The results obtained were like this: The whorls

(56.6%) were pre-dominant in the study group whencompared to controls (23.8% ) which was highlysignificant (P<0.02) while the study group showed adecrease in loop pattern (32.1%) while in controls it is(73.3%) and the difference is highly significant(P<0.01). The arches were very much reduced in thestudy group (3.3%) while in the normal population wasfound to be (11.3%). But these differences werestatistically in significant (P>0.05)

On considering the occurrence of the patterns inboth the palms, the ring finger is having maximumpercentage of whorls (90%). Thus it can be assumedthat the most common pattern in pulmonarytuberculosis patients is whorls in their ring finger. (referTable 1)

TFRC: Total finger ridge counts is the number ofridges from the triradius to the core pattern, and iscounted for all the digits of both hands.

According to the study of TFRC in normals it wasfound to be 99.8 + 6.18 and in TB patients 112.4+7.36. The mean TFRC is higher in study group and onstatistical analysis the difference was found to be highlysignificant (P<0.02) .( refer Table 2)

AFRC: Absolute finger ridge counts is the ridgecounting on the tip of all digits of both hands from allthe triradi present. Because a whorl is having 2 triradithere will be 2 counts in whorls. On considering ridgecounts the ridge count of a whorl is between 11 to 15.

The AFRC was calculated in both the normals andstudy group and the value in the normals is 122 + 18.9while in TB patients it is 180+ 50.6. The differenceswere found to be highly significant (P<0.05).(referTable 3)‘atd’ angle :- It is the angle found by the axial triradiuswhich is situated near the base of 5th metacarpal andthe digital triradi (4 found near the distal border of thepalm)

Abstract: Studies were conducted in 100 patients of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and various dermatoglyphics param-eters such as ‘atd angle, finger print pattern, absolute finger ridge count and total finger ridge count were calculated.These parameters of study group were compared to those of controls. It was observed that the whorl pattern (56.6%) werepre-dominant with a decrease in loop pattern (32.1%) when compared those of controls and the difference was highlysignificant (P< 0.01). The difference in the mean total finger ridge count of the controls and study group was found to behighly significant (P< 0.02) ; while the difference in mean absolute finger ridge count of the controls and of the patients ofpulmonary tuberculosis was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). The ‘atd angle had narrowed in the study groupwhen compared to controls and the difference was highly significant (P<0.02).

Key Words : Palmar prints, tuberculosis, dermatoglyphics, axial triradius.

Page 2: Dermatoglyphics in pulmonary tuberculosis

65J.Anat.Soc. India 54 (2) 1-9 (2005)

‘atd’ angle in both the hands of the controls and studygroup were examined and it is observed that in normals43.6 + 5.56 (in degrees) is mean atd angle and instudy group it is 38+ 3.77 the difference was found tobe highly significant (P<0.02).(refer Table 4)

Discussion :The dermal ridge patterns are formed very early in

the embryonic period of life; because of that they remainunchanged during a persons life and is affected bycertain abnormalities of early development (Walker1958).

The genetic contribution is one of the causes ofpulmonary tuberculosis. Susceptibility to pulmonarytuberculosis in India has been linked to Mannose

Table 1 : Comparison of finger print patterns in pulmonary tuberculosis & controls ( in % )

N-Number

Group Patterns Digits I II III IV V All Digits

Controls N= 100

Whorls Loops Arches

20 21 39 20 19 74.5 77 59.5 78.5 77 5.5 2 1.5 1.5 6

23.8 73.3 3.3

T B Patients N=100 Whorls Loops Arches

61 39.5 52.5 90 40 36.5 40.5 27.5 7 49 2.5 20 20 3 11

56.6 32.1 11.3

Table 2 : Statistical evaluationof mean T F R C + S D in controls & T B Patients

Study groupcategory Study group Mean + S D Controls Mean + S D ‘t’ P value

Pulmonarytuberculosis 112.4 + 7.36 99.8 + 6.18 2.93 **P <0.02

TFRC- Total Finger Ridge Count ‘t’ –student t test valueSD – Standard Deviation ** -Highly significant

Table 3 : Statistical evaluation of mean A F R C in controls & T B Patients

Study groupcategory Study group Mean + S D Controls Mean + S D ‘t’ P value

Pulmonarytuberculosis 180 + 50.6 122 + 18.9 2.40 *P < 0.05

AFRC- Absolute Finger Ridge Count ‘t’ –student t test valueSD – Standard Deviation * - significant

Binding Protein Gene (Selvaraj P, Narayanan PR andReetha A.M 1999). Significant association has beenfound between IL – 1 Gene clusters and hostsusceptibility to tuberculosis (Bellamy R, Ruwende C,Corrah T , Mc Adam KP, Whittle HC and Hill A.V. 1998).

Analysis of finger tip dermatoglyphics oftuberculosis patients (Geetha Vishwanathan, MeghnaKrishnan, Kalyani G.S – Journal of Ecobiology 14(3)205-210 (2002) has found 60.6% of whorl patterns,36.4% loops and 3% arches in tuberculosis patients.

In the present study whorls constituted for 56.6%loops 32.1% and arch 11.3% for the study group. Theseobservations can be an additional supports indiagnosis patients of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Table 3 : Statistical evaluation of mean A F R C in controls & T B Patients

Study groupcategory Study group Mean + S D Controls Mean + S D ‘t’ P value

Pulmonarytuberculosis 38.0 + 3.77 43.6 + 5.56 2.64 **P<0.02

SD – Standard Deviation ** -Highly significantt –student t test value

Page 3: Dermatoglyphics in pulmonary tuberculosis

66J.Anat.Soc. India 54 (2) 1-9 (2005)

References :1. Cummins H , Midlo C (1943) finger prints, Palms and

Soles: An introduction to DermatoglyphicsPhiladelphia Blackistan.

2. Galton F (1892) Finger Prints, London, Macmillan.3. Mutalik G.S, Lokhandwala VA ( 1968) Application of

dermatoglyphical studies in medical diagnosis.Journal of Association of Physicians of India 16:925–932.

4. Holt S.B (1968) The Genetics of Dermal Ridges. 1st

ed. pp 12 – 14 New York: Charles C Thomas.5. Schauman B, Alter M (1976) Dermatoglyphics in

medical disorders 1st ed p7 New York Springer –Verlag.

6. Bellamy R, Ruwende C, Corrah T, Mc Adam K.P,Whittle H.C and Hill A.V. 1998 Tuberculosis LungDisease 79 (2):83-9.

7. Lavebratt C, Apt A.S, Nikonenko BV, Schalling M andSchurr E 1999. Severity of tuberculosis in mice linkedto distal chromosome 3 and proximal chromosome9. J. Infectious Disease. 180(1):150 – 5

8. Stedmans Medical Dictionary 1966. BaltmoreCalcutta. The Williams and Wilkins Company,Scientific Book Agency 21st ed. 429.

9. Editorial Pulmonary Tuberculosis of Bovine OriginJ.A,M.A; 126:435, 1944.

10. Fishberg M : Pulmonary Tuberculosis, 4th ed, Vols I &II Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1932.