dental materials 2

Module: Restorative Materials

Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials

Module - Restorative Materials

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Review of Previous Module

Review topics from the previous module to confirm understanding prior to presenting new material.

Module Overview

Advances in dental materials have been rapid in the area of esthetics, such as the expanded application of

composites for posterior restorations, and in the development of fluoride releasing glass ionomer cements and

filling materials. This module discusses a large variety of dental materials that the dental assistant will use every

day. Each material has unique properties in order to perform specific functions. Restorative dentistry, also called

operative dentistry, provides direct restoration of tooth structure by reproducing the original shape of the tooth.

The Big Picture

ResourcesThis module utilizes the following learner resources:

Textbooks:

Dental Assisting, A Comprehensive Approach, 2nd edition, by Donna J. Phinney and Judy Halstead. Delmar

Learning, 2004. ISBN 1-4018-3480-9.

Materials and Procedures for Today’s Dental Assistant, by Ellen Dietz, Delmar Learning, 2004. ISBN:

1401837336.

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Faculty Teaching Guide forDental Materials

Module:Restorative Materials

Section 2:Amalgam Restorations

Section 1:Dental Cements

Part A: Cavity Preparations

Part B: Amalgam Restorative Material

Part A: Dental Material Properties

Part B: Dental Cements

Part A: Bonding Agents

Part B: Composite Restorative Materials

Section 3:Composite Restorations


Workbook: Workbook to Accompany Dental Assisting, A Comprehensive Approach, 2nd edition, by Donna J.

Phinney and Judy Halstead, prepared by Karen L. Waide, Delmar Learning, 2004. ISBN 1-4018-3483-3.

Instructor’s Manual: Instructor’s Manual to Accompany Delmar’s Dental Assisting, A Comprehensive Approach,

2nd edition, by Donna J. Phinney and Judy Halstead. Delmar Learning, 2004. ISBN 1-4018-3482-5.

Delmar’s Dental Assisting Video Series: Delmar Learning. ISBN 0-7668-1031-3.

Electronic CD-ROM: Delmar’s Dental Assisting Interactive Skills and Procedures CD-ROM, ISBN 1-4018-3485-

X.

Faculty CD-ROM: The faculty CD-ROM includes this Faculty Guide and the PowerPoint for Dental Materials.

Additional ResourcesSafety Standards and Infection Control for Dental Assistants, by Ellen Dietz. Delmar Learning, 2002. ISBN 0-

7668-2659-7.

Electronic Classroom Manager to Accompany Delamr’s Dental Assisting, A Comprehensive Approach, 2nd edition,

by Donna J. Phinney and Judy Halstead. Delmar Learning, 2004. ISBN: 1-4018-3484-1.

Section 1: Dental Cements

Section OverviewThe mouth is a harsh environment. It is warm and moist, has corrosive conditions, experiences drastic

temperature changes, as well as stresses involved during mastication. The properties of dental materials must be

able to withstand these tough conditions and be biocompatible with the body.

Outline of Section 1Part A: Dental Material Properties


Learning Objectives and Competencies

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These learning activities directly address the Learning Objectives and Competencies

as stated.

Knowledge:

1. Define the Key Terms.

Comprehension

2. Explain properties of dental materials.

3. List materials used to restore cavity preparations.

4. Explain composition, uses, and manipulation of dental cements.

Application:

5. Demonstrate manipulation of zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate, glass ionomer, and zinc oxide eugenol

cements.

Learning ActivitiesThese learning activities directly address the Learning Objectives and Competencies as stated.

[Insert Homework Assignment icon] Key Term Glossary (Part A, All Objectives)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Set Up and Manipulating Calcium Hydroxide (Part A, Objective 3-4)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Prepare and Manipulate Resin Cements (Part A, Objective 3-4)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Prepare and Utilize Acid Etch Solution (Part A, Objectives 3-4)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate Bonding Materials (Part A, Objectives 3-4)

[Insert Homework Assignment icon] Textbook Assignment (Parts A-B, All Objectives)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate Zinc Phosphate Cement (Part B, Objectives 4-5)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate Zinc Ozide Eugenol Cement (Part B, Objectives 4-5)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate Polycarboxylate Cement (Part B, Objectives 4-5)

Insert In-Class Activity icon] Glass Ionomer Cement (Part B, Objectives 4-5)

[Insert Homework Assignment icon] Posttest (Part B, All Objectives)

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Practice good facilitation skills when conducting activities and class discussion. Pay attention to learners who are not participating. Attempt to determine factors that might motivate or reduce their motivation, and act accordingly.

Teaching Tip

is time conscious learners. Don’t waste time. Be prompt in starting and ending class, and avoid busy work, unless it serves a useful purpose.

The Adult Learner….


Part A: Dental Material Properties OverviewDental materials must be compatible with the oral environment. They must be

strong enough to withstand the forces of chewing, protect the tooth and oral

tissues, not harmful to the body, resemble natural dentition, and be easily formed

and placed in the mouth. This part examines the many diverse properties of

dental restorative materials. Understanding these properties will enable the

dental assistant to provide quality care and maximum patient comfort.

Initial Questions and Activities1. Who of you have fillings in your teeth? Are they silver fillings or tooth colored?

There will be a variety of responses to this question depending on learners’ previous experience. Encourage

learners to share their experiences with the class. Discuss with them how they will learn to help the dentist

restore tooth structure for their patients, and that some of them may become expanded function dental

assistants, placing and finishing these restorations themselves after the dentist prepares the tooth.

Key Concepts References and Activities SlidesIntroduction to Module Slides 1-2

Introduction to Section 1 Slide 3

Key Terms [Insert Home Ass icon] Key Term Glossary Slide 4

Dental Material Properties Chapter ___, pgs. ____ (Phinney & Halstead)

Chapters ____ (Dietz)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Set Up and

Manipulating Calcium Hydroxide

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Prepare and

Manipulate Resin Cements

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Prepare and Utilize

Acid Etch Solution

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate

Slides 5-6

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Key Concepts References and Activities SlidesBonding Materials

[Insert Home Ass icon] Textbook Assignment

[ ] Group Activities [ ] Homework [ ] Individual Activity [ ] Internet Activity [ ] In-Class Discussion [ ] In-Class Act [ ] Evaluation

[Insert In-Class Act icon] In-Class Activities Set Up and Manipulating Calcium Hydroxide (Part A, Objectives 3-4). Goal: To have learners set up for and

manipulate calcium hydroxide. Instructor should ensure enough materials and supplies are available for the

activity. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney &

Halstead). Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.

Prepare and Manipulate Resin Cements (Part A, Objectives 3-4). Goal: To have learners prepare and

manipulate resin cements in a two paste, powder/liquid, or syringe system. Learners should be placed into

teams for this activity. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter

____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.

Prepare and Utilize Acid Etch Solution (Part A, Objectives 3-4). Goal: To have learners prepare and utilize

acid etch solution. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter

____(Phinney & Halstead). Ensure proper PPE is used by learners. Learner workbooks contain check off

sheets that can be utilized.

Manipulate Bonding Materials (Part A, Objectives 3-4). Goal: To have learners manipulate bonding

materials. Instructor ensure enough materials and supplies are available for learners. Learners should be

graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner

workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.

[Insert In-Class Dis Ques icon] In-Class Discussion1. How should the patient be seated in the dental chair for the procedure if the filling is going to be in a

mandibular tooth?

The patient should be seated in a supine position with the light directed downward for mandibular

illumination.

[Insert Home Ass icon] Homework Assignments

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Focus on why learning about this subject is necessary, and an obligation, to ensure the highest standard of patient care. Discuss why each activity is important for learners to understand and to practice skills until proficient.

Teaching Tip


Key Term Glossary. Learners will define key terms listed in the PowerPoint

presentation. They are to enter this glossary on disk, in a dedicated notebook or

in a designated part of a notebook. They are expected to augment information

from text or lecture with other resources including any available in the school or

public libraries or on the Internet and will be graded at the end of the module on

completeness and presentation.

Textbook Assignment. Learners are to read Chapter _____ (Phinney & Halstead).

Presentation Tools

Note: If you change Objectives or Assignments, don’t forget to change the slides accordingly.Slide 1 [Insert DM 2-1]

DM – Stands for Dental

Materials. The 1st number “2”

represents the Module called

Restorative Materials. The 2nd

number indicates the slide

number.

Power Point Presentation for Dental Materials with

Labs


Prior to introducing this module. Ask learners if any

questions remain from the previous module. If questions

remain review the material as needed.

Introduce this module.

Slide 2 [Insert DM 2-2] Module: Restorative Materials

Introduce the sections and each part.

Slide 3 [Insert DM 2-3] Section 1: Dental Cements

Discuss each objective in detail. Learners need to know

what they will be learning and why. Try to relate it back to

their careers as dental assistants.

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Slide 4 [Insert DM 2-4] Key Terms (cont.)

Review each key term and discuss.

Homework Assignment: Stop here and go over the Key

Term Glossary assignment.

Slide 5 [Insert DM 2-5] Part A: Dental Material Properties

Introduce learners to the many properties of dental

materials. Go through each term and explain what it

means.

Explain how many foods we eat are acidic and that even

plaque has some acidic properties.

Discuss how adhesion is necessary for dental materials

to be able to stay in place on the tooth.

Explain how normal biting forces in the posterior of the

mouth are stronger than in the anterior areas.

Discuss how metals and alloys for restorations are

susceptible to corrosion and tarnish.

Point out that aluminum, zinc, and nickel tend to oxidize

relatively easily and that the more precious metals silver,

platinum, and gold resist oxidation.

Explain that tooth structure and restorative materials in

the mouth will expand when warmed by hot foods and

beverages, but contract when exposed to cold

substances, and that such expansions and contractions

over time, may result in breaking the marginal seal of a

filling.

Address how the elastic limit is the maximum stress a

material will withstand without permanent deformation,

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and that certain materials will change shape or flow.

Discuss galvanic response resulting from dissimilar metal

fillings in opposing or adjacent teeth, how this small

electrical current is carried through the saliva to the pulp,

and that the patient may call the office to say it is like

they are biting on foil.

Explain that hardness is the toughness of a material, that

microleakage can take place between the tooth and filling

material at the margin where they meet, and discuss

mechanical verses chemical retention.

Make clear that many dental cements are used

underneath the stronger filling materials, to form a base

in deep cavities, and to insulate the pulp from possible

chemical and thermal trauma, because some cements

can be dissolved if exposed to oral fluids.

Ensure understanding of how materials may conduct

temperature, especially metal fillings, and how this

causes expansion and contraction, and therefore

dimensional change.

Question: Think of the last time you had a hot drink with

cold food, or hot food and a cold drink. How did these

temperature changes feel on your teeth and restorations?

Explain that viscosity is the resistance of a material to

flow and that many materials used in dentistry need to be

viscous. Explain that the wettability of a material is its

property to flow over a surface.

Slide 6 [Insert DM 2-6] Biting Forces

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Explain that tensile or tension forces are two sets of

forces directed away from each other in a straight line,

that compression is two sets of forces directed toward

each other, and shear is two sets of forces directed

parallel to each other.

Point out that force applied to a dental restoration may be

a combination of tensile, compressive, and shear.

Short Activity: Stop and show Video #4 from Delmar’s

Dental Video Series.


Overview

A wide assortment of dental cements are used for various applications. They are

dispensed as powder and liquid, two-paste systems, or in a capsule. Each has

unique properties and specific functions. Dental assistant’s must thoroughly

understand how to manipulate cements at chairside as well as the function of

each.

Initial Questions and Activities1. What would happen if a metal filling is placed near the tooth pulp?

The tooth would be very sensitive to temperature. Metal conducts temperature, so the dentist will line

the cavity with a base or cement to insulate the pulp from thermal trauma.

2. Why would it be important for adhesion of crowns and bridges to tooth structure?

The prostheses must be cemented on the tooth or teeth and should last a lifetime for the patient.

Key Concepts References and Activities SlidesDental Cements Chapter ___, pgs. ____ (Phinney & Halstead)

Chapter ___ (Dietz)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate Zinc

Slide 7-14

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Remind learners that they should know these terms without thinking – like they know their right and left. Use proper terminology often when discussing dental concepts.

Teaching Tip


Key Concepts References and Activities SlidesPhosphate Cement

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate Zinc

Ozide Eugenol Cement

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate

Polycarboxylate Cement

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Glass Ionomer

Cement

Assessment Questions [Insert Homework Ass icon] Textbook

Assignment

[Insert Homework Ass icon] Posttest

Slide 15

[ ] Group Activities [ ] Homework [ ] Individual Activity [ ] Internet Activity [ ] In-Class Discussion [ ] In-Class Activity [ ] Evaluation

[Insert In-Class Act icon] In-Class Activities Manipulate Zinc Phosphate Cement (Part B, Objectives 4-5). Goal: To have learners Manipulate Zinc

Phosphate Cement. Instructor should ensure enough materials are available for learners. Learners should be



Manipulate Zinc Ozide Eugenol Cement (Part B, Objectives 4-5). Goal: To have learners Manipulate Zinc

Oxide Eugenol Cement. Instructor should ensure enough materials are available for learners. Learners should

be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner


Manipulate Polycarboxylate Cement (Part B, Objectives 4-5). Goal: To have learners Manipulate

Polycarboxylate Cement. Instructor should ensure enough materials are available for learners. Learners

should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner


Glass Ionomer Cement (Part B, Objectives 4-5). Goal: To have learners Glass Ionomer Cement. Instructor

should ensure enough materials are available for learners. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps

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as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that

can be utilized.

[Insert In-Class Dis Ques icon] In-Class Discussion1. What types of viscosity did you work with when taking alginate impressions and then pouring them with plaster

and stone materials?

The alginate material is thick and viscous. The plaster and stone are less viscous than alginate, so

that they can be poured into the patient’s impression, yet much more viscous than the water used

when preparing these materials.

[Insert Home Ass icon] Homework AssignmentsTextbook Assignment. Learners are to read Chapters ____ (Dietz).

Posttest. Have learners complete the Skills Mastery Assessment: Posttest in Chapters ____ (Dietz).

Ideas for learners struggling with this material … Develop Questions. Suggest learners develop questions for the exam as if they were the instructor.

Then, answer the questions. Encourage them to use this as a review tool for exams. They should assess

how close they are to the real questions on each exam. Soon they will be able to accurately predict the

questions.

Ideas for learners who are ahead and want to learn more … Web Research. Have learners go to the website http://www.dentsply.com and review the product catalogue

for new products. Be prepared to discuss their discoveries in class.

Presentation Tools

Note: If you change Objectives or Assignments, don’t forget to change the slides accordingly.Slide 7 [Insert DM 2-7] Part B: Dental Cements

Review Part A. Review the homework and answer

questions as needed.

Introduce Part B.

Explain that a wide variety of dental cements are used in

dentistry.

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http://www.cdc.gov/


Address the purposes for each type of cement.

Slide 8 [Insert DM 2-8] Material Preparing for Restoration

Explain the purpose of a cavity liner.

Discuss how some liners, such as calcium hydroxide,

provide therapeutic benefits to the tooth.

Point out that fluoride compounds have been added to

certain cavity liners in an attempt to reduce the possibility

of secondary caries around permanent restorations or to

reduce sensitivity.

Discuss low strength verses high strength bases.

Explain that low strength bases are also referred to as

liners, intermediary bases, or pulp-capping agents.

Address how varnishes aid in the reduction of post-

operative sensitivity when applied to dentinal surfaces

under newly placed fillings.

Explain that cements can be used to hold materials to tooth

structure, or used as a high strength base underneath

restorations.

Discuss how bonding agents work together with acid

etched enamel to create a combination of mechanical and

chemical bonding of dental restorative materials to tooth

enamel and dentin, and that there are a wide variety of

bonding material systems available.

Slide 9 [Insert DM 2-9] Calcium Hydroxide

Inform learners that calcium hydroxide is used for lining

deep cavities or for direct pulp capping.

Explain how it provides some thermal insulation and

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stimulates production of secondary dentin between the pulp

and the filling material.

Point out that sometimes a high strength base will be

placed over the calcium hydroxide material.

Ensure learners understand that they only need to mix a

small amount of equal portions of calcium hydroxide.

Slide 10 [Insert DM 2-10] Copalite Varnish

Discuss how cavity varnishes are used to seal the dentinal

tubules that have been cut during the cavity preparation.

Ensure learners understand that varnishes are not used

under resin or composite materials as they affect the

setting of the filling material.

Slide 11 [Insert DM 2-11] Luting Cements

Remind learners that luting means to bond or cement

materials together and that in dentistry we have permanent,

temporary, and intermediate cements.

Review each of the cements listed on the slide and inform

learners that they will have the opportunity to work with

each material every day in their dental office depending on

the preferences of the dentist.

Slide 12 [Insert DM 2-12] Zinc Phosphate Cement

Discuss how a proper amount of powder should be

incorporated into the liquid slowly, and mixed on a cool

glass slab to slow the setting time.

Explain how the chemical setting results in an exothermic

reaction, giving off of heat, which must be dissipated or the

cement will become thick and set too fast. Tell learners that

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is why a cool glass slab must be used and the cement

spread over the entire surface, in a figure eight motion as it

is mixed.

Ensure learners understand that the lid for the liquid must

be replaced immediately after dispensing because when

exposed to humidity, it will absorb water, and when

exposed to dry air, tends to result in a loss of water,

causing a changing its chemistry.

Slide 13 [Insert DM 2-13] Glass Ionomer Cements

Explain that glass ionomers come in many different

dispensing methods, where the powder is a

fluoroaluminumsilicate glass.

Point out that glass ionomer cements bond chemically to

enamel and dentin during the setting process, and that they

have become popular due to their ability to release fluoride

into the tooth structure.

Ensure learners understand these materials are very

sensitive to moisture, so the tooth must be completely dry.

Slide 14 [Insert DM 2-14] Polycarboxylate Cement

Explain that the liquid of the polycarboxylate cement liquid

is extremely viscous, so it is often dispensed with a syringe.

Point out that the dispensing of the liquid should be done

immediately before mixing, to prevent evaporation of water,

and that the mixed cement should be used only as long as

it still appears glossy on the surface. Explain that once the

surface appears dull, the cement develops stringiness and

is too thick to use.

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Ensure learners understand that the cement spatula must

be cleaned immediately after use with alcohol, or it will be

extremely difficult to remove after it is completely set.

Slide 15 [Insert IDA 2-15] Assessment Questions

Short Activity: Stop here and have learners answer the

questions on the slide. Review material as needed to

enhance understanding.

In-Class Activity: Stop here for the in-class activities.

Homework Assignment: Stop here to assign and discuss

the homework.

Section 2: Amalgam Restorations

Section OverviewThe goal of restorative dentistry is to re-establish a tooth to its full function in the mouth, in an esthetically pleasing

manner, with as little loss of healthy tooth structure as possible. There are many choices of restorative materials

available. This section discusses the material that has been used in dentistry the longest.

Outline of Section 2Part A: Cavity Preparations


Learning Objectives and CompetenciesThese learning activities directly address the Learning Objectives and Competencies as stated.

Knowledge

6. Define the Key Terms.

Comprehension

7. List the components of amalgam alloy.

8. Identify cavity preparation terminology.

Application

9. Demonstrate manipulation of calcium hydroxide and cavity varnish.

10. Demonstrate the steps of an amalgam restorative procedure.

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Bring up all the real world things that can go wrong when learners do not acquire these skills and understand this information thoroughly. Share your personal experiences in the field about the subject and the skills being taught. We all had to practice to acquire new skills in the beginning.

Teaching Tip



[Insert Homework Assignment icon] Key Term Glossary (Part A, Objectives 7-9)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulating Calcium Hydroxide (Part A, Objective 9)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Using Cavity Varnish (Part A, Objective 9)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Using Amalgamator (Part B, Objective 10)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Assisting an Amalgam Procedure (Part B, Objective 10)

Part A: Cavity PreparationsOverviewThe shapes of all cavity preparations are designed for maximum retention of the restorative material within the

tooth, so that the filling is able to receive compressive forces and to minimize tension or shear of the restorative

material. Understanding this will help the dental assistant realize why the dentist prepares the cavity in a specific

form.

Initial Question and Activities1. Why would it be important to seal the dentinal tubules?

The dentinal tubules lead to the tooth pulp, and after being cut by the

dentist, will be uncomfortable for the patient if not sealed.

Key Concepts References and Activities SlidesIntroduction to Section 2 Slide 13

Key Terms [Insert Home Ass icon] Key Term Glossary Slide 14

Cavity Preparations Chapter ____, pgs. ____ (Phinney & Halstead)

[Insert Group Activity icon] Manipulating

Calcium Hydroxide

[Insert Group Activity icon] Using Cavity

Slides 15-21

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When asking questions of learners, count to thirty before going on if you don’t get an immediate answer. Remember learners need time to process your question, apply it to what they know, formulate a response, and sometimes to get up the courage to respond. Try not to answer your own question.

Teaching Tip


Key Concepts References and Activities SlidesVarnish

[Insert Group Activity icon] Using

Amalgamator

[Insert Home Ass icon] Textbook

Assignment

[Insert Home Ass icon] Posttest


[Insert In-Class Act icon] In-Class Activities Manipulating Calcium Hydroxide (Part A, Objective 9). Goal: For learners to again practice manipulating

calcium hydroxide. Instructor should ensure there are enough materials and supplies for the class and

separate learners into teams. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____,

Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.

Using Cavity Varnish (Part A, Objective 9). Goal: For learners to gain experience using cavity varnish.

Instructor should ensure there are enough materials and supplies for the class and separate learners into

teams. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney &


Using Amalgamator (Part A, Objective 10). Goal: For learners to gain experience using an amalgamator.

Instructor should ensure there are enough materials and supplies for the class and separate learners into

teams. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney &


[Insert In-Class Dis Ques icon] In-Class Discussion1. What were some of the problems found with manipulating calcium hydroxide, the resin cement, the etchant,

and the bonding materials?

Discuss proper techniques for using these materials. Explain clearly to

learners how to perform each step again now that they have experience

manipulating these materials.

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Encourage learners to critically think about the material presented and how it relates to the workplace. Consider having questions already prepared to ask during appropriate times. Also write down good questions posed by learners for future classes for even for exam questions.

Teaching Tip


2. What does calcium hydroxide do for the tooth?

Calcium hydroxide is used for lining deep cavities or for direct pulp

capping. It provides some thermal insulation and stimulates production

of secondary dentin between the pulp and the filling material.

[Insert Home Ass icon] Homework AssignmentsKey Term Glossary. Learners will define key terms listed in the PowerPoint presentation. They are to enter this

glossary on disk, in a dedicated notebook or in a designated part of a notebook. They are expected to augment

information from text or lecture with other resources including any available in the school or public libraries or on

the Internet and will be graded at the end of the module on completeness and presentation.

Textbook Assignment. Learners are to read Chapter ___ (Dietz).

Posttest. Have learners complete the Skills Mastery Assessment: Posttest in Chapter ___ (Dietz).

Ideas for learners struggling with this material …

Take Time To Read. Encourage learners to read the textbook more than once or twice. Inform them that the

first reading is a preview. The second time it will be effective learning. The third will be an important review.

Ideas for learners who are ahead and want to learn more … Web Research. Suggest that these learners find web sites that are useful in learning the topic. This will help

them keep up with the latest news. Encourage them to consider finding at least two websites that can help

them keep current and review them each week. This is a good habit to take to the workplace.

Presentation ToolsNote: If you change Objectives or Assignments, don’t forget to change the

slides accordingly.

Slide

16

[Insert DM 1-16] Section 2: Amalgam Restorations

Discuss each objective in detail. Learners need to know

what they will be learning and why. Relate it back to their

careers as dental assistants.

Slide [Insert DM -17] Key Terms

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19


17 Review each key term and discuss the importance of

knowing the definition of each.

Homework Assignment: Stop here to discuss the Key


Slide

18

[Insert DM 1-18] Part A: Cavity Preparations

Inform learners that tooth structure will need to be

restored to its natural function due to the decay process,

fracture, abrasion, undesirable esthetics, or attrition.

Slide

19

[Insert DM 2-19] Cavity Preparations (cont.)

Discuss the elements involved in cavity preparation.

Explain that the cavity preparation design helps keep the

restoration in place as well as to aid in resistance to

occlusal forces.

Slide

20

[Insert DM 2-20] Cavity Preparations (cont.)

Address how each part of the prep relates to the name of

the surface of the tooth.

Note to Instructor: During this discussion refer learners

to the Cavity Preparation Identification section on pg.

____ in Chapter ____ (Phinney & Halstead).

Remind learners that a line angle is where two surfaces

meet and a point angle refers to where three surfaces

meet.

Slide

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[Insert DM 2-21] Steps of Cavity Preparation

Ensure learners understand the basic steps of a cavity

preparation.

Point out that the enamel is cut with a high speed bur,

which prepares the shape of the cavity, then the low

speed is used to remove any decay that is present, and

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hand instruments are used to refine the outline of the

prep.

Explain that the area must be free of moisture before the

base or liner is placed in the tooth.


Homework Assignment: Stop here and review the Key

Terms Glossary homework assignment.


OverviewA freshly mixed mass of silver alloy and mercury has a plasticity that permits it to

be packed or condensed into a prepared tooth cavity and shaped to re-establish

its form and function. The toxicity of mercury has forced dental material

manufacturers to create better quality restorative materials, although amalgam is

still an excellent replacement for tooth structure and is still the most popular filling

material. Understanding how to manipulate dental materials is the role of dental

assisting. Depending on state regulations, expanded function dental assistants

may be asked to place and shape restorations in patient’s mouths independently,

but under supervision of the dentist.

Initial Questions and Activities1. What are some of reasons a tooth may need to be restored?

A tooth may need a restoration due to caries, a fracture, abrasion, attrition, or for esthetics.

Key Concepts References and Activities SlidesAmalgam Restorative Materials Chapter ___, pgs. ___ (Phinney & Halstead)

Chapter ____ (Dietz)

Slides 22-23

Assessment Questions [Insert Group Activity icon] Assisting an

Amalgam Procedure

Slide 24

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Create an environment where group activities are taken seriously and learners are expected to act in a professional manner. These behaviors will carry over into the workplace.

Teaching Tip



[Insert In-Class Act icon] In-Class Activities Assisting an Amalgam Procedure (Part B, Objective 10). Goal: For learners to gain experience assisting

during an amalgam procedure. Instructor should ensure there are enough materials and supplies for the class

and separate learners into teams. Instructor should be the operator for this procedure. Learners should be



[Insert In-Class Dis Ques icon] In-Class Discussion

1. What is the pulpal wall?

The pulpal wall is the floor of the preparation over the pulp chamber.

2. What is a point angle?

A point angle is where three tooth surfaces meet.

Ideas for learners struggling with this material …

Improve Concentration. Suggest learners improve their concentration by, working in a quiet

environment, eliminating external distractions, avoid internal distractions, take breaks when needed,

get sufficient rest, lower stress levels, and exercise.

Ideas for learners who are ahead and want to learn more Web Research: Have learners research on the web for more information on cements, restorative materials,

bases, and liners. Learners should be prepared to discuss their findings with the class.


slides accordingly.

Slide

22

[Insert DM 2-22] Part B: Amalgam Restorative Material

Review Part A. Make sure that any remaining questions are

answered.

Discuss the complete homework and review any areas that

need more clarification.

22


Introduce Part B.

Discuss how amalgam restorations are easy to insert,

maintain anatomical form well, maintain adequate

resistance to fracture, prevent marginal leakage, and

provide a long service for the patient.

Explain that the drawbacks of dental amalgam are that their

color does not match tooth structure, is more brittle than

desirable, subject to corrosion and galvanic action, and

eventually show marginal breakdown.

Ensure learners understand that amalgam alloy should not

be contaminated with moisture during its condensation or

expansion of the material will occur after placement.

Slide

23

[Insert DM 1-23] Amalgam Restoration Set-up

Address the importance of the proper set up for an

amalgam restoration.

Explain to learners that they will have the opportunity to

practice setting up and going through the steps of an

amalgam restoration.

Point out that the alloy powder and the mercury are mixed,

or triturated, inside a capsule with an amalgamator, and

that the material can be over-mixed or under-mixed, so it is

important to read the manufacture’s directions for how long

to mix when using any dental material.

Slide

24

[Insert DM 1-24] Assessment Questions

Short Activity: Ask the group to answer these questions to

assess their comprehension of the material recently

- 23 -

23


presented. Review any material that does not seem clear.

In-Class Activity: Stop here to complete the in-class

activities.

Homework Assignment: Stop here to assign and discuss

the homework.

Section 3: Composite Restorations

Section OverviewComposite restorations are often called tooth colored fillings. They are dependent on etching and bonding

techniques and are usually distributed as composite restorative systems. This section discusses bonding methods

and materials used for ideal tooth replacement.

Outline of Section 3Part A: Bonding Agents

Part B: Composite Restorative Materials

Learning Objectives and Competencies

These learning activities directly address the Learning Objectives and Competencies

as stated.

Knowledge

11. Define Key Terms.

Comprehension

12. Explain the use of glass ionomer, resin reinforced glass ionomer, and compomer restorative materials.

13. Explain the composition of composite resins.

Application

14. Demonstrate manipulation of etchant material and bonding agents.

15. Demonstrate the steps of a composite restorative procedure.


[Insert Homework Ass icon] Key Term Glossary (Part A, Objective 11)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Using Acid Etch (Part A, Objective 14)

24

Focus each overview on why learners are studying this information. Ask them directly why they think it is important. Sometimes the act of trying to find the reason is enough to engage them and focus their attention on what you are about to teach them.

Teaching Tip


[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Using Bonding Material (Part A, Objective 14)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate Resin Cement (Part A, Objectives 13 and 15)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Assisting During a Light-Cured Composite (Part B, Objectives 13 and 15)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Assisting During a Self-Cure Composite (Part B, Objectives 13 and 15)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Glass Ionomer Restoration (Part B, Objectives 12 and 15)

[Insert Homework Activity icon] Instrument Set Up Review (Part B, All Objectives)

[Insert Homework Ass icon] Workbook Assignment (Part B, All Objectives)

[Insert Homework Ass icon] End of Chapter Activities (Part B, All Objectives)

Part A: Bonding AgentsOverviewBonding agents are vital to the success of resin and composite restorations. When adequate bonding is achieved,

more conservative cavity preparations can be used, and the original strength of the clinical crown approximated,

due to less tooth structure being removed. Dental assistants must understand various bonding systems in order to

be able to perform the tasks required of them.

Initial Questions and Activities1. How would a filling stick to tooth structure?

The shape of the cavity preparation is mechanical retention, but a combination of mechanical and

chemical retention is accomplished through etching the tooth surface and bonding materials together.

Key Concepts References and Activities SlidesIntroduction to Section Slide 25

Key Terms [Insert Homeword Ass icon] Key Term

Glossary

Slide 26

Composite Restorations Chapter ___, pgs. ___ (Phinney & Halstead)

Chapter ___ (Dietz)

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Using Acid Etch

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Using Bonding

Material

Slides 27-31

- 25 -

25


Key Concepts References and Activities Slides[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate

Resin Cement


[Insert In-Class Act icon] In-Class Activities Using Acid Etch (Part A, Objective 14). Goal: For learners to again practice using acid etch. Instructor

should ensure there are enough materials and supplies. Separate learners into teams. Learners should be



Using Bonding Material (Part A, Objective 14). Goal: For learners again practice using bonding material.

Instructor should ensure there are enough materials and supplies. Separate learners into teams. Learners

should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead).

Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.

Manipulate Resin Cement (Part A, Objective 15). Goal: For learners manipulate resin cement. Instructor

should ensure there are enough materials and supplies. Separate learners into teams. Learners should be



[Insert In-Class Dis Ques icon] In-Class Discussion1. What were some of the problems you encountered during the amalgam

procedure?

Discuss any problems learners had with the amalgam procedure. Explain

techniques to help them and tell learners that they will improve with more

experience.

2. What will happen if the tooth gets wet with water or saliva during the condensing of an amalgam filling?

The amalgam restoration will fail due to the moisture causing the material to expand.

[Insert Home Ass icon] Homework AssignmentsKey Term Glossary. Learners will define key terms listed in the PowerPoint presentation. They are to enter

this glossary on disk, in a dedicated notebook or in a designated part of a notebook. They are expected to

26

Tell learners that you expect discussion and provide them with guidelines for effective discussion. Remind them constantly of the importance of this part of the class.

Teaching Tip


augment information from text or lecture with other resources including any available in the school or public

libraries or on the Internet and will be graded at the end of the module on completeness and presentation.

Ideas for learners struggling with this material … Verbalize Thoughts. Encourage learners to try thinking about the concepts out loud. Tell them to verbalize

their thoughts as though teaching the information to others. Tell them the act of verbalizing uses a different

part of the brain and if able to explain something will really think about it and therefore understand it better.

Ideas for learners who are ahead and want to learn more… Research Dental Amalgam Filings. Have learners find out the latest information about dental amalgam

fillings at http://www.ada.org. and prepare a short report to present to the class.


slides accordingly.

Slide

25

[Insert DM 2-25] Section 3: Composite Restorations

Discuss each objective for this section in detail. Learners

need to know what they will be learning and why. Try to

relate it back to their careers as dental assistants.

Slide

26

[Insert DM 2-26] Key Terms

Review each key term and discuss the importance of

knowing the definition of each.

Homework Assignment: Stop here to discuss the Key


Slide

27

[Insert DM 2-27] Part A: Bonding Agents

Discuss enamel bonding.

Point out that bonding to enamel is primarily mechanical

and dependent on penetration of the resin into the

irregularities on the enamel surface.

- 27 -

27

http://www.ada.org/


Explain that to obtain optimum bond strength, the surface

must be conditioned with a phosphoric etching solution,

which increases surface area for bonding, and

demineralized porous enamel rod ends into which the

resin can penetrate.

Point out that treatment of dentin is designed to remove

the smear layer produced by the cavity preparation, but

to leave the dentinal tubules plugged, therefore

minimizing any pulpal sensitivity.

Explain that most bonding agents are light cured and aid

in the adhesion of the filling material to the tooth. Explain

that they decrease microleakage, but the tooth still needs

retention preps to help hold the material in place.

Refer learners to the figure in Chapter ____ (Phinney &

Halstead) of a microscopic view of etched enamal.


Homework Assignment: Stop here to assign and

discuss the homework.

Part B: Composite Restorations

OverviewThe shape of the cavity preparation, proper procedures when placing materials,

matching the tooth shade, and proper composite restoration finishing

procedures are all vital to a successful composite filling. Development of

optimum restoration contour and surface texture will minimize accumulation of

plaque and decrease stain retention. Dental assistants must thoroughly

understand each step in order to help the dentist ensure quality patient

restorations.

28

Equate classroom discussion to the ingredients in a recipe. No whole is greater that its parts – each participant adds a valuable element to the final product. Find the “spice” that each learner brings to the recipe. Stir and simmer. Classroom dinner is served!

Teaching Tip


Initial Questions and Activities1. Why would patients want tooth colored fillings rather than amalgam?

Tooth colored restorations are always preferred in the anterior areas of the mouth, but with

improvements in composite materials, posterior fillings are preferred in order to get away from the

use of mercury and to be more esthetically pleasing.

Key Concepts References and Activities SlidesComposite Restorations Chapter ___, pgs. ___ (Phinney & Halstead)

Chapter ___ (Dietz)

Slides 28-31

Assessment Questions [Insert In-Class Activity icon] Assisting During

a Light Cured

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Assisting During

a Self-Cure Composite

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Glass Ionomer

Restoration

[Insert Home Ass icon] Instrument Set Up

Review

[Insert Home Ass icon] Workbook Assignment

[Insert Home Ass icon] End of Chapter

Activities

Slide 32

Summary of Module Slide 33


[Insert In-Class Act icon] In-Class Activities Assisting During a Light-Cured (Part B, Objective 15). Goal: For learners to practice assisting during

a light-cured Composite procedure. Instructor should ensure there are enough materials and

supplies. Separate learners into teams. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as

outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner workbooks contain check off

sheets that can be utilized.

- 29 -

29


Assisting During a Self-Cure Composite (Part B, Objective 15). Goal: For learners to practice

assisting during a self-cure Composite procedure. Instructor should ensure there are enough

materials and supplies. Separate learners into teams. Learners should be graded on the procedure

steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner workbooks contain check

off sheets that can be utilized.

Glass Ionomer Restoration (Part B, Objective 15). Goal: For learners to practice during a glass

ionomer restoration procedure. Instructor should ensure there are enough materials and supplies.

Separate learners into teams. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg.

____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can be

utilized.

[Insert In-Class Dis Ques icon] In-Class Discussion

1. What must the tooth be conditioned with in order for bonding materials to work?

The tooth must be conditioned with phosphoric acid etch in order to create enamel rod tissue tags

for the resin material to penetrate into.

[Insert Home Ass icon] Homework AssignmentsInstrument Set-Up Review. Learners will need a computer with a CD-ROM drive to practice to complete this

homework. Using the Interactive Skills and Procedures CD-ROM, have learners complete the Specialty Set Up

activities. This activity should be a review for learners in preparation of the final exam of the course. Learners

should repeat any area that is not clear.

Workbook Assignment. Have learners complete the workbook assignments for Chapter ____ (Phinney &

Halstead).

End of Chapter Activities. Have learners complete the Review Questions and Critical Thinking questions at the

end of Chapter ____ (Phinney & Halstead).

Ideas for learners struggling with this material … Focus on Objectives. Encourage learners to focus on the objectives that they must accomplish by the end of

the module. Tell them to take an assessment of where they stand. They should ask themselves if they are

achieving the objectives or are missing the point?

Ideas for learners who are ahead and want to learn more…

30


Tutor Others. Encourage learners to spend time in the dental lab helping other learners who are struggling

with the procedures. Building on their skills while helping others will make a difference in their skill

proficiency.


slides accordingly.

Slide

28

[Insert DM 2-28] Part B: Composite Restorations

Review Part A. Make sure that any remaining questions are

answered.

Introduce Part B.

Discuss with learners how varied composite restorative

materials are and that they are often called resins or

porcelain fillings.

Address the fact that dental manufacturing companies are

developing new composite materials often in order to

improve these materials and ensure their compatibility with

oral tissues as well as the longevity of the restorations.

Slide

29

[Insert DM 2-29] Composite Compules and Syringe

Explain that composite filling materials come in a wide

variety of delivery systems.

Slide

30

[Insert DM 2-30] Composite Restoration Set-up

Describe how adequate bonding to enamel is dependent

on a dry etched surface that must be kept isolated from

moisture.

Explain how they must avoid exposure of all light-cured

material to light. Also explain that proper finishing

- 31 -

31


procedures establish a smooth surface texture that will

reflect light in a similar manner to adjacent tooth enamel,

restore proper tooth contour, can minimize occlusal

stresses, and have proper adaptation of the resin at the

cavosurface margin.

Explain that light cured materials undergo some shrinkage

as part of the polymerization setting process.

Slide

31

[Insert DM 2-31] Glass Ionomers and Compomers

Address that glass ionomer filling materials can be used in

areas where they are not required to undergo occlusal

forces and that compomers are the most recent

development in dental materials.

Explain that the property of glass ionomer materials to

release fluoride has made these more valuable to dentistry.

Slide

32

[Insert DM 2-32] Assessment Questions

Short Activity: Ask the group to answer these questions to

assess their comprehension of the material recently

presented. Review any material that does not seem clear.

Short Activity: Stop and discuss the Case Study at the

end of Chapter ____ (Phinney & Halstead).

In-Class Activity: Stop here to complete the in-class

activities.

Homework Assignment: Stop to assign and discuss the

homework.

Slide

33

[Insert DM 2-33] Summary of Module

Review with learners the volume of skills they learned

during this module and remind them that the more they

32


practice the more proficient and valuable a dental assistant

they will become.

- 33 -

33

dental materials 2

Documents

dental materials module

properties of dental

dental assistants

dental materialpart

delmars dental assisting

manipulation of dental

delamrs dental assisting

todays dental assistant