DEMOGRAPHY OF INDIADEMOGRAPHY OF INDIA

A PROFILEA PROFILE

Prof. S. P. RathProf. S. P. Rath

DEMOGRAPHY OF INDIA – DEMOGRAPHY OF INDIA – A A GLANCEGLANCE

A.A. IMPORTANCEIMPORTANCEB.B. MEANING AND DEFINITION MEANING AND DEFINITION C.C. NATURE OF THE STUDYNATURE OF THE STUDY

** SIZESIZE** COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION** DISTRIBUTIONDISTRIBUTION

D.D. DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF INDIADEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF INDIA** SIZE AND GROWTH RATE OF SIZE AND GROWTH RATE OF POPULATIONPOPULATION** DENSITY OF POPULATION DENSITY OF POPULATION ** AGE COMPOSITIONAGE COMPOSITION** LITERACY RATELITERACY RATE** RURAL URBAN DISTRIBUTION OF RURAL URBAN DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATIONPOPULATION

E.E. SOME FACTS AND FIGURES OF OUR SOME FACTS AND FIGURES OF OUR POPULATIONPOPULATION

ImportanceImportance

Study of demography is increasingly assuming more Study of demography is increasingly assuming more importance not only in India but all over the world. importance not only in India but all over the world.

Primarily, ever-growing population in developing countries Primarily, ever-growing population in developing countries is straining social, economic and even political system of is straining social, economic and even political system of nations. nations.

The importance of population studies is increasingThe importance of population studies is increasing

There is realization that population explosion is hindering There is realization that population explosion is hindering economic development. economic development.

Significance of population studies was realized even in Significance of population studies was realized even in earlier period.earlier period.

Demography today can neither be ignored by the planners Demography today can neither be ignored by the planners nor policy maker, nor administrators nor by academicians nor policy maker, nor administrators nor by academicians and politicians. and politicians.

Meaning and DefinitionMeaning and Definition

Demography is the study of changes which take place in Demography is the study of changes which take place in

population including its size, distribution and organization. population including its size, distribution and organization.

It has been derived from the Latin word “demos” meaning It has been derived from the Latin word “demos” meaning

people. Hence, it is the science of people. people. Hence, it is the science of people.

As regards definition of this term, it has been defined in As regards definition of this term, it has been defined in

various ways by different authors. Some of these are given various ways by different authors. Some of these are given

below. below.

Frank LorimarFrank Lorimar ““In broad sense demography includes both demographic In broad sense demography includes both demographic analysis and population studies. A broad study of analysis and population studies. A broad study of demography studies both qualitative and quantitative demography studies both qualitative and quantitative aspects of population.”aspects of population.”

W.G. BrackleyW.G. Brackley

““Demography does not deal with the behaviour of Demography does not deal with the behaviour of individuals but only with the aggregate of people. The individuals but only with the aggregate of people. The numerical portrayal of human population is known as numerical portrayal of human population is known as demography”.demography”.

Benard BenjaminBenard Benjamin

““The demographer is concerned with the measuring past and The demographer is concerned with the measuring past and forecasting future population change”.forecasting future population change”.

Thompson and LewisThompson and LewisThe most appropriate definition is given by Thompson & Lewis ; The most appropriate definition is given by Thompson & Lewis ;

that is that is ““The population studies is concerned with the population, its size, The population studies is concerned with the population, its size,

composition and distribution and in changes in these aspects composition and distribution and in changes in these aspects through time, and the causes of there changes as they are related through time, and the causes of there changes as they are related to human welfare.” to human welfare.”

UNOUNO According to UNO under demography we study all determinants According to UNO under demography we study all determinants

and consequences of population. and consequences of population. Thus, demography deals with study of the components of Thus, demography deals with study of the components of

population varieties and chance.population varieties and chance.

NATURE OF THE STUDYNATURE OF THE STUDYThree main aspects are concerned under Three main aspects are concerned under demography. demography. Size and growthSize and growth of the population, of the population, CompositionComposition of population and of population and DistributionDistribution of of population. population.

1.1. Size : This deals with the number of people living in Size : This deals with the number of people living in an area and what changes are taking place and how an area and what changes are taking place and how these changes are affected. these changes are affected.

In a demographic study, the concern is not only in In a demographic study, the concern is not only in finding out finding out

How many people live in a particular area at a How many people live in a particular area at a given point of timegiven point of time

Whether the number is larger than what it was, but Whether the number is larger than what it was, but also,also,

What would be the likely number in future.What would be the likely number in future. These can be due to increase in the rates of death and These can be due to increase in the rates of death and

birth, or on account of increased migration, etc. birth, or on account of increased migration, etc.

Nature of The StudyNature of The Study2.2. Composition: Composition:

Composition of population mainly Composition of population mainly related to certain characteristics. related to certain characteristics. Age, Sex & Literacy are most widely used Age, Sex & Literacy are most widely used

characteristics of population study. characteristics of population study.

According to Thompson & Lewis According to Thompson & Lewis composition of a population affects composition of a population affects demographic processes. demographic processes.

NATURE OF THE STUDYNATURE OF THE STUDY

3.3. Distribution: Distribution: Population distribution study is concerned Population distribution study is concerned

with matters like with matters like how are the people distributed how are the people distributed what is the nature of changes in population what is the nature of changes in population

distribution. distribution. To find out the proportion of population To find out the proportion of population

living in advanced urban industrial areas, living in advanced urban industrial areas, newly developing out growing urban newly developing out growing urban industrial areas and rural areas and the industrial areas and rural areas and the ways in which changes are taking place in ways in which changes are taking place in each category. each category.

Demographic features of IndiaDemographic features of India

It shows mainly the number of people living in a It shows mainly the number of people living in a

country at a particular time, the rate at which they are country at a particular time, the rate at which they are growing and the composition and distribution of growing and the composition and distribution of population.population. Size and Growth rate of population: Size and Growth rate of population:

India today possesses about 2.4 percent of the total India today possesses about 2.4 percent of the total land area of the world but she has to support about 17 land area of the world but she has to support about 17 percent of the world population. A study percent of the world population. A study of growth rate of of growth rate of India’s population falls India’s population falls into four phases.into four phases.1891-1921: STAGNANT POPULATION

1921-1951: STEADY GROWTH

1951-1981: RAPID HIGH GROWTH

1981-2001: HIGH GROWTH WITH SIGNS OF SLOWING DOWN

TABLE -1GROWTH OF POPULATION IN INDIA – 1901-2001

Year Total population

(in Millions)Increase or Decrease

( in Millions)Percentage increase or

decreaseGrowth Rate

1901 236 -- --

1911 252 +16 5.7

1921 251 -1 -0.3 0.19

1931 279 +28 11.0

1941 319 +40 14.2

1951 361 +42 13.3 1.22

1961 439 +78 21.5

1971 548 +109 24.8

1981 683 +135 24.7 2.14

1991 844 +161 23.5

2001 1027 +183 21.3 1.09

During the first phase of 20 years ( 1901-1921), the population During the first phase of 20 years ( 1901-1921), the population of India grew by 15 million. The growth rate per annum was of India grew by 15 million. The growth rate per annum was negligible, i.e. 0.19 percent per annum for the period. This negligible, i.e. 0.19 percent per annum for the period. This stage was characterized by high birth rate and high death stage was characterized by high birth rate and high death rate. Birth and death rates were more or less equal during this rate. Birth and death rates were more or less equal during this period. In this period India was in the first stage of period. In this period India was in the first stage of demographic transaction, which marked by stagnant demographic transaction, which marked by stagnant population. population.

During the second phase of 30 years (1921-1951), the During the second phase of 30 years (1921-1951), the population of India grew by 110 million. The growth rate of population of India grew by 110 million. The growth rate of population was 1.22 percent per annum. The growth rate was population was 1.22 percent per annum. The growth rate was considered as moderate. considered as moderate.

During the third phase (1951-1981), the population of India During the third phase (1951-1981), the population of India grew from 361 mn from 1951 to 683 mn in 1981. The growth grew from 361 mn from 1951 to 683 mn in 1981. The growth rate of population during this period was 2.14 percent. rate of population during this period was 2.14 percent. Compared to previous phase the growth rate is almost double. Compared to previous phase the growth rate is almost double. It is resulted in population explosion. Thus, India is now in the It is resulted in population explosion. Thus, India is now in the second stage of demographic transaction when death rate is second stage of demographic transaction when death rate is low but the birth rate is high. low but the birth rate is high.

According to latest estimate the population of India in 2005 is According to latest estimate the population of India in 2005 is 1.1 billion. And it will increase to 1.4 billion by 2026. There is 1.1 billion. And it will increase to 1.4 billion by 2026. There is a projection that it may surpass China by 2025. If we compare a projection that it may surpass China by 2025. If we compare India’s population growth with the most populous country in India’s population growth with the most populous country in the world China, we can find the following factsthe world China, we can find the following facts

WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT – 2004

India and China account for nearly 38 percent of the world population.It may be noted that the average annual growth of population has declined to 1.1 percent in China, where as in India it is still quite high at 1.9 percentage.

It is a very interesting fact that India is adding one Australia to its population every year and one Japan in every Census.

Country Population In Billion

Annualto total

Growth Rate

India 1.1 17 1.9

China 1.3 21 1.1

Density of populationDensity of population

The density of population is considered as one of the important The density of population is considered as one of the important demographic features. demographic features.

It refers to the average number of persons living per square It refers to the average number of persons living per square kilometer of area within the territory of the country. It can be kilometer of area within the territory of the country. It can be calculated by dividing the total population of a country by its total calculated by dividing the total population of a country by its total area. area. If we compare the figure it was 77 persons living per square km. in 1901, If we compare the figure it was 77 persons living per square km. in 1901,

which became 267 in 1991 and it rose to 324 per sq.km. in 2001. which became 267 in 1991 and it rose to 324 per sq.km. in 2001.

As per the latest estimate of 2006 the population density per square As per the latest estimate of 2006 the population density per square kilometer is 338 in India.kilometer is 338 in India.

However, density of population is very unevenly distributed. Table – However, density of population is very unevenly distributed. Table – 2 brings to us the variations observed among the different states of 2 brings to us the variations observed among the different states of India.India.

TABLE – 2

DENSITY OF POPULATION IN INDIA ( 2001)

STATES / UT DENSITY ( 1991 ) DENSITY ( 2001)

DELHI 6352 9294

CHANDIGARH 5632 7903

WEST BENGAL 767 904

KERAL 749 819

BIHAR 497 880

JHARKHAND 274 338

UP 548 689

TAMILNADU 429 478

PUNJAB 403 482

HARYANA 372 477

ASSAM 286 340

INDIA 267 324

MAHARASTRA 257 314

ANDHRAPRADESH 247 275

KARNATAKA 235 275

GUJURAT 211 258

ORISSA 203 236

MP 149 196

CHATISHGARH 133 154

RAJASTAN 129 165

HIMACHALPRADESH 93 109

J & K 77 99

Age CompositionAge Composition The study of age composition is helpful in determining the proportion of the The study of age composition is helpful in determining the proportion of the labour force in the total population. The working age of the population is labour force in the total population. The working age of the population is considered as 15-60. On this basis percentage distributions of India’s considered as 15-60. On this basis percentage distributions of India’s population is shown in the Table -3. population is shown in the Table -3.

TABLE – 3AGE COMPOSITION ( IN PERCENTAGE )

AGE GROUP

YearYear0-140-14 15-5915-59 60+60+

19611961 41.041.0 53.353.3 5.75.7

19711971 41.441.4 53.453.4 5.25.2

19811981 39.739.7 54.154.1 6.26.2

19911991 36.536.5 57.157.1 6.46.4

20012001 35.635.6 58.258.2 6.36.3

This figures indicate that the proportion of child population in the 0-14 age group was 35.6 percent in 2001.

The principal reason is high birth rate. A high proportion of children only reflects a large proportion of unproductive consumers.

It can be observed that nearly 43 percent of the total population depends upon the rest 57 percent of the working population.

TABLE - 4

POPULATION BY BROAD AGE - GROUPS

( AGE GROUP ) PERCENTAGE POPULATION

YEAR 0-14 15-59 60+ TOTAL

2006 32.1 60.4 7.5 100

2011 29.1 62.6 8.3 100

2016 26.8 63.9 9.3 100

2021 25.1 64.2 10.7 100

2026 23.3 64.3 12.4 100

•As the figure shows there is decline in the child population in 2006. It is reflect in lower birth rate. •The dependency ratio is also declining. That is in 2006 nearly 40% of our population depends on the rest 60%. •By 2020 25% of the India’s population will be under 15 and 64% will be in the working age group. •And by this time the US will require 17 million workers, Japan 9 million, China 10 million and Russia 6 million. •India can earn a rich demographic dividend if it sets about giving its young people the right skills.

Sex Composition Sex Composition Sex composition gives us an idea about the number of females in a region per 1000 males.

TABLE – 5SEX RATIO IN INDIA

Year Females / 1000 Males

1981 934

1991 927

2001 933

2006 932

It can be seen that there is a slight improvement in the sex ratio in 2001 compared to 1991 census. Among the various states of India, Kerala alone shows a higher proportion of female 1058 per 1000 males in 2001. In Orissa it is 972 per 1000 males. It is lowest in Harayana ( 861/1000) followed by Punjab (874/1000) and U.P. ( 898/1000). It is observed that poverty and IMR are the two main determining factors of a declining sex ratio.

Literacy Rate Literacy Rate The quality of population can be judged from life expectancy, the The quality of population can be judged from life expectancy, the level of literacy and the level of technical training of the people of level of literacy and the level of technical training of the people of

a country. It is presented in a Tabular forma country. It is presented in a Tabular form TABLE – 6

LITERACY RATE IN INDIA

Year Persons Male Female

1991 52.2 64.1 39.3

2001 65.4 75.8 54.1

•One important and widely accepted parameter of Human Development is the percentage of literate people in the total population.

•Kerala has the highest literacy rate of 90.92 percent and Bihar has the lowest percentage of literates ( 47.53). In Orissa it is 63.61.

•The overall literacy level in India is 65% which is far below the cent percent level of literacy achieved in Australia, Canada, UK and the US.

Rural Urban Distribution of PopulationRural Urban Distribution of Population

Another notable feature of a country’s population is the Another notable feature of a country’s population is the

distribution pattern of the population in rural and urban areas. distribution pattern of the population in rural and urban areas.

Urbanization is taken as an index for economic development. Urbanization is taken as an index for economic development.

Urbanization refers to the settlement of people in the urban areas Urbanization refers to the settlement of people in the urban areas

coming from rural areas. This takes place because of the growth coming from rural areas. This takes place because of the growth

of industries, availability of education and health care facilities, of industries, availability of education and health care facilities,

development of transport and communication and greater areas development of transport and communication and greater areas

for employment. for employment.

Higher rate of growth of population leads to the increase of the Higher rate of growth of population leads to the increase of the

member of rural labours seeking employment. They come to the member of rural labours seeking employment. They come to the

urban sector, increasing the number of the urban population. In urban sector, increasing the number of the urban population. In

India rural-urban migration has been visibly observed in our India rural-urban migration has been visibly observed in our

demographic scenario. It can be observed from the table. demographic scenario. It can be observed from the table.

TABLE - 7RURAL – URBAN DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION

1921 Rural Urban Percentage increase in urban Population

1921 88.7 11.3 --

1931 87.8 12.2 +19.1

1941 85.9 14.1 +32.1

1951 82.7 17.3 +43.2

1961 82.0 18.0 +25.3

1971 80.1 19.9 +38.0

1981 76.7 23.3 +46.8

1991 74.3 25.7 +35.6

2001 72.2 27.8 +31.2

It can be visible from the table that rural urban migration has become a persistent and continues phenomenon in our demographic map. Migration is a critical aspect of the demographic trends. Currently 27.8% of the population is urbanized in India but this is expected to rise to 40.7% by 2030 and even more.

SOME OF THE RAPID URBANIZARS ARESOME OF THE RAPID URBANIZARS ARE

RAPID URBANIZARS

2007 2015 2025

PUNJAB 37 40.8 45.8

GUJURAT 39.3 41.7 44.8

TAMILNADU 50.9 59.1 68.7

MAHARASTRA 44.9 48.0 51.9

MIZORAM 52.0 54.8 58.3

SLOW URBANIZARS

2007 2015 2025

WESTBENGAL 28.3 28.7 29.2

BIHAR 10.5 10.5 10.5

ASSAM 14.2 16.0 18.4

UP 21.5 22.5 23.5

ORISSA 16.1 17.6 19.7

INDIA 29.2 31.1 33.3

It is evident that urbanization is a very slow process in India. With a It is evident that urbanization is a very slow process in India. With a

showing down of the population growth rate in the coming decades showing down of the population growth rate in the coming decades

and with an acceleration in the tempo of industrialization, it is and with an acceleration in the tempo of industrialization, it is

expected that the extent of urbanization in India may show a expected that the extent of urbanization in India may show a

significant change. significant change.

Thus, the study of demography is of utmost importance due to its Thus, the study of demography is of utmost importance due to its

application in solving many population problem, may it be political, application in solving many population problem, may it be political,

economic, social and administrative. economic, social and administrative.

Particularly economy of a country cannot be studied independently of Particularly economy of a country cannot be studied independently of

its population and as such economic development. its population and as such economic development.

The increasing growth rate of population lowers per capita income, The increasing growth rate of population lowers per capita income,

standard of living and put pressure as limited Natural Resources, standard of living and put pressure as limited Natural Resources,

food supply, housing, education, employment, health etc. food supply, housing, education, employment, health etc.

Demography as a subject is increasingly becoming popular on Demography as a subject is increasingly becoming popular on

account of their practical utility in every walk of life. it is also account of their practical utility in every walk of life. it is also

assuming popularity and importance because it is closely related to assuming popularity and importance because it is closely related to

other subjects of social sciences. other subjects of social sciences.

Rural Urban Income DisparityRural Urban Income DisparityParticularsParticulars 1980 to 1980 to

198119811993 to 1993 to 19941994

1999 to 1999 to 20002000

RuraRurall

UrbaUrbann

RR UU RR UU

Share in NDPShare in NDP 58.858.888

41.1241.12 54.254.277

45.745.733

48.048.099

51.951.911

Share in Share in Population (%)Population (%)

76.876.888

23.1223.12 73.573.511

26.426.499

72.572.533

27.427.477

PCI at Current PCI at Current Prices (Rs.)Prices (Rs.)

12451245 28882888 57857833

1351352525

1061060606

3023021717

Ratio on Urban Ratio on Urban Income to Rural Income to Rural IncomeIncome

2.322.32 -- 2.342.34 -- 2.852.85 --

Rural Urban Income DisparityRural Urban Income Disparity

Over 73 % of people live in rural area, Over 73 % of people live in rural area, while they get only 48 % of National while they get only 48 % of National income.income.

It also shows the per capita income It also shows the per capita income differential between rural and urban differential between rural and urban sector.sector.

The ratio of rural - urban per capita The ratio of rural - urban per capita income ahs been increasing indicating income ahs been increasing indicating that PCI in the urban areas is almost that PCI in the urban areas is almost three times that of rural areas. three times that of rural areas.

State Domestic ProductState Domestic Product

Widening Disparity between the Richest and Poorest States

Income disparity between Income disparity between StatesStates

There was a sharp increase in regional There was a sharp increase in regional inequality in India during the 1990s. inequality in India during the 1990s.

In 2002-2003, the per capita Net State In 2002-2003, the per capita Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) of the richest state, Domestic Product (NSDP) of the richest state, Punjab, was about 4.7 times that of Bihar, the Punjab, was about 4.7 times that of Bihar, the poorest state. poorest state.

This ratio had increased from 4.2 in 1993-This ratio had increased from 4.2 in 1993-1994. The time-series graph of this ratio 1994. The time-series graph of this ratio shows that the disparity between the richest shows that the disparity between the richest and poorest state shot up remarkably during and poorest state shot up remarkably during the 1990sthe 1990s

SOME FACTS ONE SHOULD KNOW ABOUT OUR SOME FACTS ONE SHOULD KNOW ABOUT OUR POPULATIONPOPULATION

The growth rate of the labour force is faster than that of The growth rate of the labour force is faster than that of the population. While the population is expected to grow the population. While the population is expected to grow by 1.4% per annum during the eleventh plan period the by 1.4% per annum during the eleventh plan period the labour force is expected to grow by 2%.labour force is expected to grow by 2%.

The Teacher Pupil ratio in Indian primary schools is 1:41, The Teacher Pupil ratio in Indian primary schools is 1:41, while in China it is 1:21. while in China it is 1:21.

Female labour force participation rate has increased Female labour force participation rate has increased marginally from 42% in 1990 to 45% in 2005.marginally from 42% in 1990 to 45% in 2005.

According to UNESCO 13.5 million Indian children are not According to UNESCO 13.5 million Indian children are not enrolled in schools. enrolled in schools.

There are also most 40 million slums in India.There are also most 40 million slums in India.

Although the task is tough if India provides the right environment for the army of young people then it can became a prosperous nation. If not it will remain a poor country.

Thank YouThank You