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DEMOGRAPHIC AND JOB SATISFACTIONCHARACTERISTICS OF FLORIDA COMMUNITY COLLEGEFACULTYRichard J. Benoit a & Al Smith ba Santa Fe Community Collegeb University of FloridaPublished online: 09 Jul 2006.

To cite this article: Richard J. Benoit & Al Smith (1980) DEMOGRAPHIC AND JOB SATISFACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF FLORIDACOMMUNITY COLLEGE FACULTY, Community Junior College Research Quarterly, 4:3, 263-276, DOI: 10.1080/0361697800040306

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DEMOGRAPHIC AND JOB SATISFACTIONCHARACTERISTICS OF FLORIDA COMMUNITYCOLLEGE FACULTY

Richard J. BenoitSanta Fe Community College

Al SmithUniversity of Florida

The demographic and job satisfaction characteristics of Florida commu-nity college faculty were studied in Florida's 28 community colleges. Atotal of 1,116 faculty responded in the fall of 1977 to an instrumentdeveloped to measure faculty characteristics and attitudes.

The results showed that the Florida faculty is a satisfied faculty with over95% reporting that they were satisfied with community college work as acareer and with 72% stating that they plan to stay in the community col-lege field until they retire. Second, it was found that faculty participationin in-service training programs had increased significantly since 1968. In1977-1978, 69% of the faculty reported participation in one or more in-service programs while the 1968 percentage was 37%.

It is concluded that periodic surveys in other community colleges andstates similar to this one should provide useful information for thefurther development and improvement of community colleges.

INTRODUCTION

In 1968, Eric Mills conducted a study to examine the degree ofFlorida community college faculty satisfaction with respect to vari-ous features, activities, programs, policies, organization, and condi-tions in their own community college; and to determine the charac-teristics, opinions, and attitudes of those most satisfied and mostdissatisfied. This current study, a decade later, in part replicated theMills (1968) study by updating community college faculty demo-graphic and satisfaction data (Benoit, 1978).

The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions: (1)What are the current specific backgrounds, experiences, and

Community/Junior College Research Quarterly, 4:263-276, 1980 263Copyright © 1980 by Hemisphere Publishing Corporation

0361-6975/80/020263-14$2.25

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264 R. J. BENOIT AND A. SMITH

quantifiable characteristics of faculty members in Florida communitycolleges? (2) What are the attitudes of faculty members regarding theirsatisfaction and dissatisfaction with community college work?

METHOD

There are currently about 6,000 full-time certificated employees inFlorida's 28 community colleges. This study used a stratified sam-pling formula to determine the number to be sampled in each com-munity college. A single-stage stratified random sampling procedurewas used to select faculty respondents within each of the 28 commu-nity colleges. This procedure preserved proportional representationof faculty within the final sample for each of the various-sized com-munity colleges. Once the number was determined, a random selec-tion process was employed to identify the full-time certificated re-spondents in each of the 28 colleges. In all, 1,575 questionnaireswere mailed, 1,116 of which were returned in usable form in time tobe processed. An overall return rate of 71% was achieved with onlythree colleges falling below a 60% return.1

The questionnaire used in the study contained 84 questions. Thefirst 26, of which 19 sought faculty demographic data and 7 soughtfaculty satisfaction data, were taken from the Mills study (see theAppendix). The questionnaire was field-tested at a community col-lege in which 105 (83%) respondents returned the completed ques-tionnaire with some making suggestions for improvement. Some ofthese same faculty received and completed the revised questionnairebecause their college was included in the final study.

Frequency responses from the study's first 26 questions weretabulated for all 1,116 respondents and separately for each of foursubgroups. The four subgroups were: (1) Full-time teachers(N= 714); (2) Full-time administrators (JV = 220); (3) Part-timeteacher/part-time administrator (N = 91); and (4) "Other" certifi-cated, i.e., counselors, librarians, media support (N = 91). Frequencyresponse data was then reported and compared across the fourgroups as well as comparing total group responses with similar Mills(1968) data. When appropriate, this data was also compared withdata from a similar study done by Montgomery (1962).

RESULTS

Some of the major findings of this research related to faculty demo-graphic characteristics and job satisfaction are presented below:

1In this study the term faculty was used to denote any certificatedemployee of a community college.

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DEMOGRAPHIC AND JOB SATISFACTION CHARACTERISTICS 265

1. There was a 7.9% decrease since 1968 in percentage offaculty classified as full-time teacher and a 1.2% decrease in facultyclassified as part-time teacher/part-time administrator. There was a7% increase since 1968 in the percentage of faculty classified asfull-time administrators and a 2.1% increase in faculty classified as"other" certificated.

2. Although there has been a shift in the older age direction(fewer faculty under 30; more faculty over 50), the "typical"faculty member in 1978 is 40-50 as was the "typical" facultymember in 1968 and 1962.

3. There has been a 3% increase in female faculty since 1968.The 1978 percentage was 35% female.

4. In 1978, 75% of the faculty were married, which was thesame percentage as 1968.

5. Faculty salaries increased at a greater rate between 1962 and1968 than between 1968 and 1978.

6. In 1978 the percentage of faculty holding a master's degreewas 87%, down from 90% in 1968. When the 1968 and 1978respondents were compared in terms of degrees beyond themaster's degree, a major difference was found. In 1968, approxi-mately 9% of the respondents reported having a doctorate. Thiscompares to 19% in 1978. In addition, just over 7% in this studyreported having an Education Specialist Degree. Thus, over 26% ofthe respondents in 1978 had a degree beyond the master's ascompared to only 9% in 1968.

7. A total of 89% of the faculty reported they were working inan area for which they had prepared at either the graduate orundergraduate level compared to 88% in the 1968 study.

8. Table 1 displays the years of experience of Florida communitycollege faculty. It illustrates that the Florida community college fac-ulty is experienced. Approximately two-thirds (66.3%) of all respond-ents have more than 10 years of general teaching and/or administrativeexperience. Just over one-third (35.8%) of all respondents have morethan 10 years of experience in community colleges and almost one-third (30.7%) of all respondents have more than 10 years of service intheir present college. The fact that almost one-third of all respondentshave over 10 years in their present college is especially significant whenit is remembered that there has been over a 70% increase in the numberof faculty in the last 10 years. Approximately two-thirds (67.9%) of allrespondents have more than 6 years of service in their present col-lege. Mills (1968) found, not surprisingly, the Florida communitycollege faculty relatively young in terms of number of years taught ina community college—57% had taught 3 years or less in a communityD

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266 R. J. BENOIT AND A. SMITH

TABLE 1 Years of Experience of Florida Community CollegeFaculty (N= 1,116)

Number ofyears

1-23-45-67-89-10

11-1213-14

15-more

General

2.24.97.99.19.69.48.1

48.8

1978 StudyExperience

Communitycollege

6.312.813.015.117.013.510.112.2

Presentcollege

7.314.614.017.216.212.9

8.89.0

1968 StudyGeneral Experience

40.625.212.420.4

college and almost two-thirds of the faculty had been employed 3years or less in their present institution.

9. The 1978 Florida community college faculty has had moreformal course preparation designed specifically for communitycolleges than the 1968 faculty—65% of the faculty have taken oneor more courses, while 35% of the faculty have taken four or morecourses. In 1968, 55% of the faculty reported no formal coursepreparation for work in a community college.

10. Table 2 displays data regarding participation in in-servicetraining programs. It shows that 69% of all respondents in the

TABLE 2 Extent of Respondents Participation in In-Service TrainingPrograms

Number ofPrograms

AllRespondents(AT = 1,116)

SubgroupOne0

(AT =714)

SubgroupTwo6

(AT =220)

Subgroup SubgroupThree0 Four**

(AT =91) (AT =91)

None1234 or more

30.915.616.910.026.6

34.718.217.59.5

20.1

23,210.514.510.5 .41.4

24.29.9

17.614.334.1

27.313.617.09.0

33.0

"Full-time teachers.Full-time administrators.

^Part-time teacher/Part-time administrator."Other" certificated, i.e., counselors, librarians, media support.D

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DEMOGRAPHIC AND JOB SATISFACTION CHARACTERISTICS 267

current study reported having participated in one or more in-service programs. Mills found that only 37% of the 1968 respond-ents had participated in one or more in-service programs. In thecurrent study, administrators reported the most participation andteachers the least participation in in-service training programs.While 65% of the teachers and 77% of the administrators hadparticipated in one or more in-service programs, only 20% of theteachers compared to 41% of the administrators had participated infour or more programs. Somewhat surprising was the high rate ofparticipation in in-service programs on the part of the othercertificated group—73% of that group had participated in one ormore programs and 33% had participated in four or more pro-grams.

11. An overwhelming majority of faculty in the current studyare satisfied with community college work as a career as were the1968 faculty. Of the 1978 faculty, 95% were either "satisfied" or"very satisfied" while 94% of the 1968 faculty replied in thepositive. When asked to check a preference as to type of institu-tion in which to teach, a difference emerged between the twogroups—»72% of the 1978 faculty chose the community collegecompared to 54% of the 1968 group. The difference was alsoillustrated by the response to the question of career prediction; Ofthe 1978 faculty, 72% compared to 59% of the 1968 facultyexpected to remain in the community college field until retire-ment.

12. The two questions in the 1978 questionnaire regardingspecific items of satisfaction and dissatisfaction with communitycollege work were taken verbatim from the 1968 Mills question-naire. Table 3 displays the percentage of responses given by theparticipants to the question asking them to indicate their two mainreasons for satisfaction with the nature of community collegework. Table 4 displays the percentage of responses given by theparticipants to the question asking them to indicate their two .mainreasons for dissatisfaction with the nature of community collegework. There were nine possible main reasons including "other" and"none" for these two questions. When the 1978 responses to thesetwo inquiries were rank-ordered by frequency they were in almostthe same order and had almost identical percentages as the 1968group. Further, Mills reported his 1968 study produced the sameresponses and rank-ordering to these responses as Montgomery's1962 study. The major areas of satisfaction (see Table 3) had todo with the enjoyment of teaching and associating with andhelping college-age students. The major areas of dissatisfaction (seeD

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268 R. J. BEN01T AND A. SMITH

Table 4) were "none" and "other" followed by "the need totransmit elementary knowledge." The comment most often writtenin as "other" in terms of participant dissatisfaction expresseddissatisfaction with ill-prepared or unmotivated students. Twoother questions having to do with working conditions producedlittle difference between the 1978 and 1968 groups. Major areas ofsatisfaction in response to the first of these questions had to dowith "a desirable environment" and "freedom and independence."Major areas of dissatisfaction had to do with "administrativeprocedures" and "pay.".

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The faculty of Florida community colleges is an experiencedfaculty with many years of community college service. A majority

TABLE 3 First and Second Reasons Given for Satisfactionwith the Nature of Community College Work

Possiblemain

reasons

1. Associationwith college-age students

2. Helping youngpeople grow

3. Public imageof community college

4. Transmittingknowledge

5. Enjoyment ofteaching

6. Freedom fromresearch

7. Offering "second"chance to collegestudents

8. Other

9. None

1978 (N= 1,116)First

reason<%)

15.2

24.4

3.3

14.6

30.4

.6

3.4

7.3

.8

Secondreason

(%)

17.4

20.5

4.5

15.6

19.6

3.7

8.6

7.3

2.9

1968 (NFirst

reason(%)

15.1

27.6

1.7

12.2

35.6

.7

2.5

3.4

.8

= 3,200)Secondreason

{%)

17.2

19.9

3.0

14.6

22.3

4.1

10.4

4.1

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DEMOGRAPHIC AND JOB SATISFACTION CHARACTERISTICS 269

TABLE 4 Reasons Given for Dissatisfaction with the Natureof Community College Work

Possiblemain

reasons

1. Associationwith college-age students

2. Necessity ofhelping youngpeople grow

3. Need to transmitelementary knowledge

4. Public image ofcommunity college

5. Lack of timefor research

6. "Second chance"• for students

7. Multi-purposeschool

8. Other

9. None

1978 (AT =1,116)First

reason(%)

.3

.7

18.9

7.2

14.4

.9

2.0

20.9

34.6

Secondreason

<%)

.8

.7

11.9

8.9

14.6

2.7

5.4

13.0

41.9

1968 (NFirst

reason(%)

.2

.4

14.0

8.4

13.0

1.8

3.8

13.9

42.6

= 3,200)Secondreason

(%)

.3

.5

5.8

7.0

8.5

2.7

5.0

7.3

58.5

of the faculty have had formal preparation for work in a commu-nity college, a majority of the faculty have participated in in-service programs, and 90% of the faculty are working in an areafor which they prepared. The faculty is not only rich in terms ofexperience and preparation, but well-satisfied with communitycollege work as a career. In these' terms there was very littlesubstantive difference between teachers and administrators,.

Since 1968 there has been a 71% increase in the number offaculty in Florida community colleges; however, there has beenonly a 3% increase in the proportion of women faculty in Floridacommunity colleges. A stronger effort to recruit women, particu-larly at the administrative level, should continue to be a toppriority of all the colleges.

While racial minorities constituted 9% of Florida communitycollege faculty in 1978, their representation in the "other"D

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270 R. J. BENOIT AND A. SMITH

certificated classification was much greater than their representa-tion in the administrative and teacher classifications. A strongereffort to recruit racial minorities as administrators and teachersshould continue to be a top priority of all Florida colleges.

Periodic surveys in other community colleges and state systems,similar to this one, should provide useful information for thefurther development and improvement of community colleges.Studies such as this, for example, can help college and state leveladministrators identify possible areas for staff development, as wellas providing useful evaluation data regarding their own administra-tive effectiveness.

APPENDIX: First 26 Questions of Survey Questionnairefor Florida Community College Faculty Survey2

General Information and Instructions

The Institute of Higher Education, University of Florida, hasinitiated an extensive statewide study of personal and educationalbackgrounds plus attitudes and opinions of faculty members inFlorida's community colleges. The Division of Community Collegeshas indicated an interest in the data to be collected and hascollaborated in the identification of the contemporary issues uponwhich the study revolves. The purpose of this questionnaire is tocollect information for use in the study.

This questionnaire is being sent to a stratified sample ofcertificated personnel. The number on the cover is the codenumber assigned to you and your college. It is necessary to be ableto identify each respondent in order to send follow-up letters tothose not returning the questionnaire. Once the questionnaire isreturned no identification of individuals and responses will bemade.

Machine-processing places certain restrictions on available an-swers to some questions. If the answer is a numerical quantity, i.e.,your age or your salary, please check the most nearly correctanswer. If the answer indicates an opinion or attitude, select theanswer most nearly representative of what you believe. If thequestion pertains to an opinion or attitude about teaching and youdo not teach, answer the question as if you were teaching. Please

2 The Florida community college faculty survey was conducted by Instituteof Higher Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, in collaboration withthe Division of Community Colleges, Florida State Department of Education.

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DEMOGRAPHIC AND JOB SATISFACTION CHARACTERISTICS 271

answer the questions based on the actual situation at your college;not, for example, on what you might support if there wereunlimited funding. It is emphasized that the questions concerningyour attitude, position or opinion on various subjects should beanswered from a purely personal point of view". Please completethe questionnaire and return it to your college president's office.The purpose of this project is to improve your community collegesystem. Your prompt assistance is appreciated.

1. What is your present position in your college?

1. Full-time teacher2. Full-time administrator3. Part-time teacher, Part-time administrator4. Other full-time certificated employee

(librarian, media support, counselor, etc.)

If you are a full-time teacher or part-time teacher/part-timeadministrator, please answer the next question.

2. What is your contracted salary for the present school year?(Exclude any compensation you might receive that is notguaranteed by your basic contract; for example, exclude over-loads and extra-term or duty assignments.) Choose the nearestfigure.

1. $11,000 6. $16,0002. $12,000 7. $17,0003. $13,000 8. $18,0004. $14,000 9. $19,0005. $15,000 10. $20,000 or more

If you are a full-time administrator, please answer the nextquestion.

3. What is your contracted salary for the present school year?(Exclude any compensation not guaranteed by your basiccontract.) Choose the nearest figure.

1. $14,000 6. $19,0002. $15,000 7. $20,0003. $16,000 8. $21,0004. $17,000 9. $22,0005. $18,000 10. $23,000

If you are neither a teacher nor an administrator but a certificatedemployee, please answer the next question.

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272 R. J. BEN01T AND A. SMITH

4. What is your contracted salary for the present school year?(Exclude any compensation not guaranteed by your basiccontract.) Choose the nearest figure.

1. $11,000 6. $16,0002. $12,000 7. $17,0003. $13,000 8. $18,0004. $14,000 9. $19,0005. $15,000 10. $20,000

5. What is your age?

1. 20-29 3. 40-49 5. 60-over

2. 30-39 4. 50-59

6. Sex

1. Male

2. Female

7. Race

1. White, Non-Hispanic2. Black, Non-Hispanic3. Hispanic4. American Indian or Alaskan Native5. Asian/Pacific Islander

8. What is your marital status?1. Single2. Married

9. Are you retired from the Armed Forces and now receiving apension or retirement pay?

1. Yes2. No

10. What is the highest degree you have earned? If different thanthose listed below, check nearest equivalent.

1. Bachelor's2. Master's3. Specialist4. Doctorate5. I do not have a Bachelor's degree

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DEMOGRAPHIC AND JOB SATISFACTION CHARACTERISTICS 273

11. If your highest degree is a Bachelor's, how many semestercourse hours do you have toward a Master's degree?

1. I am not working toward a Master's degree2. 1-15 hours3. 16-30 hours4. 31 hours or more

12. If your highest degree is a Master's, how many semester coursehours do you have toward a Doctor's degree?

1. I am not working toward a doctorate2. 1-193. 20-394. 40 hours or more5. All but dissertation

13. Are you now working in a subject area or administrative areafor which you prepared as an undergraduate or graduatestudent?

1. Yes-full time2. Yes—predominantly3. Mostly in other areas4. Entirely in other areas

14. How many years of teaching and/or administrative experiencedo you have?

1. 1-2 4. 7-8 7. 13-142. 3-4 5. 9-10 8. 15 or more3. 5-6 6. 11-12

15. How many years of teaching and/or administrative experiencein community colleges do you have?

1. 1-2 4. 7-8 7. 13-142. 3-4 5. 9-10 8. 15 or more3. 5-6 6. 11-12

16. How many years have you taught or worked in the collegewhere you are now employed?

1. 1-2 4. 7-8 7. 13-142. 3-4 5. 9-10 8. 15 or more3. 5-6 6. 11-12

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274 R.J. BENOITANDA.SMITH

17. In which area is most of the work in your present job done?

1. Academic2. Technical, vocational, health related or special degree3. Administrative4. Counseling, library, instructional support, media

18. How many formal courses have you taken which were spe-cifically designed to assist you in teaching or working in acommunity college in contrast to teaching or working at someother level of education?

1. 1 4. 4 or more2. 2 5. none3. 3

19. Have you participated in an in-service program designed forcommunity college personnel? (If so, in how many suchprograms have you been a participant?)

1. 1 4. 4 or more2. 2 5. none3. 3

20. If salary, promotion and security were equal in each of thefollowing types of institutions, in which would you prefer towork?

1. Secondary school2. Community college3. Four-year college4. University

21. Do you expect to continue in the community college fielduntil you retire?

1. Yes2. No3. Don't know

22. What is your overall attitude toward community college workas a career?

1. Very satisfied2. Satisfied3. Indifferent4. Dissatisfied5. Very dissatisfied

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DEMOGRAPHIC AND JOB SATISFACTION CHARACTERISTICS 275

23. Indicate your two main reasons for satisfaction with the natureof community college work.

FIRST REASON SECOND REASON

1. Association with college- 1.age students

2. Helping young people 2.grow

3. Public image of 3.community college

4. Transmitting knowledge 4.5. Enjoyment of teaching 5.6. Freedom from research 6.7. Offering "second chance" 7.

to college students8. Other 8.9. None 9.

24. Indicate your two main reasons for dissatisfaction with thenature of community college work.

FIRST REASON ' SECOND REASON

1. Association with college- 1.age students

2. Necessity of helping 2.young people grow

3. Need to transmit 3.elementary knowledge

4. Public image of 4.community college

5. Lack of time for L 5.research

6. "Second chance" for 6.students

7. Multi-purpose school 7.8. Other 8.9. None 9.

25. What are your two main satisfactions with the working condi-tions in a community college?

FIRST REASON • SECOND REASON

1. Well-motivated students 1.2. Fine colleagues 2.

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Z76 Ft. J. BENOIT AND A. SMITH

3. Intellectually stimulating 3.associations

4. Desirable environment 4.5. Freedom and independence 5.

in work6. Desirable physical 6.

facilities7. Other 7.8. None 8.

26. What are your two main dissatisfactions with communitycollege work?

FIRST REASON SECOND REASON

1. Pay 1.2. Administrative procedures 2.3. Working hours ' 3.4. Student load 4.5. Counseling responsibilities 5.6. Extra-curricular duties 6.7. "Low status" of 7.

community colleges8. Other 8.9. None 9.

REFERENCES

Benoit, R. J. Characteristics and attitudes of Florida community collegefaculty. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, 1978.

Mills, E. Analysis of the degree of faculty satisfactions in Florida communitycolleges. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, 1968.

Montgomery, D. M. An analysis of facility acceptance of and commitment tothe stated mission of the Florida community junior college. Unpublisheddoctoral dissertation, University of Florida, 1962.

Received June 6, 1979Accepted October 8, 1979

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