Democratic Paradigm

Jefferson & Madison

1801-1814

Thomas Jefferson1801-1809

Rev. of 1800 Rise of Republicanism

• Jeff. reverses much of Fed. agenda

• Beginning of VA Dynasty

Restoring the Meaning of Rev.

• Limited nat. govt

• Enlightenment into practice

• States will care for people & property

• Free trade

• Freedom of religion & press

• Friendly w/ all nation, but allied to none

Actions

• Minimize fed. power & eliminate gov’t oversight of economy

• Cut expenses - Reduced gov’t employees

• Cut military & navy

• Abolished all taxes, except the tariff

• Paid off ½ debt

• Sedition Acts expire

Judicial Review

• John Marshall

• Marbury v. Madison (1803)– Supreme Court can determine if an act of

Congress violates Constitution

• Fletcher v. Peck (1810)– Judicial review extended to state law

Agrarian Program

• Aggressive expansion of frontier

• Push back Indians

• Reduce homestead prices

• For 20 yrs easy for ordinary people to get land

LA Purchase 1803

• Jeff. not sure its constitutional

• $250M today

• Strengthens farmer Republican tie

Lewis & Clark

• Meriwether Lewis & William Clark

• Goals scientific & commercial– Explore– Find water route to Pacific– Est. trade w/ Indians

• Showed overland travel possible

• Idea America’s destiny to Pacific

Bank

• Money moved to state banks

• Ignorant of possible inflation from lack of regulated currency

• Broke up privilege

1804 Reelection

• Public supports Jefferson’s egalitarian society – easy win

Problems w/ Europe

• 1803 GB & F War

• 1806 blockade

• US neutrality not recognized

• 6000 US sailors seized by 1807 (impressment)

• Chesapeake attacked & boarded (MD)

The Embargo 1807-1809

• (peaceful coercion)

• US ships can’t sail to foreign ports.– 1808 exports plummet 80%– Economy crippled– Domestic manufacturing did well.– US lost $16M in customs revenue.– Port cities devastated

Election 1808

• James Madison Sec. of State

• Voters overlook Embargo– Love Republican freedom

• Republican Party stronger (win S & W)

• Jefferson paradigm confirmed

James Madison1809-1817

Expansion

• Expand into Spanish West FL (AL & MS)– Part of LA Purchase

Madison Policy Change

• 1809 Non-Intercourse Act– Ban only on GB & Fr.

• Macon’s Bill No.2– Take back embargo– 1812 embargo on GB only

• Relations w/ Eng. deteriorate

• Republicans resist preparing for war

Indian Policy

• Washington – settled farming & slaves

• Jefferson – assimilation or removal– Purchase land– Indian debts– Move uncivilized tribes west

Civilized vs. Native Debate

• Decline irreversible

• Major Ridge & John Ross– Survival means assimilation– White fathers

• Nativists– Lose Euro influence– Resist white settlement– Stop selling land

Tecumseh

• & The Prophet (Shawnee)– Whites are evil & we must separate ourselves– Indians must unite & stop selling land (MS

Valley)

• 1810 attack settlements

• 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe– Prophetstown destroyed– Wm. Henry Harrison hero

War Hawks

• 1810 Midterm election victory• Young, Republican Congressmen

– Henry Clay (KY) – John C. Calhoun (SC)

• Defend honor & expansion (Canada & Florida) • Free access to markets key to a farming republic• Push Indians back • Push Madison to war

War Hawks

Causes of War

• GB encouraging Tecumseh

• Continuing attacks on shipping

• “independent people or colonists of GB”

• Vote divided country– North against (money & business)– South & West fore (farming)

1812 Madison Reelected

• Before war started going badly

• Fed. Govt couldn’t – Recruit troops, collect taxes, borrow $

• Militias would go home

• Militias wouldn’t fight out of state

Problems

• Country divided

• Bank of US expired 1811

• New England bankers wont lend $

• Fed. bankrupt at wars end

Hartford Convention

• Dec. 1814 • Federalist mad

– VA presidents– Loss of influence to west

• Amendments– Eliminate 3/5th clause– 2/3 vote for new states, war, trade restricting

laws– Right to own authority if Fed. is violating Con.

War of 1812

• Canada

• GB blockades US

• 1814 Troops run & GB burns DC

• Defense of Ft. McHenry (Balt.)

The South

• Andrew Jackson “Old Hickory”

• Jan. 1815 Battle of New Orleans– Outnumbered 2 to 1– War technically over – Most decisive victory of war– Feels like we won war – Jackson hero

Treaty of Ghent

• Dec. 1814

• Everything goes back way it was before war

• Best we could do

Aftermath

• Fought a war & govt survived

• Jackson national hero

• Indians lose Old NW & rich land in South

• Peace in Europe good for US

Death of the Federalists

• Against War of 1812

• Can’t escape unpatriotic charge

• Represent only the urban rich

• New Era of 1 party rule

• Nationalism & Expansion

Summary

• 15 yrs extended boundaries

• Encourage settlement of west

• Broke up artificial privileges

• Leveled playing field

• Made American society more democratic