Demand Response Automation Around the US:

Tech Trends and Practical Issues

for Facility Operations

NSF BEST CENTER NATIONAL WORKSHOP

Mary Ann Piette, Director, Demand Response Research Center

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Presentation Outline

• Introduction to Demand Response

• Automation and Hot Summer Day DR

• Future – Any Time DR

• Summary

Demand Response for Extreme Events

DR Potential Estimates for Western U.S. States

4

DR Capability (% of Peak Demand)

in High DSM Case

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

California Northwest Southwest

Load as a Capacity Resource

Critical Peak Pricing

Direct Load Control

Interruptible

2032 DR Capability by Program Type

PJM Market Emergency and Economic

Opt-in & Opt-out Rates: Selected Time-Based Pricing Pilots

Name of Pilot Opt-in Rate Opt-out Rate

BG&E – Smart Energy Pricing Pilot (CPP, PTR) (Summer 2008)

18.0% NA

CL&P – Plan It Wise Energy Pilot (CPP, PTR, TOU) (Summer 2009)

Residential: 3.1% C&I: 4.5%

NA

ComEd Residential RTP Program (rate option since

2007) (Response to marketing campaigns)

Avg. direct mail: 0.27% $100 sign-up bonus: 1.08% Free smart meters: 0.15%

NA

ComEd Customer Applications Program (smart-grid initiative) (June 2010-Apr 2011)

NA 2%

Hydro One Networks, Inc. (TOU) (May-Sept 2007)

13.0% NA

PG&E SmartRateTM Tariff (CPP) (Summer 2008)

Residential: 7.5% Small Commercial: 5.0%

NA

PowerCentsDCTM Power Program (CPP, PTR) (Jul 2008-Oct 2009)

Residential: 6.4% Low Income: 7.6%

NA

PSE&G myPower Pricing (TOU+CPP) (Summer 2006-Summer 2007)

Residential, response to direct mail offer: 4.0%

NA

*Source: EPRI 2012(a)

Linking Energy Efficiency and DR

Interfacing Electricity and Transportation Networks

Grid Integration and Load Shaping Objectives

1. Energy Efficiency - reduce overall electricity use.

2. Price Response - move consumption from times of high to times of low prices) – expand to address transmission distribution congestion management.

3. Peak Shaving – requires response during peak hours and focuses on high-system load days – expanded to address transmission distribution congestion management.

4. Reliability Response (contingency response) requires fastest, shortest duration response. Only required during power system “events.” – New and developing area.

5. Regulation Response - continuously follows minute-to-minute commands from grid to balance aggregate system load and generation – Niew and promising for certain loads.

1. Adapted from: Demand Response Spinning Reserve Demonstration Project, Consortium for Electric

Reliability Technology, LBNL, Joseph Eto presentation October 19, 2009. 5/13/2015 8

Future - continuously energy-aware locally transactive control

5/13/2015 9

Demand Response Simplified

Schedule

Price

Signaling

Congestion

Reliability

Economics

Intermittent

Resources

Objectives Data Model Automation

Standards

Control

Strategies

D

Manual

Automated

Centralized

Gateway

Embedded

Typical EMCS – Individual zones

Typical EMCS – Individual zones Adjustment

Normal Mode

Global

Temp

Adjustment

72 7374

7576

777879

7170

6968

6766

65

DR Modete

xt

GTA – Conceptual Implementation #1 (Absolute)

Normal Mode DR Modete

xt

Global Temp Adjustment

(Relative)

“Relax” each zone

by _2_ deg.F

GTA – Conceptual Implementation #2

(Relative)

Comfort: 1.5 deg. F° Temperature Rise at

GSA (39 zone average) (1 of 2)

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

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:00

23

:00

Zo

ne

Te

mp

era

ture

[De

gre

e F

]

Actual Previous Days Average

Control Strategies Evaluated in Previous Demos

15

Global Temperature Adjustment Amounts for Auto-DR sites

68.0

69.0

70.0

71.0

72.0

73.0

74.0

75.0

76.0

77.0

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79.0

80.0

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82.0

Customer

Te

mp

era

ture

(F

)

Normal

Moderate

High

CPP

Ave. temp. increase (mod): 2.75 F

Ave. temp. increase (high): 1.88 F

DBP

Ave. temp. increase: 2.3 F

DBP CPP one-level GTACPP two-level GTA

Re

tail

Muse

um

Off

ice

1 Re

tail

1A

Off

ice

3

Go

vern

me

nt

1

Re

tail

2

Sch

oo

l

Lab

/Off

ice

2

Go

vern

me

nt

2

Go

vern

me

nt

3

Go

vern

me

nt

4

Re

tail

3

Off

ice

4

Lab

/Off

ice

Av

era

ge

Av

era

ge

Av

era

ge

Strategies used in DR Field Tests

Building use

Total

conditioned

area

# of

bldg 2003 2004 2005 Glo

bal

tem

p.

ad

just

men

t

Fan

-co

il u

nit

off

SA

T r

ese

t

Fan

VF

D l

imit

Du

ct

stati

c p

res.

rese

t

Fan

qu

an

tity

red

ucti

on

Ele

ctr

ic h

um

idif

ier

off

CH

W t

em

p.

rese

t

CH

W c

urr

en

t li

mit

Ch

ille

r d

em

an

d l

imit

Bo

iler

lock

ou

t

Pre

-co

oli

ng

Ex

ten

ded

sh

ed

peri

od

Slo

w r

eco

very

Co

mm

on

are

a l

igh

t d

im

Off

ice a

rea l

igh

t d

im

An

ti-s

weat

heate

r sh

ed

Fo

un

tain

pu

mp

off

Tra

nsf

er

pu

mp

off

300 CapMall Office 383,000 1 X X X X X X

ACWD Office, lab 51,200 1 X X X X X X X X

Albertsons Supermarket 50,000 1 X X X

B of A Office, data center 708,000 4 X X X X X X X X

Chabot Museum 86,000 2 X X X

Cal EPA Office 950,000 1 X X X X

CETC Research facility 18,000 1 X X X

Cisco Office, tech lab 4,466,000 24 X X X X X X

2530 Arnold Office 131,000 1 X X X X

50 Douglas Office 90,000 1 X X X X

Echelon Corporate Headquarter 75,000 1 X X X X X X X X

GSA 450 GG Federal office 1,424,000 1 X X

GSA NARA Archive storage 202,000 1 X X

GSA Oakland Federal office 978,000 1 X X X

Gilead 300 Office 83,000 1 X X

Gilead 342 Office, Lab 32,000 1 X X X

Gilead 357 Office, Lab 33,000 1 X X X

Irvington Highschool N/A 1 X X X

IKEA Retail 300,000 1 X X

Kadent Material process - 1 X X

LBNL OSF Data center, Office 70,000 1 X X X

Monterey Office 170,000 1 X X

Oracle Office 100,000 2 X X X

OSIsoft Office 60,000 1 X X

Roche Cafeteria, auditorium 192,000 3 X X X

Target Retail 130,000 1 X X X

UCSB Library Library 289,000 3 X X X X X

USPS Postal service 390,000 1 X X X X

Light, Misc.Participation HVAC

DR Strategies: Lighting

START

Central lighting

control?

Y NCentral lighting

control?

Y N

Dimmable

ballast?

Y NDimmable

ballast?

Y N

Zone

switching

Zone

switching?

Y NZone

switching?

Y N

Bi-level

switching?

Y NBi-level

switching?

Y N

Do not try DR

at this time

Fixture

switching

Continuous

dimming

Lamp

switching

Step

dimming

Bi-level

infrastructure?

Y NBi-level

infrastructure?

Y N

Comfort: Online Tennant Survey (2 of 2)

OpenADR Fundamentals

Provides non-proprietary, open standardized DR interface

Allows electricity providers to communicate DR signals directly to existing customers

Uses common XML language and existing communications such as the Internet

$/kWh

Price Signal

OpenADR Data

Model Internet Comm

Pricing Data Models

Physical Communications

Client Server

Auto-DR Building

Action

End-Use Controls

Control Strategies

Historic focus on Seasonal Grid Stress

OpenADR PG&E Demand Bid Test Day

7/9/2008

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

12:0

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M

1:0

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M

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M

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M

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M

Wh

ole

Bu

ild

ing

Po

wer

(kW

)

CPP MA Baseline

OpenADR Cumulative Shed in July 2008

0.0

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Po

wer

[MW

]

Seattle Municipal Tower Mckinstry Target - T1284 3/10 BL OAT Reg BL

Test Period

OpenADR Northwest Test on

Cold Morning

20

Demand Response Strategies Guide for

Commercial Buildings HVAC Systems

3 . 1 . 1 . G l oba l t e m pe r a tu r e a d j us tm e nt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0

3 .1 .2 . Pass i ve thermal mass s tora ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

3 .1 .3 . Duct s ta t ic pressure decrease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3 . 1 . 4 . Fa n va r i a b l e f r e que nc y d r i ve l i m i t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7

3 . 1 . 5 . S upp l y a i r t e m pe r a tu r e i nc r e ase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8

3 .1 .6 . Fa n qua nt i t y re duct i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3 .1 .7 . Cool ing va lve l imi t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3 . 1 . 8 . C h i l l e d w a te r t e m pe r a t u r e i nc r e a s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1

3 .1 .9 . Ch i l l e r de mand l imi t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

3 .1 .10 . Ch i l l e r quant i t y reduct i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3 .1 .11 . Rebound avo ida nce s t ra teg ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Lighting Systems

3 .2 .1 . Zone sw i tch ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

3 . 2 . 2 . L um i na i r e / l a m p s w i tc h i ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8

3 .2 .3 . S tepped d imming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

3 .2 .4 . Cont i nuous d imm i ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Mi s c e l l a ne ous E qu i pm e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3

Non‐Component‐Specific Strategies

3 .4 .1 . Dema nd l im i t s t ra te gy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

3 .4 .2 . Pr ice ‐ l e ve l res ponse s t ra te gy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

4. Implementation of DR Strategies

4.1. DR Strategy Development and Commissioning...................................................47

DR Quick Assessment Tool

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00

Time

Wh

ole

Bu

ild

ing

Po

wer

k

W

Baseline Pre-cooling with linear temp set up

Pre-cooling with exponential temp set up No pre-cooling with exponential temp set up

Pre-cooling with step temp set up

High Price Period

`

Simple free EnergyPlus tool for retail and office buildings to provide DR

estimates for common HVAC and lighting strategies

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

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0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11

Av

era

ge

Dem

an

d S

av

ing

s (W

/Sq

ft)

Actual data Simulation Results

Excellent performance predicting DR in southern Calif.

Included modeling pre-cooling strategies

OpenADR Interoperability Progress

2002 to 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Research initiated by LBNL/ CEC

Pilots and field trials Developments, tests (Utilities)

OpenADR 1.0 Commercialization (PG&E, SCE, and SDG&E)

Official OpenADR specification (1.0) by LBNL/CEC*

1. OpenADR Standards Development - OASIS (EI TC), UCA, IEC

2. NIST Smart Grid, PAP 09

1. Anytime DR Pilots - Wholesale markets - International demonstrations - Dynamic pricing, renewables

2. All end-use sectors

Certification/Testing (v2.0)

Communication Standards Development:

1. Research and development

2. Pilots and field trials

3. Standards development

4. Conformance and interoperability

EI 1.0 standards - OpenADR profiles

OpenADR 2.0 specifications - Products, commercialization - International standards (IEC)

Over 250 MW

automated in

California

National outreach

with USGBC

SEP Functionality

Function Source Application

A Provide real-time meter data

(kW, kWh)

Meter In-home display

B Provide price, reliability, and

event signals

Utility In-home display;

Demand response

C Retrieve device IDs, settings,

event overrides

Consumer

devices

Demand response;

Tech support

Through the

Meter

Two-way

Narrowband

B

A

C

A

B

C

Thermostats and Plug Load Meters

25

• Sub-metering of the attached device or

appliance at 10second frequency

• Remote on-off control

• The SmartPlug supports 110 Volt and 15

Amp or less

Historical Energy

Analytics

Web based

Monitoring/Contro

l

• Demonstrate DR capabilities using

OpenADR enabled Wi-Fi Thermostats

• OpenADR client and logic native to

the device

• DR events triggered with OpenADR

1.0 Servers AutoGrid DROMS or

Akuacom DRAS.

Web based

Monitoring/Contro

l

Programmable

Communicating

Thermostats

Smart Plug

Action

Items

Social

Media Goals

(Benchmarks)

Control

Signals

Price, Event

Signals

Scenario

Analysis

EPRI Study on Energy Data Feedback

Delivery Mechanism Spectrum 5

Rate

Options

1

Standard

Billing

monthly,

bi-monthly

2

Enhanced

Billing

Info and advice,

household specific

3

Estimated

Feedback

Web-based audits,

billing analysis,

appliance

disaggregation

4

Daily /Weekly

Feedback

Usage

measurements by

mail, email, self-

metered

5

Real-time

Feedback

In home displays,

pricing signal

6

Real-time

Plus

HANs, appliance

disaggregation,

control

“Indirect” Feedback (provided after usage) “Direct Feedback –

(provided during usage)

Online modeling, Instructional videos, Worksheets Digital Machine-to-Machine

Customer Information and Feedback Continuum

Long-term - historical and

comparative

short-term -

current

Source: EPRI

Title 24 - SECTION 120.2 –CONTROLS FOR

SPACE-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (h) Automatic Demand Shed Controls.

DDC to Zone level be programmed to allow centralized demand shed for non-critical zones:

Controls have capability to

- remotely setup cooling temp by 4 F or more in non-critical zones with EMCS

Controls require following features:

- Manual control. Manual control by authorized facility operators to allow adjustment of heating

and cooling set points globally from a single point in the EMCS; and

- Automatic Demand Shed Control. Upon receipt of a DR signal, space-conditioning systems

conduct a centralized demand shed, as specified in Sections 120.2(h)1 and 120.2(h)2.

27

PLP Event

Sta

rt T

ime

En

d T

ime

ACTIVE IDLE

Ramp Period

Pri

ce

Nor.

Mod.

High

Lo

ad

Level

1

2

3

0

PLP Event

Sta

rt T

ime

En

d T

ime

ACTIVE IDLE

Ramp Period

Pri

ce

Nor.

Mod.

High

Pri

ce

Nor.

Mod.

High

Lo

ad

Level

1

2

3

0Lo

ad

Level

1

2

3

0

Occupant Controlled Smart Thermostat in Title 24

OCSTs are self-certified by manufacturer to Energy Commission to

meet T24. Spec focuses on 3 interfaces:

Communications, User Display and HVAC System Interface

Appendix JA5.2.3.1 Price Signals

Price signals allow utility or entity to send a signal or message to occupant’s OCST to provide

pricing info to occupant and initiate DR Control for DR Period utilizing a DR Signal.

JA5.2.3.2 Demand Response Periods

This event class allows utility to initiate DR Control for DR Period utilizing a DR Signal. Signal

attributes shall be specified within messaging protocol.

Messaging Protocols in CEC List are Apples and Oranges ZigBee Wireless Mesh BACnet MSTP ANSI 709.1 OpenADR 2.0 Enocean Wireless Protocol

Renewables and Managing the “Duck” Curve

Source: Sanders, H., “CEC IEPR Demand Response Workshop”, June 17, 2013, slide 3.

New Markets for Responsive Loads

Product Physical Requirements

Product Type General Description How fast to

respond

Length of

response

Time to

respond How often called

Regulation Response to random

unscheduled deviations in

scheduled net load

30 sec Energy

neutral in 15

min

5 min Continuous w/in

specified bid

period

Flexibility Load following reserve for

un-forecasted wind/solar

ramps

5 min 1 hr 20 min Continuous w/in

specified bid

period

Contingency Rapid & immediate

response to supply loss

1 min ≤ 30 min ≤ 10 min ≤ Once/day

Energy Shed or shift energy

consumption over time

5 min ≥ 1 hr 10 min 1-2 x/day & 4-8

hr notification

Capacity Ability to serve as an

alternative to generation

Top 20 hrs coincident w/balancing authority peak

Ancillary Services

Regulation rectifies small discrepancies between

load and 5-minute real time dispatch

Receives operating point instruction and

responds within 4 sec

Energy neutral, although not in practice

Operating Reserves respond when a contingency

event occurs to restore balance.

respond within 10 minutes

event duration typically 10-30 minutes

Includes Synchronous and Non-Synchronous

Fast DR – Evaluating how loads can act like generators – Development of communication, control and telemetry requirements

– Understanding markets and market participation rules

– Research concepts supported with field tests

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

0:0

5

0:4

5

1:2

5

2:0

5

2:4

5

3:2

5

4:0

5

4:4

5

5:2

5

6:0

5

6:4

5

7:2

5

8:0

5

8:4

5

9:2

5

10:0

5

10:4

5

11:2

5

12:0

5

12:4

5

13:2

5

14:0

5

14:4

5

15:2

5

16:0

5

16:4

5

17:2

5

18:0

5

18:4

5

19:2

5

20:0

5

20:4

5

21:2

5

22:0

5

22:4

5

23:2

5

Time of Day

Dem

an

d (

kW

)

Forecasted - Actual Hourly Forecasted Bids

Using Demand-side Resources for Grid Reliability with

DR and Microgrids

Architecture

Loads

Communication

Latency

Summary

Key Issues

• Demand Response is Growing Around US

• Growing capabilities of buildings to provide

services to the electric grid

• New telemetry and control systems provide

low cost automation

• Large need to education facility managers

• Economics are challenges for bill savings

Acknowledgements / Sponsors –

California Energy Commission, US DOE,

Bonneville Power Administration, PG&E, SCE