definition of independence conceptual framework network firms public interest entities related...

• Definition of independence

• Conceptual framework

• Network firms

• Public interest entities

• Related entities

• Those charged with governance

General Provisions

• Documentation

• Engagement period

• Mergers and acquisitions

• Other considerations

General Provisions – cont’d

• Independence of Mind

– The state of mind that permits the expression of a conclusion without being affected by influences that compromise professional judgment, thereby allowing an individual to act with integrity and exercise objectivity and professional skepticism.

• Independence in Appearance

– The avoidance of facts and circumstances that are so significant that a reasonable and informed third party would be likely to conclude, weighing all the specific facts and circumstances, that a firm’s, of a member of the audit team’s, integrity, objectivity or professional skepticism has been compromised.

Definition of Independence

• Audit and review engagements for purposes of Section 290 include a:

– Complete set of financial statements; and

– Single financial statement.

• Modification of the independence requirements that apply to audit and review engagements is permitted where the audit or review report includes a restriction on use or distribution, provided certain conditions are met.

Scope of the Application of Section 290

Conceptual Framework Approach – Threats and Safeguards

• Self-interest

– The threat that a financial or other interest will inappropriate influence the professional accountant’s judgment or behavior.

• Self-review

– The threat that a professional accountant will not appropriately evaluate the results of a previous judgment made or service performed on which the accountant will rely when forming a judgment as part of providing the current service.

• Advocacy

– The threat that a professional accountant will promote a client’s position to the point that the accountant’s objectivity is compromised.

Conceptual Framework – Threats

• Familiarity

– The threat that due to a long or close relationship with a client, a professional accountant will be too sympathetic to their interests or too accepting of their work.

• Intimidation

– The threat that a professional accountant will be deterred from acting objectively because of actual or perceived pressures, including attempts to exercise undue influence over the accountant.

Conceptual Framework – Threats – cont’d

• Safeguards fall into two broad categories:

– Those created by the profession, legislation or regulation; and

– Those in the work environment.

Conceptual Framework – Safeguards

When safeguards are never adequate

Conceptual Framework – Prohibitions

• Network firms are required to be independent of audit clients of other firms within the network

• Network is defined as a larger structure that is:

– Aimed at co-operation; and

– Clearly aimed at profit or cost sharing or shares common ownership, control or management, common quality control policies and procedures, common business strategy, the use of a common brand-name, or a significant part of professional resources.

Network Firms

• Section 290 includes additional provisions that reflect the extent of public interest in certain entities

• Public interest entities defined as:

– Listed entities; and

– Entities

• defined by regulation or legislation as a public interest entity, or

• for which the audit is required by regulation or legislation to be conducted in compliance with the same independence requirements that apply to the audit of listed entities.

Public Interest Entities

• Firms and member bodies are encouraged to determine whether to treat other entities as public interest entities because the entities have a large number and wide range of stakeholders

• Factors to be considered include:

– The nature of the business, such as the holding of assets in a fiduciary capacity for a large number of stakeholders;

– Size; and

– Number of employees.


• Related entities of the audit client are defined as:– An entity that has direct or indirect control over the client if the client is

material to such entity;

– An entity with a direct financial interest in the client if that entity has significant influence over the client and the interest in the client is material to such entity;

– An entity over which the client has direct or indirect control;

– An entity in which the client, or an entity over which the client has direct or indirect control, has a direct financial interest that gives it significant influence over such entity and the interest is material to the client and its related entity; and

– An entity which is under common control with the client (a “sister entity”) if the sister entity and the client are both material to the entity that controls both the client and the sister entity.

Related Entities

• Listed entities

– References to “audit client” include its related entities

– Independence is required from all related entities.

• Non-listed entities

– Independence is required from related entities over which the audit client has direct or indirect control.

– When the audit team knows, or has reason to believe, a relationship or circumstance involving a related entity is relevant to the evaluation of the firm’s independence, that related entity shall be included in the evaluation of independence.

Related Entities

• Regular communication with those charged with governance is encouraged.

• Communication enables those charged with governance to:

– Consider the firm’s judgments in identifying and evaluating threats to independence,

– Consider the appropriateness of safeguards applied, and

– Take appropriate action.

Those Charged with Governance

• The professional accountant shall document conclusions regarding compliance with independence requirements and the substance of relevant discussions supporting conclusions:

– When safeguards are required, the nature of the threat and safeguards in place or applied to reduce threat to an acceptable level shall be documented.

– When a threat required significant analysis to determine whether safeguards were necessary and the accountant concluded safeguards were not necessary because the threat was already at an acceptable level, the nature of the threat and rationale for the conclusion shall be documented.

Documentation

• Independence is required during the engagement period and the period covered by the financial statements.

• The engagement period starts when the audit team begins to perform audit services and ends when the audit report is issued.

• If the engagement is recurring, the period ends at the later of the notification by either party that the professional relationship has terminated or the issuance of the final report.

Engagement Period

• When, as a result of merger or acquisition, an entity becomes a related entity of the audit client, the firm shall:

– Identify and evaluate previous and current relationships that could affect independence, and

– Take steps necessary by the effective date of the merger or acquisition to terminate any current interests or relationships that are not permitted.

Mergers and Acquisitions

• If the firm cannot reasonably terminate an interest or relationship by the effective date, the firm shall:

– Evaluate the significance of the threat, and

– Discuss the matter with those charged with governance and if those charged with governance request the firm to continue as auditor, the firm shall do so only if:

• The interest or relationship will be terminated as soon as reasonably possible and in all cases within six months of the effective date;

• Any individual with such an interest or relationship is not a member of the engagement team or the individual responsible for the engagement quality control review; and

• Appropriate transitional measures are applied and discussed with those charged with governance.


• When the firm has completed a significant amount of audit work before the effective date of the merger or acquisition and can complete the audit in a short period of time, and those charged with governance request the firm to complete the audit while continuing with an interest or relationship that would otherwise be prohibited, the firm shall do so only if :

– The firm has evaluated the significance of the threats and discussed such evaluation with those charged with governance;

– The individual with such an interest or relationship is not a member of the engagement team or the individual responsible for the engagement quality control review;

– Appropriate transitional measures are applied; and

– The firm ceases to be the auditor no later than the issuance of the audit report.


• In all cases, the firm shall determine whether, even if all the requirements can be met, the interests or relationships create threats that would remain so significant that objectivity would be compromised .

• The firm shall document any prohibited interests or relationships that will not be terminated by the effective date of the merger or acquisition, including the:

– Reasons why the interest or relationship was not terminated;

– Transitional measures applied;

– Results of the discussion with those charged with governance; and

– Rationale as to why the threats that remain are not so significant that objectivity would be compromised.


• An inadvertent violation of an independence requirement generally will be deemed not to compromise independence provided:

– The firm has appropriate quality control policies and procedures (equivalent to ISCQ 1) in place to maintain independence; and

– Once discovered, the violation is corrected promptly and any necessary safeguards are applied to eliminate any threat or reduce it to an acceptable level.

• The firm shall determine whether to discuss the matter with those charged with governance.

Other Considerations

• General Provision

• Financial interests

• Loans and guarantees

• Business relationship

• Family and personal relationships

• Employments with an audit client

Key Independence Provisions

• Temporary staff assignments

• Recent service with an audit client

• Serving as a director or officer

• Long association (including partner rotation)

• Provision of non-assurance services

• Fees

Key Independence Provisions

• Compensation and evaluation policies

• Gifts and hospitality

• Actual of threatened litigation

• Reports that include a restriction on use or distribution

Key Independence Provisions – cont’d

• The slides that follow cover particular circumstances or relationships addressed in Section 290 of the Code.

• However, Section 290 does not describe all of the circumstances or relationships that create or may create threats to independence.

• The firm and members of the audit team shall evaluate the implications of similar, but different, circumstances and relationships and determine whether safeguards can be applied when necessary to eliminate the threats or reduce them to an acceptable level.

General Provision

• A firm, a member of the audit team, or an immediate family member shall not have a direct financial interest or material indirect financial interest in:

– The audit client, or

– An entity that has a controlling interest in the audit client if the client is material to the controlling entity.

Financial Interests

• Partners, and their immediate family members, shall not have a direct financial interest or material indirect financial interest in any audit client served by engagement partners located in the same office.

• Partners and managerial employees who provide non-audit services to an audit client, except those whose involvement is minimal, or their immediate family members, shall not have a direct financial interest or material indirect financial interest in such audit client.

Financial Interests

• Financial interests held by immediate family members of:

– Partners in the office of the engagement partner, or

– Partners or managerial employees who provide non-audit services to the audit client

will not compromise independence if the interest is received as a result of the family member’s employment rights and safeguards are applied when necessary.

• When the immediate family member has the right to dispose of the interest or, in the case of stock options, exercise the option, the interest shall be disposed of or forfeited as soon as practicable.

Financial Interests

• Those prohibited from having a direct or material indirect financial interest in an audit client shall not hold such interest as trustee unless:

– The trustee, or immediate family member, or the firm are not beneficiaries of the trust;

– The interest in the audit client is not material to the trust;

– The trust cannot exercise significant influence over the audit client; and

– The trustee, or immediate family member, or the firm cannot significantly influence any investment decision involving a financial interest in the audit client.

Financial Interests

• A firm, a member of the audit team, or an immediate family member shall not have a financial interest in an entity that the audit client also has an interest in if the interest is material to any party and the audit client can exercise significant influence over the entity.

Financial Interests – cont’d

• If the firm, a partner or employee of the firm, or immediate family member, receives a financial interest that would not be permitted, for example by way of an inheritance, gift or as a result of a merger:

– If received by the firm, a member of the audit team, or immediate family member, the interest shall be disposed of immediately, or if the interest is indirect, a sufficient amount shall be disposed of such that the remaining interest is immaterial

– If received by an individual who is not a member of the audit team, or immediate family member, the interest shall be disposed of as soon as possible, or if the interest is indirect, a sufficient amount shall be disposed of such that the remaining interest is immaterial

Financial Interests

• Threats may be created:

– If a member of audit team knows a close family member, or other individuals ,such as professionals in the firm or close personal friends, holds a direct financial interest or material indirect financial interest in the audit client

– A firm’s retirement benefit plan holds a direct financial interest or material indirect financial interest in an audit client

– A firm, a member of the audit team, or immediate family member, has a financial interest in an entity and a director, officer or controlling owner of the audit client is also known to have a financial interest in that entity

Financial Interests

• Audit clients that are banks or similar institutions

– A firm, a member of the audit team, or immediate family member, may not have a loan or guarantee of a loan provided it is made under normal lending procedures, terms and conditions.

– If a loan to a firm is permitted under the above and is material to the audit client or the firm, it may be possible to apply safeguards to reduce the threat to an acceptable level.

• Audit clients that are not banks or similar institutions

– A firm, a member of the audit team, or immediate family member, may have a loan or guarantee of a loan unless it is immaterial to the firm or member of the audit team and the immediate family member, and the client.

Loans and Guarantees

• A firm, a member of the audit team, or an immediate family member, shall not make or guarantee a loan to an audit client unless the loan or guarantee is immaterial to both the firm or member of the audit team and the immediate family member, and the client.

Loans and Guarantees

• A firm shall not have a business relationship with an audit client or its management unless any financial interest is immaterial and the business relationship is insignificant to the firm and the client or its management.

• If any financial interest from a business relationship between a member of the audit team and the audit client or its management is material or the relationship is significant to that member, the individual should be removed from the audit team.

• If the business relationship is between an immediate family member of a member of the audit team and the audit client or its managements, any threat shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.

Business Relationships

• The purchase of goods and services from an audit client by the firm, or a member of the audit team or an immediate family member, does not generally create threats to independence if the transaction is in the normal course of business and at arm’s length.

• If the nature or magnitude of the transactions is such that a self-interest threat is created, safeguards shall be applied when necessary.

Business Relationships

• An individual who has an immediate family member in one of the following positions at an audit client, or who was in the position during any period covered by the engagement or financial statements, shall not be a member of the audit team:

– A director or officer; or

– An employee in a position to exert significant influence over the preparation of the accounting records or the financial statements.

Family and Personal Relationships

• Threats to independence are created when a member of the audit team has an immediate family member who is an employee in a position to exert significant influence over the client’s financial position, financial performance or cash flows.

• The significance of the threats shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.


• Threats to independence are created when a member of the audit team has a close family member in one of the following positions at an audit client:


– An employee in a position to exert significant influence over the preparation of the accounting records of the financial statements.



• Threats to independence are created if a member of the audit team has a close relationship with other persons in one of the following positions at an audit client:


– An employee in a position to exert significant influence over the preparation of the accounting records of the financial statements.

• A member of the audit team who has such a relationship shall consult in accordance with firm policies and procedures.


Family and Personal Relationships – cont’d

• A former member of audit team or partner of the firm shall not join an audit client as director or officer or an employee in a position to exert significant influence over the accounting records or financial statements unless:

– The individual is not entitled to any benefits or payments from the firm, unless made in accordance with fixed pre-determined arrangements and any amount owed to the individual is not material to the firm; and

– The individual does not continue to participate, or appear to participate, in the firm’s business or professional activities.

Employment with an Audit Client

• If no significant connection remains between the firm and the former member of the audit team or partner, the significance of the threats shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.

• Firm policies and procedures shall require members of the audit team to notify the firm when entering employment negotiations with an audit client. Safeguards shall be applied when necessary.

Employment with an Audit Client

• In the case of public interest entities, independence is compromised if a key audit partner or the firm’s Senior or Managing Partner joins the audit client as a director or officer or an employee in a position to exert significant influence over the accounting records or financial statements unless a specified period has passed.

• An exception exists if a former key audit partner or the firm’s Senior or Managing Partner is in such a position as a result of a business combination, provided certain criteria are satisfied.

Employment with an Audit Client – cont’d

• Key audit partners include the:

– Engagement partner;

– Individual responsible for the engagement quality control review; and

– Other audit partners on the engagement team who make key decisions or judgments on significant matters with respect to the audit.

• Specified period

– In the case of key audit partners, the client has issued audited financial statements covering a period of not less than twelve months and the partner was not a member of the audit team with respect to the audit of those financial statements.

– In the case of the former Senior or Managing Partner, twelve months have passed since the individual held that role.

Employment with an Audit Client – cont’d


• Such assistance may be given only for a short period of time.

• Firm personnel shall not:

– Provide a non-assurance service that would not be permitted under section 290; or

– Assume a management responsibility.

• In all cases the audit client shall be responsible for directing and supervising the activities of the loaned staff.

• The significance of any threats shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.

Temporary Staff Assignments

• A partner or employee of the firm shall not serve as a director or officer of an audit client.

• A partner or employee may serve as Company Secretary if:

– The practice is specifically permitted under local laws and professional rules of practice;

– Management makes all relevant decision;

– The duties are routine and administrative; and

– The significance of the threats are evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.

Serving as a Director or Officer

• Using the same senior personnel on an audit engagement over a long period of time creates threats to independence, which should be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.

• In the case of audit clients that are public interest entities, key audit partners shall rotate after seven years and shall not be a member of the engagement team or a key audit partner for the client for two years.

Long Association of Senior Personnel

• Where continuity is especially important to audit quality, key audit partners may, in rare cases due to unforeseen circumstances outside of the firm’s control, be permitted one additional year as long as threats to independence can be eliminated or reduced to an acceptable level by applying safeguards.

• The time served as a key audit partner is taken into account when the audit client becomes a public interest entity.

– An additional year is permitted only when the individual has served as a key audit partner for six or more years when the audit client becomes a public interest entity.


• During the two year “time out” period, the individual shall not:

– Participate in the audit of the entity;

– Provide quality control for the engagement;

– Consult with the engagement team or the client regarding technical or industry-specific issues, transactions or events; or

– Otherwise directly influence the outcome of the engagement.


• Rotation is not required if:

– The firm has only a few people with the necessary knowledge and experience to serve as a key audit partner;

– An independent regulator has provided an exemption from rotation in such circumstances;

– The independent regulator has specified alternative safeguards; and

– The alternative safeguards are applied.


• Before the firm accepts an engagement to provide a non-assurance service to an audit client, a determination shall be made whether providing the service creates a threat to independence.

• The firm shall not provide the service if the threats cannot be reduced to an acceptable level by the application of safeguards.

Provision of Non-assurance Services

• A firm may provide a non-assurance service that would otherwise be restricted to the following related entities, provided the results of the services will not be subject to audit procedures:

– An entity that has direct or indirect control over the audit client;

– An entity with a direct financial interest in the audit client if that entity has significant influence over the client and the interest in the client is material to the entity; or

– An entity under common control with the audit client.

• The significance of any threats shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.


• A non-assurance service provided to the audit client before the client becomes a public interest entity does not compromise the firm’s independence if:

– The service was permissible for audit clients that are not public interest entities;

– The service that is not permitted for public interest entities is terminated before or as soon as practicable after the client becomes a public interest entity; and

– Safeguards are applied when necessary.


Non-assurance Services

• A firm shall not assume a management responsibility for an audit client.

• To avoid the risk of assuming a management responsibility, the firm shall be satisfied that a member of management is responsible for:

– Making the significant judgments and decisions that are the proper responsibility of management;

– Evaluating the results of the service; and

– Accepting responsibility for the actions to be taken from results of the service.

Management Responsibilities


Audit Clients that are not Public Interest Entities

• The firm may provide services related to the preparation of accounting records and financial statements where the services are of a routine or mechanical nature and any threat is evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary. Examples include:

– Providing payroll services based on client-originated data;

– Recording transactions for which client has determined or approved the appropriate account classification;

– Posting client-coded transactions to the general ledger;

– Posting client-approved entries to the trial balance; and

– Preparing financial statements based on the trial balance.

Preparing Accounting Records and Financial Statements


Audit Clients that are Public Interest Entities

• Except in emergency situations, a firm shall not provide accounting and bookkeeping services, including payroll services , to an audit client or prepare financial statements on which the firm will express an opinion or financial information which forms the basis of financial statements.

• A firm may provide services of a routine and mechanical nature for divisions or related entities if the personnel providing the service are not on the audit team and:

– The divisions or related entities are collectively immaterial; or

– The services relate to matters which are collectively immaterial to the financial statements of the division or related entity.

Preparing Accounting Records and Financial Statements – cont’d


Emergency Situations

• In emergency or other unusual situations when it is impractical for the audit client to make other arrangements, accounting and bookkeeping services that would otherwise be prohibited may be provided if:

– Those who provide the services are not on the audit team;

– The services provided only for a short period of time and are not expected to recur; and

– The situation is discussed with those charged with governance.

Preparing Accounting Records and Financial Statements – cont’d


General Provisions

• Valuation services may create a self-review threat, which shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.


• A firm shall not perform a valuation service if the valuation service has a material effect on the financial statements and the valuation involves a significant degree of subjectivity.


• A firm shall not provide valuation services if the valuations would have a material effect, separately or in the aggregate, on the financial statements.

Valuation Services


Tax Return Preparation

• Providing tax return preparation services does not generally create a threat to independence if management takes responsibility for the returns and any significant judgments made.

Taxation Services


Tax Calculations – Audit Clients that are not Public Interest Entities

• Preparing calculations of current and deferred tax liabilities (or assets) for purpose of preparing accounting entries that will be subsequently audited by the firm creates a self-review threat.

• The significance shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.

Taxation Services


Tax Calculations – Audit Clients that are Public Interest Entities

• Except in emergency situations, a firm shall not prepare tax calculations of current and deferred tax liabilities (or assets) for the purpose of preparing accounting entries that are material to the financial statements.

• In emergency or unusual situations when it is impractical for the client to make other arrangements, a firm may prepare tax calculations if (1) those who provide services are not on audit team, (2) the services are provided only for a short period of time and are not expected to recur, and (3) the situation is discussed with those charged with governance.

Taxation Services


Tax Planning and Other Tax Advisory Services

• A self-review threat may be created when advice will affect matters to be reflected in the financial statements. The threat shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.

• A firm shall not provide tax advice if the effectiveness of the advice depends on a particular accounting treatment or financial statement presentation and:

– The audit team has reasonable doubt as to the appropriateness of the related accounting treatment or presentation; and

– The outcome or consequence of the tax advice would have a material effect on the financial statements.

Taxation Services


Assistance in the Resolution of Tax Disputes

• An advocacy or self-review threat may be created when the firm assists the audit client with the resolution of a tax dispute once the tax authorities have notified the client that they have rejected the client’s arguments and the matter is being referred for determination in a formal proceeding. The threats shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.

• A firm shall not act as an advocate for the audit client before a public tribunal or court in the resolution of a tax matter if the amounts involved are material to the financial statements.

Taxation Services


General Provisions

• When providing internal audit services to an audit client, firm personnel shall not assume a management responsibility, and the firm shall be satisfied that:

– The client designates an appropriate and competent resource to be in charge and acknowledge responsibility for internal controls;

– Management or those charged with governance review, assess and approve the scope, risk and frequency of the services;

– Management evaluates the adequacy and results;

– Management decides which recommendations to implement; and

– Management reports to those charge with governance the significant findings and recommendations.

Internal Audit Services


General Provisions

• If the firm provides internal audit services and the results of those services will be used in conducting the external audit, a self-review threat is created, which shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.




• A firm shall not provide internal audit services that relate to:

– A significant part of the internal controls over financial reporting;

– Financial accounting systems that generate information that is, separately or in the aggregate, significant to the client’s accounting records or financial statements; or

– Amounts or disclosures that are, separately or in the aggregate, material to the client’s financial statements.



• The firm may provide the following services provided firm personnel do not assume a management responsibility:

– Designing or implementing IT systems that are unrelated to internal control over financial reporting;

– Designing or implementing IT systems that do not generate information forming a significant part of the accounting records or financial statements;

– Implementation of “off-the-shelf” accounting or financial information reporting software not developed by the firm if no significant customization is required to meet the client’s needs; and

– Evaluating and making recommendations on a system designed, implemented or operated by another or the client.

IT Systems Services



• A firm shall only provide services involving the design or implementation of IT systems that:

– Form a significant part of the internal control over financial reporting; or

– Generate information that is significant to the accounting records or financial statements

if certain specified safeguards are put in place to ensure that the client takes responsibility for the services. A determination shall be made as to whether other safeguards are necessary.

IT Systems Services



• A firm shall not provide services involving the design or implementation of IT systems that:

– Form a significant part of the internal control over financial reporting; or

– Generate information that is significant to the accounting records or financial statements.

IT Systems Services


• If the firm provides litigation support services involving estimating damages or other amounts that affect the financial statements, the requirements regarding valuation services shall be followed.

• For other litigation support services, the significance of any threat created shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.

Litigation Support Services


• A firm shall not act in an advocacy role for an audit client in resolving a dispute or litigation when the amounts involved are material to the financial statements.

• A partner or employee shall not act as General Counsel for legal affairs of an audit client.

• For other legal services, the significance of any threat created shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.

Legal Services


• Providing recruiting services may create threats to independence, which shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.

• A firm may generally provide services such as:

– Reviewing the professional qualifications of candidates and providing advice on their suitability for a position; and

– Interviewing candidates and advising on their competence for financial accounting, administrative or control positions.

Recruiting Services



• A firm shall not provide the following services with respect to a director or officer of the audit client or senior management in a position to exert significant influence over the client’s accounting records or financial statements:

– Searching for or seeking out candidates for such positions; and

– Undertaking reference checks of prospective candidates for such positions.

Recruiting Services


• Providing corporate finance services may create threats to independence, which shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.

• A firm shall not provide corporate finance advice if the effectiveness of the advice depends on a particular accounting treatment or financial statement presentation and:

– The audit team has reasonable doubt as to the appropriateness of the accounting treatment or presentation; and

– The outcome or consequence of the corporate finance advice would have a material effect on the financial statements.

Corporate Finance Services

• Threats are created when fees from an audit client represent a large proportion of the total fees of the firm or a large proportion of the total revenue of an individual partner or an individual office of the firm.

• The threats shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.

Fees – Relative Size


• If the total fees from the client are more than 15% of the firm’s total fees for two years, the firm shall discuss which of the following safeguards to apply with those charged with governance:

– A pre-issuance engagement quality control review performed by a professional accountant who is not a member of the firm; or

– A post-issuance review equivalent to an engagement quality control performed by a professional accountant who is not a member of the firm.

• If the total fees significantly exceed 15% of the firm’s total fees , the firm shall determine whether the significance of the threat is such that a pre-issuance review is necessary.

Fees – Relative Size

• A threat may be created when fees from an audit client remain unpaid for a long time.

• Generally, the firm is excepted to require payment of any significant unpaid fees before the issue of the audit report for the following year.

• If fees remain unpaid after the report has been issued, any threat shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.

Fees – Overdue

• A contingent fee shall not be charged in respect of an audit engagement.

• A contingent fee shall not be charged for a non-assurance service provided to an audit client if:

– The fee is charged by the firm and the fee is material or expected to be material to the firm;

– The fee is charged by a network firm that participates in a significant part of the audit and the fee is material or expect to be material to the network firm; or

– The outcome of the non-assurance service, and therefore the amount of the fee, is dependent on a future or contemporary judgment related to the audit of a material amount in the financial statements.

Contingent Fees

• For other contingent fee arrangements, threats to independence shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.

Contingent Fees

• Key audit partners shall not be evaluated on or compensated for the partner’s success in selling non-assurance services to their audit clients.

• A threat may be created if other members of the audit team are evaluated on or compensated for their success in selling non-assurance services to their audit clients. The threat shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.

Compensation and Evaluation Policies

• A firm or member of the audit team shall not accept gifts or hospitality from an audit client unless the value is trivial and inconsequential.

Gifts and Hospitality

• Litigation between the firm or a member of the audit team and an audit client creates a threat to independence.

• The significance of the threat shall be evaluated and safeguards applied when necessary.

• If safeguards do not reduce the threats to an acceptable level, the firm shall withdraw from the audit engagement.

Actual or Threatened Litigation

• The Code provides for some modifications to the independence requirements for audit engagements where the report includes a restriction on use and distribution, unless the audit is required by law or regulation.

• The modifications are permitted if the intended users of the report:

– Are knowledgeable as to the purpose and limitations of the report; and

– Explicitly agree to the application of the modified independence requirements.

Reports that Include a Restriction on Use or Distribution

• The revised Code is effective on January 1, 2011.

• Certain transitional provisions apply to the following:

– Public interest entities;

– Partner rotation;

– Non-assurance services;

– Fees – relative size; and

– Compensation and evaluation policies.

Effective Date

International Federation of Accountantswww.ifac.org

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