DEFINING & NON-DEFINING DEFINING & NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSESRELATIVE CLAUSES

PARTICIPLE CLAUSESPARTICIPLE CLAUSES

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSEDEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE The doctor whowho helped me most was Dr. Clark. (No

commas) The doctor (that)(that) I found most helpful was Dr.

Clark. (that- can be omitted if it’s the object not the subject!!!)

The treatment thatthat helped me most was acupuncture. The treatment (that)(that) I liked best was acupuncture.

DRCDRC are an essential part of the meaning of a sentence and therefore they cannot be left cannot be left outout. They define exactly who or what we talk about.

‘‘That’That’ can be the can be the ‘subject’‘subject’ after the after the following:following:

Superlatives All Every (thing) Some (thing) Any (thing) No (thing) Only

1.1. The only thing thatthat matters is that you are safe.

2.2. All that’sthat’s needed is a little more time. 3.3. He wrote some of the best poetry that’sthat’s

ever been written.

Prepositions can come either before relative pronoun or at the end of the relative clause.

e.g.e.g. This is the book I was talking to you aboutabout.

The people I work withwith are very kind.

Person Person Thing Thing

Subject Subject

Object Object

Who (that)Who (that)

_____(that)_____(that)

That (which)That (which)

_____(that)_____(that)

NON –DEFINING CLAUSENON –DEFINING CLAUSE Mr. Jenkins, who has written several bookswho has written several books,

spoke at the meeting last night. My favorite drink is whisky, which is one of which is one of

Britain’s most profitable exportsBritain’s most profitable exports.

Non-defining relative clauseNon-defining relative clause add extra information of secondary importance, and can can be left outbe left out.

Prepositions can come at the end of NDRC,NDRC, but in a formal style they are usually put before the relative pronoun.

e.g.e.g. The lecturer spoke for two hours on the subject of Weingarten’s Theory of Market Forces, which none of us had ever heard ofof.

The privatization of all the industry, to to which this government is deeply committed, is not universally popular.

Person Person Thing Thing

Subject Subject

Object Object

……..,who….,..,who….,

…….,who…(,whom….).,who…(,whom….)

……..,which…,..,which…,

……., which….., which….

DIFFERENT MEANING?DIFFERENT MEANING?

The position of Sales Manager went to the man who who was 40.was 40.

The position of Sales Manager went to the man, who who was 40.was 40.

The students who had missed the buswho had missed the bus started the test late.

The students, who had missed the buswho had missed the bus, started the test late.

DRC vs. NDRCDRC vs. NDRC Has she told you what’s worrying herwhat’s worrying her? I have to do what I believe is rightwhat I believe is right. There’s the woman whose son was killed recentlywhose son was killed recently. The lift isn’t working, which means we will have to which means we will have to

use the stairs. use the stairs. He shops in Oxford, where his sister liveswhere his sister lives. Do you remember the reason why we are arguingwhy we are arguing?

WHO & WHICHWHO & WHICH

Never used as object after: - superlatives, time expressions or indefinite

pronouns (either omitted or replaced by that) e.g. This is the most expensivemost expensive present (that)(that)

I ever intended to buy. Choose a seat anywhere (that)anywhere (that) you want.

PARTICIPLEPARTICIPLE When Participles come after a noun, they are like

reduced relative clauses. The woman, who was talking to the managerwho was talking to the manager, is

my boss. The woman talkingtalking to the manager is my boss.

The book was written by W. Thackeray. It is a real page-turner. The book written written by W. Thackeray, is a real page-turner.

The man being interviewedbeing interviewed by the police is suspected of arson (who is being interviewedwho is being interviewed)

Forms of the Participle Forms of the Participle

Active Active PassivePassive

Present Present

Perfect Perfect

Past Past

writingwriting

having writtenhaving written

__________________________

being writtenbeing written

having been writtenhaving been written

written written

Reading Having read Being read

Having been read Read

Читаючи Прочитавши Який читають, коло

його читали Коли його прочитали Прочитаний

Throwing Who threw Being thrown Thrown

Який кидає Який кинув Якого кидають Кинутий

Present ParticiplePresent Participle describes action which is still happening.

e.g.e.g. They watched the burningburning forest. Past ParticiplePast Participle describes the result of an

action that has happened.

e.g.e.g. She looked at the brokenbroken chair.

PARTICIPLE CLAUSESPARTICIPLE CLAUSES 1.1. Describe actions that are going on

simultaneously.e.g.e.g. She sat by the fire reading reading a book. He went

to the party dresseddressed as a monkey. 2.2. Describe actions that happen consecutively.e.g.e.g. OpeningOpening his suitcase, he took our a

revolver. ReleasedReleased from his cage, the lion prowled

around.

3.3. If it is important to show that the first action has finished before the second begins, the Perfect Perfect Participle Participle (having + Participle II)(having + Participle II) is used.

e.g.e.g. Having finishedHaving finished lunch, we set off. 4.4. Can express an idea of ‘because’

e.g.e.g. BeingBeing a mean man, he never spent more than he had to. Not knowingNot knowing what to do, I waited patiently.

Weakened Weakened by years of bad health, she could hardly sit up in bed.

5.5. Participle clause can express the idea of result.

e.g.e.g. It rained every day for two weeks, completely ruiningruining our holidays.

6.6. Participle Clause can express the idea of ‘if’

e.g.e.g. Taken Taken regularly, aspirin can reduce the risk of a stroke.

7.7. Can be introduced by while, after, by, on, since.

e.g.e.g. On enteringOn entering the room, I noticed that everyone was looking at me. When leavingWhen leaving the plane, remember to take your belongings with you.