defensive driving course manual

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TLILIC2014BLICENCE TO DRIVE A LIGHT RIGID VEHIC

LEARNER GUIDE Module One Road Rules and Legislation


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TLILIC2014B LICENCE TO DRIVE A LIGHT RIGID VEHICLEModule One Road Rules and Legislation

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THE CUNNING FAMILY TRUST AND THE PEACHEY FAMILY TRUST TRADING AS SAFE WORK RESOURCES PTY LTD ABN 90 785 129 255(SAFE WORK RESOURCES)

The information, software, products, and services included in or available through the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other productsmay include inaccuracies, operational or typographical errors. Changes are periodically added to the information herein. Safe Work Resources and/or its associatedcompanies/businesses may make improvements and/or changes in the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products at any time. Advice received via the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products is of a general nature and should not be relied upon for personal,medical, legal or financial decisions and you should consult an appropriate professional for specific advice tailored to your situation.

Safe Work Resources and/or its associated companies/businesses make no representations about the suitability, reliability, availability, timeliness, and accuracy of theinformation, software, products, services and related graphics contained on the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products for anypurpose. To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, all such information, software, products, services and related graphics are provided "as is" withoutguarantee, warranty or condition of any kind. Safe Work Resources and/or its associated companies/businesses hereby, to the maximum of extent permitted byapplicable law, disclaim all guarantees, warranties and conditions with regard to this information, software, products, services and related graphics, including all impliedwarranties or conditions of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, title and non-infringement and to the extend guarantees, warranties and conditions areimplied and cannot be excluded, Safe Work Resources limits its liability at Safe Work Resources option to the: replacement of the goods or the supply of equivalentgoods; repair of the goods or payment of the cost of having the goods repaired; payment of the cost of replacing the goods or of acquiring equivalent goods; or

resupplying the services or the costs of resupplying the services.To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, in no event shall Safe Work Resources and/or its associated companies/businesses be liable for any direct,indirect, punitive, incidental, special, consequential losses or damages or any damages whatsoever including, without limitation, damages for injury or death, loss of use,data, profits, revenue, production, opportunity, goodwill or any similar loss whether or not in your reasonable contemplation, arising out of or in any way connected withthe use or performance of the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products with the delay or inability to use the Safe Work Resourceswebsite, applications, documents or any other products or related services, the provision of or failure to provide services, or for any information, software, products,services and related graphics obtained through the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products or otherwise arising out of the use ofthe Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products whether based on contract, tort, negligence, strict liability or otherwise, even if SafeWork Resources or any of its associated companies/businesses has been advised of the possibility of damages. Because some states/jurisdictions do not allow theexclusion or limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages, the above limitation may not apply to you. If you are dissatisfied with any portion of the SafeWork Resources website, applications, documents or any other products or related services or with any of these terms of use, your sole and exclusive remedy is todiscontinue using the Safe Work Resources website, applications, documents or any other products or related services.

Your use of the Safe Work Resources information, software, products & services is governed by the laws of the state of Victoria and you hereby agree to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of or in Victoria and courts of appeal therefrom.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Review Log ..................................................................................................................................... 4

1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 5 1.1.1 What Is A Light Rigid Vehicle? .............................................................................................................. 6 1.1.1.1 Transmission Types ...................................................................................................................... 6

1.2 Road Rules And Legislation ................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1 Licence Requirements ........................................................................................................................... 8

1.2.1.1 Medical Eligibility ........................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Road Rules .......................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2.3 Permits ................................................................................................................................................ 12 1.2.4 OHS/WHS Legislation ......................................................................................................................... 12

1.2.4.1 Harmonisation Of Work Health & Safety Legislation ................................................................... 14 1.2.5 Fatigue Management .......................................................................................................................... 16

1.2.6 Environmental Protection .................................................................................................................... 16

Appendix 1A Work Health & Safety Common Terms And Definitions ................................. 17


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REVIEW LOG

Version Number Date Updated Details of Updates

Version 4HReleased May,2013


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1.1 INTRODUCTIONThese materials are based on the unit of competencyTLILIC2014B: Licence To A Drive Light RigidVehicle, and cover the skills and knowledge required to obtain a licence to drive a light rigid vehicle.

They cover:

Systematic and efficient control of all vehicle functions.

Monitoring of traffic and road conditions.

Management of vehicle condition and performance.

Effective management of hazardous situations.


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1.1.1 WHAT IS A LIGHT RIGID VEHICLE?

A light rigid vehicle is: A rigid truck that is greater than 4.5 tonnes GVM butless than or equal to 8 tonnes GVM, or A rigid bus less than or equal to 8 tonnes GVM, or onethat seats more than 12 adults including the driver.

1.1.1.1 TRANSMISSION TYPES

Light rigid vehicles may have a manual transmission or an automatic transmission.

A manual transmission is the type most commonly installed, as it is efficient and able to withstand thestress of hauling heavy loads.

Automatic transmission is suited to smaller vehicles that have to do a lot of stopping and starting.

Automated manual transmission (AMT) allows a driver to change gears without the need for a clutch.


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1.2 ROAD RULES AND LEGISLATIONThere are a range of procedures and codes that need to be followedwhen operating a light rigid vehicle.

These include relevant state/territory regulations and legislationsuch as:

Roads and traffic authority driving regulations andlicence requirements pertaining to light rigid vehicles.

Road rules, instructions, procedures, information andsigns.

Permit regulations and requirements.

Occupational Health & Safety/Work Health & Safety(OHS/WHS) legislation.

Fatigue management regulations.

Environmental protection legislation.


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1.2.1 LICENCE REQUIREMENTS

A light rigid vehicle can only be driven by someone with a currentstate/territory licence.

It is a legal offence to drive, or allow someone else to drive, alight rigid vehicle without the relevant licence.

To drive passenger vehicles such as buses youwill be required to have:

A good driving record.

No criminal convictions.

No medical condition that may impairyour driving skills.

Until you obtain the appropriate licence you may only drive alight rigid vehicle if a person who holds a valid light rigid vehiclelicence accompanies you.

You must also display Driver Under Instruction plates at thefront and rear of the vehicle.

While learning to drive a light rigid vehicle, you must have azero Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) at all times.

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1.2.1.1 MEDICAL ELIGIBILITY

There is a wide range of medical, hearing and eyesight conditions,which will prevent the issue of a light rigid vehicle licence.

Some common conditions that may affect the issue of a licence include:

Visual defects, including loss of vision in one eye.

Hearing defects.

Angina, heart disease/surgery/hypertension, havinga pacemaker.

Some psychiatric disorders.

Epilepsy.

Diabetes.

Sleep apnoea.

Head injuries, dementia, stroke.

Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis.

Physical disabilities/partial or complete loss of limbs.


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Having these conditions does not necessarily prevent theissue of a licence but careful evaluation will be needed. Insome cases a restricted licence may be considered.

If you are concerned that you may not be eligible, youshould speak to your doctor or contact the relevantauthority in your state or territory before you undertakedriver training or testing.

If you have any medical condition, it is in your own interestto ensure that it is appropriate for you to apply for thecategory of vehicle in which you are interested.

All drivers are legally obliged to notify their relevant state orterritory authority if they have or develop a medicalcondition that may impact on their ability to drive safely.

In addition to the appropriate licence, you may also berequired to obtain a Driver Certificate to drive a vehiclecarrying passengers for hire and reward. Strict eyesightrequirements apply to Driver Certificate applicants.


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1.2.2 ROAD RULES

Drivers must comply with all road rules including these four main areas:

Signage on roadways (all categories),structures, other vehicles.

Speed limits.

Seat belt laws for driver and passengers.

Alcohol and drugs laws.

It is against the law to drive under the influence of alcohol or drugs(including some over-the-counter and prescription drugs). Never usestimulants to stay awake while driving.

Police have the power to conduct roadside alcohol and drug tests.

All drivers and passengers should wear a secure and properlyadjusted seatbelt.

Road rules are enforced by police and transport safety services. Youmust stop when signaled and comply with their directions.

They may check:

Your licence or work diary.

The mass, height and width of your vehicle.

The mass, height and width of your load.

The condition of your vehicle.


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1.2.3 PERMITS

Some vehicles such as passenger buses or specialpurpose vehicles may require a special permit in order tobe operated.

Carrying dangerous goods or oversized loads may alsorequire a permit.

Vehicle operators will need to carry their permits with themat all times while conducting permit work.

1.2.4 OHS/WHS LEGISLATION

OHS/WHS legislation is defined as laws and guidelines that help keep a workplace safe.

These can be broken down into four main types:

Legislation/Acts Acts of Parliament and laws to protect the health, safety and welfare ofpeople at work.

Regulations More details or information on particular parts of the Act.Codes of Practice/Compliance Codes

Practical instructions on how to meet the terms of the law, e.g. WorkCoverdocuments.

Australian Standards The minimum levels of performance or quality for a hazard, work processor product.


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It is important that you are familiar with the OHS/WHS lawsthat exist in your state or territory. Each state in Australia hasits own OHS/WHS legislation and regulations that must befollowed.

The following OHS/WHS legislative requirements will affect the way that you work:

Australian Standards.

Industry OHS/WHS Standards andGuidelines.

Duty of Care.

Health and Safety Representatives,Committees and Supervisors.

Job Safety Analysis (JSA) and Safe WorkMethod Statements (SWMS).

Licences, Tickets or Certificates of

Competency.

National safety standards.

OHS/WHS and Welfare Acts and regulations.

Safety Codes of Practice.

All drivers, their employers and any other personnel/workersinvolved in light rigid vehicle operations have a legalresponsibility under duty of care to do everything reasonablypracticable to protect themselves and others from harm.

This means complying with safe work practices, includingactivities that require licences, tickets or certificates ofcompetency or any other relevant state and territoryOHS/WHS requirements.


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1.2.4.1 HARMONISATION OF WORK HEALTH & SAFETY LEGISLATION

In response to industry calls for greater nationalconsistency, the Commonwealth, states and territorieshave agreed to implement nationally harmonised Work

Health & Safety (WHS) legislation to commence on 1January 2012.

While not all states and territories have actuallyimplemented the model WHS legislation as of the start of2012, it is important to be aware of these changes, as allstates and territories will eventually implement them.

Harmonisation aims to develop consistent, reasonable and effective safety standards and protections forall Australian workers through uniform WHS laws, regulations and codes of practice.


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Key Elements Of The Work Health & Safety Legislation

The following key elements of the WHS legislation will impact the way you do your job, and theresponsibilities of your workplace:

The legislation also outlines requirements for:

The reporting requirements for notifiable incidents.

Licences, permits and registrations (e.g. forpersons engaged in high risk work or users ofcertain plant or substances).

Provision for worker consultation, participation andrepresentation at the workplace.

Provision for the resolution of health and safetyissues.

Protection against discrimination.

Many specific details relating to WHS will be negotiated within theworkplace in accordance with the legislation.

It is important that you speak with your Health and SafetyRepresentative or supervisor for more information on how theseelements will effect your day-to-day operations, or if you have anyconcerns relating to health and safety.

A list of common WHS terms and their definitions can be found in Appendix 1A.


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1.2.5 FATIGUE MANAGEMENT

State/territory legislation sets out maximum work times andminimum driving and rest times for operators of rigid light vehicles.

1.2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

It is important that light rigid vehicle operations do not have anegative impact on the environment.

Impacts may include:

Noise pollution.

Exhaust fumes and smoke.

Vehicle leaks.

Material falling from vehicles (e.g. chemical spills).

It is important to keep vehicles in good working order and tosafely secure loads to avoid these issues.


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APPENDIX 1A WORK HEALTH & SAFETYCOMMON TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

PersonConducting aBusiness orUndertaking(PCBU)

A person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU) replaces the term employer. APCBU includes all employers, sole traders, principal contractors, unincorporatedassociations, partnerships and franchisees. Volunteer organisations that also employpeople will be PCBUs. A PCBUs primary duty of care is to ensure the health and safety of everyone in theworkplace, so far as is reasonably practicable.

Officers An Officer is a person who makes, or participates in making, decisions that affect thewhole or a substantial part of a corporation. This includes Health and SafetyRepresentatives (HSR).

Workers Worker replaces the term employee. It is defined broadly to mean a person who carries

out work in any capacity for a PCBU. A worker covers employees, contractors, sub-contractors (and their employees), labourhire employees, outworkers, apprentices, trainees, work experience students andvolunteers.

ReasonablyPracticable

Reasonably Practicable is defined as action that is, or was at a particular time,reasonably able to be done to help ensure health and safety based on the followingfactors:

a) Chances of the hazard or risk occurring (likelihood).b) The degree of harm (consequence).c) The knowledge of persons involved in the situation relating to the hazard or risk

and methods of eliminating or controlling it.d) The availability and suitability of ways to eliminate or control the hazard or risk.e) The costs involved in taking action to eliminate or control the hazard or risk

including consideration of whether the cost involved is inconsistent to the level ofrisk.

DueDiligence

The Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (the WHS Act 2011) imposes a specific duty onofficers of corporations to exercise due diligence to ensure that the corporation meets itswork health and safety obligations. In short, they have a responsibility to ensure that thePCBU is doing everything it should to ensure health and safety.The duty requires officers to be proactive in ensuring that the corporation complies withits duty.

Due diligence may be demonstrated through the following courses of action:1. Acquiring knowledge of health and safety issues.2. Understanding operations and associated hazards and risks.3. Ensuring that appropriate resources and processes are used to eliminate or

minimise risks to health and safety.4. Implementing processes for receiving and responding to information about

incidents, hazards and risks.5. Establishing and maintaining compliance processes.6. Verifying the provision and use of the resources mentioned in 1-5.


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TLILIC2014BLICENCE TO DRIVE A LIGHT RIGID VEHIC

LEARNER GUIDE Module Three Drive the Light Rigid Vehicle


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TLILIC2014B LICENCE TO DRIVE A LIGHT RIGID VEHICLEModule Three Drive the Light Rigid Vehicle

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Review Log ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Module Basis .................................................................................................................................. 4 3.1 Drive And Position The Light Rigid Vehicle .......................................................................... 5 3.1.1 Vehicle Handling Procedures ................................................................................................................ 6 3.1.2 Driving And Positioning Techniques ...................................................................................................... 7

3.1.2.1 Choosing Appropriate Speeds ....................................................................................................... 7 3.1.2.2 Being Observant ............................................................................................................................ 9 3.1.2.3 Keeping A Safe Distance ............................................................................................................. 11 3.1.2.4 Accelerating And Steering ........................................................................................................... 14 3.1.2.5 Braking ................................ ........................................................................................................ 14 3.1.2.6 Turning ........................................................................................................................................ 15 3.1.2.7 Changing Gears .......................................................................................................................... 16

3.1.2.8 Driving Up And Down Hills .......................................................................................................... 17

3.1.2.9 Obeying Road Signs .................................................................................................................... 17 3.1.2.10 Reversing The Vehicle .............................................................................................................. 19

3.1.3 Driving Buses ...................................................................................................................................... 20 3.1.3.1 Bus driving techniques ................................................................................................................ 21

3.2 Monitor Vehicle Performance And Efficiency ..................................................................... 22 3.2.1 Check Engine Power ........................................................................................................................... 22 3.2.2 Check Vehicle Controls And Instruments ............................................................................................ 22

3.3 Monitor Traffic And Road Conditions .................................................................................. 23

3.4 Identify And Respond To Driving Hazards .......................................................................... 25 3.4.1 Driving Hazards ................................................................................................................................... 25 3.4.2 Hazard Controls .................................................................................................................................. 26

3.4.2.1 Defensive Driving Techniques ..................................................................................................... 27 3.4.2.2 General Hazard Avoidance Or Control ........................................................................................ 28 3.4.2.3 Fatigue Management ................................................................................................................... 28 3.4.2.4 Stress Management .................................................................................................................... 32

3.5 Follow Driving Emergency Procedures ............................................................................... 33 3.5.1 Emergency Procedures ....................................................................................................................... 34

3.5.1.1 Emergency Braking ..................................................................................................................... 34 3.5.1.2 Evasive Steering .......................................................................................................................... 35 3.5.1.3 Horn Use ..................................................................................................................................... 36 3.5.1.4 Skidding ....................................................................................................................................... 36 3.5.1.5 Brake Failure ............................................................................................................................... 36 3.5.1.6 Tyre Failure ................................................................................................................................. 37 3.5.1.7 Vehicle Breakdown Or Loss Of Load .......................................................................................... 37 3.5.1.8 Crashes ....................................................................................................................................... 38 3.5.1.9 Fire .............................................................................................................................................. 38

3.6 Interacting With Other Road Users ...................................................................................... 39


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REVIEW LOG

Version Number Date Updated Details of Updates

Version 4HReleased May,2013

MODULE BASISThis module is based on the unit of competency TLILIC2014B Licence To Drive A Light Rigid Vehicle:

Element 1 Drive a light rigid

vehicle.

Element 2 Monitor traffic androad conditions.

Element 3 Monitor andmaintain vehicle performance.

1.1 Light rigid vehicle is started, steered, manoeuvred, positioned and stoppedaccording to traffic regulations, manufacturers instructions and relevant vehiclehandling procedures.1.2 Engine power is managed to ensure efficiency and performance and to minimiseengine and transmission damage.1.3 Braking system of light rigid vehicle is managed and operated efficiently to ensureeffective control of vehicle under all conditions.1.4 Driving hazards are identified and/or anticipated and avoided or controlled throughdefensive driving.1.5 Light rigid vehicle is driven in reverse, maintaining visibility and achieving accuratepositioning.2.1 Traffic and road conditions are constantly monitored and acted upon to enablesafe operation and ensure no injury to people or damage to property, equipment,loads and facilities.

2.2 Interaction with other road users is conducted courteously and according to road

rules to ensure safe and efficient traffic flow.


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3.1 DRIVE AND POSITION THE LIGHT RIGID VEHICLE

As the operator of a light rigid vehicle you will need to safely start, steer, manoeuvre, position and stop thevehicle in a variety of road transport situations.

In doing so you must follow the vehicle manufacturers instructions and comply with all traffic regulations.


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3.1.1 VEHICLE HANDLING PROCEDURES

It is also important that you follow handling procedures to enable you to drive the vehicle safely andeffectively no matter what road conditions or environment you are working in.

Vehicle handling procedures will outline the requirements for:

Starting the vehicle.

Driving and positioning techniques such as:

Steering and manoeuvring.

Accelerating and braking.

Positioning and stopping.

Reversing.

Operating vehicle controls, instruments andindicators.

Using defensive driving techniques.

Managing engine performance.

Handling procedures will also guide you in how to drive the vehicleunder typical road transport conditions, which may include:

Daytime and night-time driving.

Driving in various weather conditions.

Driving on the open road.

Driving on a private road.

Operating at a depot, base or warehouse.

Operating while at a client's workplace or worksite.


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3.1.2 DRIVING AND POSITIONING TECHNIQUES

3.1.2.1 CHOOSING APPROPRIATE SPEEDS

Managing speed is one of the most important parts of safedriving.

There is no single safe speed. You must adjust your speedfor the road surface, driving conditions and how far ahead youcan see.

For example, you will need to slow down when:

You see potential hazards.

The road ahead is obscured by fog or obstruction.

When driving on wet or gravel roads.

Traffic And Speed

The safest speed to drive in heavy traffic is the same speedas other vehicles as long as it is within the speed limit.

When driving in traffic, remember that:

Vehicles travelling in the same direction at the samespeed rarely run into each other.

Rear-end crashes happen when vehicles are movingat different speeds.

The more you change lanes, the higher the chancesof having a crash and the more tiring it is to keepspeeding up and braking.

Overtaking uses more fuel and puts more stress onthe driver and vehicle.


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Driving Around Bends

Your vehicle has a high centre of gravity and if you take a bendtoo fast, one of three things could happen:

The wheels could lose traction and you will go straightahead in a skid.

The wheels could hold their traction but your vehiclewill not turn and will most probably roll over.

Your load could move or even roll off the vehicle.

Do not brake once you are in the bend as this can cause the

wheels to lock and produce a skid.

The best way to drive around bends is to adjust your speedbefore reaching the bend. This can be done by:

Picking the smoothest line through the bend thatneeds the least steering adjustment.

Easing off the accelerator.

Changing down gears.

Accelerating slightly as you come out of the bend.

Always drive at a safe speed and never exceed the speedlimit.


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3.1.2.2 BEING OBSERVANT

Make sure you remain alert and attentive to everything that is happening onthe road.

While driving keep a look out for:

Other vehicles (including bicycles and motorbikes) andpedestrians.

Hills.

Bends and curves in the road.

Merging lanes.

Potentially hazardous road conditions such as potholes or objects

in the road.

Road signs and traffic lights.

Loose straps, ropes, chains, tarpaulins on your vehicle.

Use Your Mirrors

Remember to frequently use your mirrors, particularly when turning ormerging with traffic. Build a habit of short, regular glances in all themirrors to check around the vehicle, including the tyres and your load.

Be aware that mirror images are reversed. Convex (or curved) mirrorsgive you a wider view but they also make things look further awaythan they really are.

Always check your flat mirror as well to gauge the real distance oftraffic behind you.


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Blind Spots

You need to check your mirrors often for overtaking vehicles butthere are some blind spots where you cannot see, even withmirrors.

There are also other areas beyond the range of your mirrors, e.g.smaller vehicles or motorcycles right behind you or level with thecab beside you.

If you use your mirrors all the time you may see them before theymove into the blind spots.

Special Mirror Checks

There are also special mirror checks you must make when changing lanes,turning, merging into traffic and going through tight spaces.

As you make a right turn, check your mirrors to ensure you will not hit anyvehicles parked or stopped close to the intersection of the road you are turninginto. Remember to allow space for the cutting-in of the rear end of your vehicle.

As you make a left turn, use your left mirror to check that your rear wheels donot mount the kerb, strike a post or hit a parked vehicle.

Also carefully check that a car or other vehicle is not trying to overtake you onthe left hand side.

When you are about to merge, use the mirrors to check there is enough roomfor you to enter the new lane. Traffic behind you may have sped up or changedlanes, making less room for you to move.

When driving through a crowded intersection or narrow road, keep checkingyour mirrors to make sure you can manoeuvre the full length of your vehiclethrough without hitting anything.


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3.1.2.3 KEEPING A SAFE DISTANCE

To drive safely you need space all around your vehicleto give you time to stop or change lanes.

Be aware that it can take between two and threeseconds for you to see a problem ahead and put yourfoot on the brake pedal.

Managing Space Around Your Vehicle

You cannot force the drivers of other vehicles to stay a safedistance behind you but you can do your best to manage the spacearound your own vehicle.

Make sure you maintain an effective crash avoidance space to thefront when driving your vehicle. This will give you adequate time torespond if you need to brake and stop suddenly.

Always drive in the centre of the lane when:

Another vehicle is coming the other way.

Another vehicle is overtaking you.

You are overtaking another vehicle.


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Handling Tailgaters

A common problem for drivers of trucks and buses is tailgating. This iswhen the driver of another vehicle drives too closely behind you.

In this situation you need to stay as far left as you can. On hills, useslow vehicle lanes and do not overtake other vehicles unless you cando so quickly or there is no other traffic.

On multi-lane roads with a speed limit over 80km/h or roads signedKeep Left Unless Overtaking you must stay left unless you can safelyovertake.

If you are being tailgated you should:

Slow down gradually to encourage other drivers toovertake and to do so more quickly.

Avoid quick changes of speed, slow down graduallyand signal early.

Increase the distance between yourself and thevehicle you are following more room in front ofyou will reduce the risk of having to make sudden

speed or direction changes.

Do not speed up tailgaters will tend to stay behindyou and it is safer at slower speeds.

Avoid tricks do not turn on tail lights or flash yourbrake lights as it may cause confusion.


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3.1.2.4 ACCELERATING AND STEERING

Accelerate smoothly and gradually. Rough acceleration can causedamage to your vehicle or load.

When driving in rain, snow or gravel you should accelerate moreslowly than normal to prevent the wheels from spinning.

Use both hands to keep a firm grip on the steering wheel whiledriving. Keep your thumbs clear of the spokes, and do not reachthrough the steering wheel to operate the controls as the spokescould injure you if the wheel spins.

3.1.2.5 BRAKING

You must be familiar with all braking devices and how they workfor your light rigid vehicle. You need to know what sort of brakingsystem it has, i.e. hydraulic brakes or air brakes.

Also check the manufacturers handbook for the brakingperformance of your vehicle, i.e. the distance travelled whilebraking and the total stopping distance. These will vary accordingto road and environmental conditions.

When braking it is important to remember:

The heavier a vehicle is, the harder it is stop and thelonger it takes.

Take factors such as the weight of the load or wet

conditions into account.Brake early and come to a gradual halt.

Ease your foot off the brake pedal as you slow down.

Brake when travelling in a straight line (where possible).

An empty vehicle or one with a light load handlesdifferently from a loaded vehicle.


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3.1.2.6 TURNING

Be careful when you swing the vehicle wide to turn into a street orintersection.

Position yourself so that you have a good view of the road you areentering and make sure no one can pass you on the left.

Be aware that when a vehicle moves around a turn or curve, the rearwheels follow a shorter path than the front wheels. This is referred toas cut-in.

The longer the vehicle and the sharper the turn, thegreater the cut-in.

When turning to the right, steer close to the left side of thelane and when turning to the left, steer close to the rightside of the lane. This will help reduce the problem of cut-in.

Two Turning Lanes

Turning LeftWhere there are two lanes for turning left, always startyour turn so that where possible you are mostly in theturning lane that is furthest left.

If you only use the left turning lane that is closer to thecentre of the road, a car may try to move into the lane onyour left. That driver will not expect the rear of yourvehicle to move into their lane as it cuts in.

Remember, other vehicles on your left hand side arealways harder to see in your mirrors.

Turning RightIf there are two right turning lanes, always start your turnso that your vehicle is in the right turning lane nearest tothe left of the road.

Check your left mirror for cars overtaking illegally on yourleft, who may turn to the right in front of you. Check yourright mirror for traffic which might overtake on your right.


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3.1.2.7 CHANGING GEARS

Make sure you change gears smoothly and at the right time.

Gear changing is smoother when you use double-clutching(or de-clutching).

To double-clutch:

1. Depress the clutch.

2. Shift to neutral gear.

3. Release the clutch.

4. Adjust engine revs to the right speed for the nextgear change.

Observing engine speed (revs per minute or RPM) andengine sound will help you decide when to change gears.

The vehicle manufacturers handbook will specify maximumand minimum revs and road speed for each gear. Use the

tachometer which measures and shows the engine revs.

You should change down gears when:

Slowing.

Stopping.

Turning.

Driving up a hill.

Before driving down a hill.


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3.1.2.8 DRIVING UP AND DOWN HILLS

When you are driving up a hill, make sure that you shift gears downearly enough to avoid engine vibration (lugging) and labouring.

When driving down a hill make sure that you:

Slow down and select the correct gear before descending.

Do not change gear while going downhill.

Use auxiliary brakes to control speed.

Try to brake on straight sections of road.

Avoid repeatedly applying and releasing brakes (fanning) this can cause the brake linings to heat up and they will nolonger work to slow the vehicle.

3.1.2.9 OBEYING ROAD SIGNS

There are a number of road signs you will need to pay specialattention to when driving a light rigid vehicle.

These signs include:

No truck do not pass if your vehicle is equal to or less than themass or weight specified (4.5 tonnes if no limit is stated).

Trucks must enter you must enter this area as per theinformation indicated on or near the sign.

Light traffic do not use the road if your total weight exceeds theamount specified (unless necessary for a pick up or delivery).


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Load limit (bridge/gross) do not pass if your total weight exceedsthe amount specified.

Truck lane - trucks more than 4.5 tonnes must use truck lanes whenindicated.

No buses do not pass if you are driving a bus.

Bus lane public buses must use bus lanes/bus only lanes.

You will also encounter other road signs such as:

Clearance/low clearance.

Low bridge ahead.

Over-dimension.


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3.1.2.10 REVERSING THE VEHICLE

Reversing a large vehicle can be hazardous and you should plan ahead to keep this manoeuvre to aminimum, i.e. park so that you can drive away forwards, if possible.

When reversing, it is important to always maintain visibility and accuratelyposition the vehicle. This can be done by:

Making sure you know what is behind your vehicle beforemoving get out and look if you need to.

Having someone guide you through blind spots if possible.

If you are using a trailer, make sure all wheels are pointing in astraight line.

Reversing and turning to the drivers side. This will give you abetter view. Avoid sharp turns.

Reversing at a slow speed and make corrections as necessary.

Using loading docks and driveways when possible.


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Be aware of regulations and signs that may relate toyour bus such as:

Some intersections have traffic lights with bussignals a white B on a black backgroundmeans that buses only may proceed; a whiteB on a red background means that buses maynot proceed.

All buses (and some trucks) must stop at anuncontrolled railway crossing.

3.1.3.1 BUS DRIVING TECHNIQUES

Passengers

Watch that passengers get on and off safely.

Make sure any passenger having difficulty getting on and off the bushas assistance.

Scan the road ahead so that you can see passengers waiting at abus stop and you can slow down to pick them up.

Driving

Regularly scan the internal mirrors to make sure thepassengers are in no danger.

Drive smoothly and avoid sudden changes in directionwhen accelerating or braking.

Allow for passengers movements as you travel. Theymay want to move to the exit door while the bus is stillmoving.

Take note of and respond to stop requests.


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3.2 MONITOR VEHICLE PERFORMANCE ANDEFFICIENCY

3.2.1 CHECK ENGINE POWERWhile you are operating the light rigid vehicle it is essential that youcontinually manage the power of the engine to ensure efficiency andcorrect performance.

It will also help to minimise engine and transmission damage.

You can check the performance of the engine by:

Listening for excessive engine noise.

Looking out for vibration and any smoke or leaks.

Good driving practices will help reduce wear and tear on the engine andlessen the chances of machinery problems.

3.2.2 CHECK VEHICLE CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTS

You also need to monitor the performance and efficiency ofthe vehicle as a whole.

To do this you will need to understand all the functions anduses of the light rigid vehicle controls, instruments andindicators.

Make sure that you read thoroughly the manufacturersinstructions for the vehicle you are operating.

Some vehicles are fitted with monitors such as black boxesthat automatically record details of operations such as:

Speed.

Time spent moving.

Time sent stationary.

Distance between stops.


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3.3 MONITOR TRAFFIC AND ROAD CONDITIONSIt is important to constantly monitor traffic and road conditions so that you can safely operate the light rigidvehicle.

This will help to ensure that no one is injured and that no damage to property, equipment, loads andfacilities occurs.

Common traffic and road conditions that you may encounter include:

Weather conditions heavy rain and/or wind, bad light, flooding, snow or fog.

Road surface conditions unsealed roads, loose or slippery surfaces, icy roads, pot holes.

Traffic delays or diversions.


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3.4 IDENTIFY AND RESPOND TO DRIVINGHAZARDS

3.4.1 DRIVING HAZARDSWhile operating your light rigid vehicle, there are many hazards that you may encounter.

These may include:

Wet and iced roads.

Oil, animals or objects on the road.

Overhead obstacles.

Fire in the vehicle.

Leaking fuel.

Faulty brakes or steering mechanism on the vehicle.

Parked vehicles on the road.

Pedestrians crossing the road.

Flooded sections of road.

Windy sections of road.

Foggy conditions.


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3.4.2 HAZARD CONTROLS

If any driving hazards arise, it is essential that you respond appropriately to minimise, control or eliminatethem.

You need to stay calm, take precautions and apply defensive driving techniques where necessary.


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3.4.2.1 DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUES

Defensive driving means always being prepared to take corrective action if required.

Some defensive driving techniques are:

Always maintain a good vision ahead and around your vehicle.Stay alert and be prepared to react to the unexpected.Drive at the right speed for the conditions and know when toslow down and stop. Always wear your seat belt. Anticipate the mistakes or unsafe manoeuvres of the otherdrivers, especially when negotiating or crossing obstacles.Watch for the reverse lights of any vehicle ahead of you.Pay close attention to pedestrian crossings or when drivingnear playgrounds, schools, and shopping centre car parks.Be cautious of cyclists or children playing anywhere near the

road.Do not drive if you have been drinking, are on medication, orare very tired.Keep the vehicle in good working order (tyres, windows, fluidsetc.).Follow the road rules and give way whenever necessary.Use your horn to warn pedestrians or other drivers of possibletrouble or to avoid accidents.Use headlights in rain, snow, fog, in evening, or early morning. Allow extra space between heavy-equipment vehicles,motorcycles, or bicycles and your vehicle.If a tailgater is following you, move to another lane if possible orpull to the side of the road and let the tailgater pass you. Do nottailgate others, especially when on unsealed roads.Do not drive in another driver's blind spot.Do not weave in and out of traffic.Slow down near road works and follow speed limits asinstructed.If you plan to drive a long distance, stop and rest or stretch afterevery two hours.Slow down in unfamiliar areas, or where livestock or nativeanimals are in the area.


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3.4.2.2 GENERAL HAZARD AVOIDANCE OR CONTROL

In order to anticipate and avoid or control hazards whileoperating your vehicle, you should:

Be thorough in your inspections of the light rigid vehicle.

Always drive safely and follow all road rules and signs.

Keep the cabin free of loose objects as these canobstruct the brake, clutch or accelerator.

Always use correct procedures when entering or exitingyour vehicle.

Never use a handheld phone while the vehicle is movingor stationary but not parked.

Use hazard warning lights and warning triangles whennecessary.

Use correct manual handling procedures when dealingwith loads.

Manage fatigue.

Manage stress.

3.4.2.3 FATIGUE MANAGEMENT

Fatigue is one of the leading causes of crashes for drivers of all types of vehicles.


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Causes of Fatigue

As the driver of a light rigid vehicle you should be aware that sleep deprivation during shift work or fromexcessive working hours is a major cause of fatigue.

Other causes are:

Night-time driving.

Monotonous driving, e.g. along highways.

Tight schedules with no rests between jobs.

Physical work, e.g. loading and unloading thevehicle.

Hot weather.

Poor physical or mental health.

Medications.

It is important that you get regular, adequate sleep. You should also learn to recognise the warning signs offatigue and take the necessary steps to combat them.

Fatigue Warning Signs

Warning signs that you are suffering fatigue include:

Poor and careless performance.

Inability to concentrate and think clearly.

Decreased attention span.

Overlooking minor but potentially important details.

Slow reaction time.

Boredom, irritability, lack of motivation.

Impaired communication and cooperation.

Tiredness, yawning, sore eyes.

Headaches, stomach or other problems.

Micro sleeps, i.e. nodding off for a short period of time.


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Fatigue Management Techniques

While there is no substitute for adequate sleep, rest, or time off,you can employ some short-term counter-measures to minimisethe hazards presented by fatigue.

A key strategy in dealing with fatigued drivers is to manage shiftsand work hours effectively.

Shift system design must consider:

The effect on worker fatigue.

The effects of activities carried out during rostered andovertime hours.

The impact on sleep cycles of activities such as the time

for commuting to and from work.

The monitoring and control of working hours.

Other fatigue management techniques include:

Adjusting the driving seat so that you arecomfortable and less likely to get tired and/or sufferaches and pains.

Making sure you have enough sleep before startingwork.

Drinking plenty of water to prevent dehydration,which can be a problem in air-conditioned vehicles before you leave drink 2 glasses of water, and tryto drink at least a litre of water every 2 hours.


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Avoiding large heavy meals before leaving as thesecan make you drowsy being hungry is a goodexcuse to stop and take a break for a quick bite.

Planning your journeys so that you can take regularbreaks while driving, i.e. rest for 15 minutes every 2hours.

Sharing the driving with another trained andcompetent person.

Being aware of the warning signs of fatigue and stopand rest as soon as possible.

Not driving for longer than the legal work time.

Catching up when you can on any sleep debt.

Trying to stay cool and breathe fresh air whendriving.

All of the time you spend working should be taken intoaccount when managing fatigue. This includes not justyour driving time but also activities such as loading andunloading, vehicle servicing and record keeping.


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3.4.2.4 STRESS MANAGEMENT

There are a range of factors that can cause stress to drivers oflight rigid vehicles including:

Fatigue.

Physical exhaustion and discomfort.

Work pressures such as time restraints and deadlines.

Long periods of time spent away from family and friends.

Dealing with risks associated with driving a large vehicle.

Negative interactions with other road users.

Legal pressures and paperwork.

These factors can cause physical and mental health problems foryou and could increase the risk of accidents.

It is therefore important that you deal with any fatigue and/or stress-related problems as effectively as you can.

Stress Management Techniques

Drivers can reduce stress by:

Effectively managing fatigue.

Eating a healthy diet and getting plenty of exercise.

Adequately planning for long trips.

Maintaining a positive attitude despite difficulties.


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3.5 FOLLOW DRIVING EMERGENCY PROCEDURES As the operator of a light rigid vehicle you need to be familiar with the types of driving emergency that mayarise.

You should also be familiar with procedures for responding to these emergencies.


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3.5.1 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

Driving emergencies could include the following situations and response procedures:

3.5.1.1 EMERGENCY BRAKING

If you need to stop suddenly, do not slam your brakes on. Apply them just hard enough to almost lock thewheels.


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3.5.1.2 EVASIVE STEERING

If there is not enough room to brake, you may have to steeryour vehicle out of the way of whatever is in your path.

This may involve moving into an empty lane or evenleaving the road completely if safe to do so.

Some emergency steering techniques include:

Keeping both hands in a firm grip on the steering wheelwhenever possible.

Avoiding braking while turning so that the wheels do not lock.

Not turning any more than is needed to clear whatever is theway the more sharply you turn, the greater the chance of askid or rollover.

Being prepared to counter-steer, i.e. turn the wheel back inthe other direction once youve passed the hazard.


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3.5.1.3 HORN USE

A blast from your horn can be used if a vehicle, pedestrian or animal isabout to cause an emergency by moving into your path.

3.5.1.4 SKIDDING

Skidding is very dangerous when driving a light rigid vehicle and is best avoided. Skids occur when tyreslose their grip on the road and can be caused by:

Over-braking when you apply the brakes too hardand lock the wheels.

Over-steering when you turn the wheels moresharply than the vehicle can turn.

Giving too much power to the drive wheels causingthem to lose grip and spin.

Travelling too fast for the road conditions.

3.5.1.5 BRAKE FAILURE

If your vehicles brakes fail while travelling, you will need toone or all of the following:

Change down gears to slow down.

Pump the brakes this can sometimes produceenough hydraulic pressure to stop the vehicle.

Apply the park brake.

Look for an escape route, e.g. a side street, openfield or emergency off-ramp.

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/&0*($, $--#


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3.5.1.6 TYRE FAILURE

Tyre failure may not necessarily cause a crash but failure ofthe front tyres could lead to a loss of steering control.

Safe drivers can handle tyre failure by:

Knowing the signs that a tyre has failed, e.g.sound, vibration, feel.

Gripping the steering wheel firmly with both hands.

Staying off the brake.

Applying the trailer brake lightly (if appropriate).

3.5.1.7 VEHICLE BREAKDOWN OR LOSS OF LOAD

If your vehicle breaks down or a load has fallen onto theroad, you are required to park on the side of the road or apart of the road not used by the main body of traffic.

You will also need to use warning triangle devices.

These devices should be placed as follows:Out in front of the vehicle at a distance required bythe state or territory where you are located.

Behind the vehicle at a distance required by thestate or territory where you are located.

At the side of the vehicle or fallen load.


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3.5.1.8 CRASHES

If you are involved in a crash or come across a crash while travelling you should:

Stop (away from the crash site if possible).

Protect the area, e.g. by using hazard warning lights andwarning triangles.

Attend to any injured people.

Notify the authorities by putting out a call over the emergencychannel on your CB radio or by dialling 000 on your phone.

Supply necessary information to the other party and the police(if in attendance), e.g. your name, address, registration detailsand the vehicle owners name.

It is a serious offence if you fail to stop, render help and exchange allrequired details after being involved in a crash.

3.5.1.9 FIRE

In the event of a fire starting anywhere on your truck or bus, you must stop the vehicle in a safe place wellaway from anything flammable.

You also need to inform emergency services by dialling 000.Engine Fire

If there is a fire in the engine, keep the bonnetclosed.

Aim the fire extinguisher through the grill or fromunderneath.

If there is a fire in a van or box trailer, keep the doorsclosed until you are confident that you have what

you need to combat it.


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3.6 INTERACTING WITH OTHER ROAD USERSWhen driving your light rigid vehicle you must alwaysfollow road rules and be courteous and communicate

effectively with other road users.

This will ensure that traffic flows safely and effectively.

If you make sure that other drivers know you are nearthem and what your intentions are, you can help toprevent crashes.

Your interactions with pedestrians or other drivers should include the following communication techniques:

When turning, braking or changing lanes make sure you signal your intentions early, giving otherroad users plenty of time to respond.

When overtaking another vehicle, cyclist or pedestrian, assume that they do not realise where youare. When necessary, lightly tap your horn as a warning.


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If another driver unexpectedly signals a turn, you may need to sound your horn. Also watch incase a driver starts a turn without signalling.

When you are having trouble seeing other vehicles, those drivers will also find it hard to see you.Turn on your headlights or fog lights on low beam.

Use hazard warning lights and warning triangles when necessary.

Keep your cool and do not indulge in road rage.

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