deep-ocean mineral deposits - elements · deep-ocean mineral deposits guest editors: paul a. j....

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Deep-Ocean Mineral Deposits Guest Editors: Paul A. J. Lusty and Bramley J. Murton 301 307 313 319 325 331 Deep-Ocean Mineral Deposits: Metal Resources and Windows into Earth’s Processes Paul A. J. Lusty and Bramley J. Murton Modern Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: New Perspectives on Ancient Ore-Forming Processes Sven Petersen, Berit Lehrmann, and Bramley J. Murton Formation and Occurrence of Ferromanganese Crusts: Earth’s Storehouse for Critical Metals Paul A. J. Lusty, James R. Hein, and Pierre Josso Metal Extraction from Deep-Ocean Mineral Deposits Mikhail V. Zubkov, Pawel K. Plucinski, Adrien C. Y. Dartiguelongue and Paul A. J. Lusty Mining Deep-Ocean Mineral Deposits: What are the Ecological Risks? Daniel O. B. Jones, Diva J. Amon, Abbie S. A. Chapman DEPARTMENTS Editorial – The “Plasticene” Epoch? .................... 291 From the Editors .................................. 292 Meet the Authors ................................. 295 Perspective – Deep-Ocean Mineral Resources ............ 298 Society News Meteoritical Society .............................. 338 Mineralogical Society of America .................... 340 Geochemical Society ............................. 342 Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie . . . 343 Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland ....... 344 Italian Society of Mineralogy and Petrology ............ 346 Sociedad Española de Mineralogía ................... 347 European Association of Geochemistry ............... 348 Mineralogical Association of Canada ................. 350 Association of Applied Geochemists ................. 352 Clay Minerals Society ............................. 353 Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences ........... 354 Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft ................ 355 International Association of GeoChemistry ............ 356 European Mineralogical Union ....................... 357 Meeting Report – Goldschmidt 2018 .................. 358 CosmoElements – Hopewell Meteoritic Metal Beads ...... 360 Calendar ........................................ 363 Job Posting – Massachusetts Institute of Technology ...... 363 Advertisers in this Issue ........................... 363 Deep-Sea Mining: International Regulatory Challenges and Responses Michael W. Lodge and Philomène A. Verlaan A sample of ferromanganese crust collected from the top of Tropic Seamount (northeast Atlantic Ocean) by the UK’s remotely operated vehicle Isis during Marine E-tech cruise JC142 on the RRS James Cook. The 120 Ma seamount hosts abundant crusts from its top, at 1,000 m depth, to its bottom, at 4,000 m. Isis is operated by the National Oceanography Centre. ©UKRI 2018 289 Elements is published jointly by the Mineralogical Society of America, the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, the Mineralogical Association of Canada, the Geochemical Society, the Clay Minerals Society, the European Association of Geochemistry, the International Association of GeoChemistry, the Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, the Association of Applied Geochemists, the Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft, the Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia, the International Association of Geoanalysts, the Polskie Towarzystwo Mineralogiczne (Mineralogical Society of Poland), the Sociedad Española de Mineralogía, the Swiss Society of Mineralogy and Petrology, the Meteoritical Society, and the Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences. It is provided as a benefit to members of these societies. Elements is published six times a year. Individuals are encouraged to join any one of the partici- pating societies to receive Elements. Institutional subscribers to any of the following journals— American Mineralogist, Clay Minerals, Clays and Clay Minerals, Mineralogical Magazine, and The Canadian Mineralogist—also receive one copy of Elements as part of their 2018 subscription. Institutional subscriptions are available for US$165 (US$180 non-US addresses) a year in 2018. Contact the executive editor (jrosso. [email protected]) for information. Copyright 2018 by the Mineralogical Society of America All rights reserved. Reproduction in any form, including translation to other languages, or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying or information storage and retrieval systems—without written permission from the copyright holder is strictly prohibited. Publications mail agreement no. 40037944 Printed in USA ISSN 1811-5209 (print) ISSN 1811-5217 (online) elementsmagazine.org pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ elements Volume 14, Number 5 • October 2018

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Page 1: Deep-Ocean Mineral Deposits - Elements · Deep-Ocean Mineral Deposits Guest Editors: Paul A. J. Lusty and Bramley J. Murton 301 307 313 319 325 331 Deep-Ocean Mineral Deposits: Metal

Deep-Ocean Mineral DepositsGuest Editors: Paul A. J. Lusty and Bramley J. Murton

301

307

313

319

325

331

Deep-Ocean Mineral Deposits: Metal Resources and Windows into Earth’s ProcessesPaul A. J. Lusty and Bramley J. Murton

Modern Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: New Perspectives on Ancient Ore-Forming ProcessesSven Petersen, Berit Lehrmann, and Bramley J. Murton

Formation and Occurrence of Ferromanganese Crusts: Earth’s Storehouse for Critical MetalsPaul A. J. Lusty, James R. Hein, and Pierre Josso

Metal Extraction from Deep-Ocean Mineral DepositsMikhail V. Zubkov, Pawel K. Plucinski, Adrien C. Y. Dartiguelongue and Paul A. J. Lusty

Mining Deep-Ocean Mineral Deposits: What are the Ecological Risks?Daniel O. B. Jones, Diva J. Amon, Abbie S. A. Chapman

D E P A R T M E N T S

Editorial – The “Plasticene” Epoch? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291From the Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292Meet the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295Perspective – Deep-Ocean Mineral Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Society News

Meteoritical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338Mineralogical Society of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340Geochemical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie . . . 343Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland . . . . . . . 344Italian Society of Mineralogy and Petrology . . . . . . . . . . . . 346Sociedad Española de Mineralogía . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347European Association of Geochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348Mineralogical Association of Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350Association of Applied Geochemists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352Clay Minerals Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . 354Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355International Association of GeoChemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . 356European Mineralogical Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357

Meeting Report – Goldschmidt 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358CosmoElements – Hopewell Meteoritic Metal Beads . . . . . . 360Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363Job Posting – Massachusetts Institute of Technology . . . . . . 363Advertisers in this Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

Deep-Sea Mining: International Regulatory Challenges and ResponsesMichael W. Lodge and Philomène A. Verlaan

A sample of ferromanganese crust collected from the top of Tropic Seamount (northeast Atlantic Ocean) by the UK’s remotely operated vehicle Isis during Marine E-tech cruise JC142 on the RRS James Cook. The 120 Ma seamount hosts abundant crusts from its top, at 1,000 m depth, to its bottom, at 4,000 m. Isis is operated by the National Oceanography Centre. ©UKRI 2018

289

Elements is published jointly by the Mineralogical Society of America, the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, the Mineralogical Association of Canada, the Geochemical Society, the Clay Minerals Society, the European Association of Geochemistry, the Inter national Association of GeoChemistry, the Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, the Association of Applied Geochemists, the Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft, the Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia, the International Association of Geoanalysts, the Polskie Towarzystwo Mineralogiczne (Mineralogical Society of Poland), the Sociedad Española de Mineralogía, the Swiss Society of Mineralogy and Petrology, the Meteoritical Society, and the Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences. It is provided as a benefit to members of these societies.

Elements is published six times a year. Individuals are encouraged to join any one of the partici­pating societies to receive Elements. Institutional subscribers to any of the following journals— American Mineralogist, Clay Minerals, Clays and Clay Minerals, Mineralogical Magazine, and The Canadian Miner alogist—also receive one copy of Elements as part of their 2018 subscription. Institu tional subscriptions are available for US$165 (US$180 non­US addresses) a year in 2018. Contact the executive editor ([email protected]) for information.

Copyright 2018 by the Mineralogical Society of America

All rights reserved. Reproduction in any form, including translation to other languages, or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying or information storage and retrieval systems—without written permission from the copyright holder is strictly prohibited.

Publications mail agreement no. 40037944

Printed in USA

ISSN 1811­5209 (print) ISSN 1811­5217 (online)

elementsmagazine.orgpubs.geoscienceworld.org/elements

Volume 14, Number 5 • October 2018