Data and Society

Lecture 11: Data Futures

4/27/18

Announcements 4/27

• Last day of class! No final exam. Eat bagels!

• Please fill out your RPI 2018 course evaluation for this course. They are open until Wednesday 5/2.

• Don’t forget to fill out the attendance sheet!

• We’re done! Thanks for being a fabulous class!

Wednesday Section Friday lecture

First Half of Class Second Half of Class Assignments

January 17 : NO class January 19 L!: CLASS INTRO AND LOGISTICS Presentation Model / Op-Ed Instructions

Op-Ed instructions

January 24: NO class January 26 L2: BIG DATA 1 4 Presentations

January 31: NO class February 2 L3: BIG DATA 2 -- IoT 4 Presentations

February 7: NO class February 9 L4: DATA AND SCIENCE 4 Presentations Op-Ed due Feb. 9

February 14: 5 Presentations

February 16 L5: DATA AND HEALTH / LESLIE McINTOSH GUEST SPEAKER

4 Presentations Op-Ed drafts returned Feb. 21

February 21: 5 Presentations

February 23 L6: DATA STEWARDSHIP AND PRESERVATION

4 Presentations Research Paper instructions

February 28: 5 Presentations

March 2 CLASS CANCELED DUE TO SNOW

March 7 : 5 Presentations March 9: NO CLASS / PAPER PREPARATION Op-Ed Final due March 7

March 14: Spring Break March 16 SPRING BREAK

March 21: NO class March 23: NO CLASS / PAPER PREPARATION

March 28: 4 Presentations

March 30 L7: INFRASTRUCTURE 4 Presentations Research Paper due March 28

April 4: NO class April 6 L8: DATA RIGHTS, POLICY, REGULATION 4 Presentations

April 11: 4 Presentations April 13 L9: DATA AND ETHICS 4 Presentations

April 18: 4 Presentations April 20 L10: DATA AND COMMUNICATION 3 Presentations

April 25: NO class April 27 L11: DATA FUTURES 5 Presentations

Presentation articles for April 27

• “How close are we to a black mirror-style digital afterlife?“, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/jan/09/how-close-are-we-black-mirror-style-digital-afterlife [Richard L]

• “The Internet of Things could drown our environment in gadgets”, Wired, https://www.wired.com/2014/06/green-iot/ [Matthew M]

• “To invade homes, tech is trying to get in your kitchen”, NY Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/25/technology/smart-homes-tech-kitchen.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Ftechnology&action=click&contentCollection=technology&region=rank&module=package&version=highlights&contentPlacement=2&pgtype=sectionfront [Nathalie P]

• “Network security in the age of the Internet of Things”, ComputerWeekly, http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Network-security-in-the-age-of-the-internet-of-things[Justin T]

• “The trouble with quitting Facebook is that we like Facebook,” NY Times, https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-trouble-with-leaving-facebook-is-that-we-like-facebook/[Tae P]

Survey for Fran

• This is an unofficial survey that will help Fran keep iteratively improving the course. Fran is the only one who will see it.

• Thanks for your candid responses.

• Please take 5-10 minutes to respond during the break.

Lecture 11: Data Futures

Internet of Things Vision: Interconnect everything.

Empower People Through Technology and

Technology Through Intelligence

Francine BermanImages and articles: http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-examples; http://www.cortexdynamo.com/en/buy-robots-and-droids-store/products-by-companies-and-

brands/irobot/home-cleaning-and-maintenance/roomba-automated-vacuum-cleaner; http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/05/business/fashions-future-printed-to-order.html?smprod=nytcore-iphone&smid=nytcore-iphone-share&_r=0

Monitoring

Adaptive Systems

Smart Technologies

Customization / Personalization

Optimization

Who makes the rules in the IoT?

Francine Berman

Articles: https://www.wired.com/2015/07/hackers-remotely-kill-jeep-highwayhttp://www.computerworld.com/article/3137472/internet-of-things/it-s-time-to-regulate-baby-

monitors.html; https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2017/07/11/voice-activated-call-hails-911-during-violent-domestic-dispute/467199001/

IoT is in its Stone Age. How do we ensure it

develops to maximize benefits and minimize risk?

• Social behavior and governance

nascent, rudimentary, tribal

• Insufficient mechanisms for

ensuring individual rights,

accountability, the public good,

etc.

• Development of regulation and

technology needed for societal

advancement

Images from http://www.businessinsider.com/apple-catastrophically-late-to-self-driving-car-game-2017-4 Eric Risberg; Viktor Vasnetsov, Wikimedia commons, public domain

What Societal Rules / Governance Models

are needed for the “IoT Community”?

Adapting the World Governance Index (based on the UN Millennium Declaration), critical themes for governance span key areas:

WGI theme IoT governance should address

Peace and Security How do we ensure security, trust and safety within the IoT?

Democracy and Rule of Law

What is appropriate and inappropriate behavior? Who is accountable when laws are broken?

Human Rights and Participation

What are our rights in the IoT? How should the IoT promote the public good?

Human development

How do we create an ethical IoT? How do we promote practice that advances individuals and society

Sustainable development

How do we create an IoT that promotes a sustainable planet?

Francine Berman

Three IoT Governance

Challenges

Francine BermanImages: https://www.flickr.com/photos/manoftaste-de/9637127712, Christian Schnettelker

Human rights and participation: What are your rights in the IoT?

Human development and ethics: How do we create an ethical IoT?

Sustainable development: How do we create an IoT that

supports the environment?

Human rights and participation:

What are your rights in the IoT?

Francine BermanImages:: https://mashable.com/2012/08/22/google-maps-facts/#EMR_qcmY9ZqR ,

https://www.flickr.com/photos/turoczy/16043998391; http://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/114896/facebook-offers-virtual-face-time-with-air-guard-director/

Right to prevail over intelligent

systems

Over 50 years ago, Isaac Asimov introduced laws of robotics:

0. A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.

1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.

2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.

3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.

When should human rights prevail over the rights of technological systems? How do we regulate / enforce this?

Francine Berman

Rights for Humans in the IoT

• Right to privacy?

• Right to opt out?

• Right to be forgotten?

• …

• What regulations and infrastructure /design specs do we need to support IoT rights?

photo by ashleynineteen https://www.flickr.com/photos/59939069@N03/5474151975; Coentor,

Right to Privacy: Who should control your

data?

• Which data?

– Data you generate?

– Data / metadata generated about you?

– Other people’s data?

• Who can access your data and when?

– Companies? Bots? The Government?

– In an emergency? When a crime is suspected? Any time?

https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2018/01/15/iphones-apple-health-data-used-as-evidence-in-murder-trial/,

When is your privacy more

important than the public

good?

• When should free speech prevail over individual privacy?

• When should the public good prevail over individual privacy?

Image: XX

What kind of technical infrastructure is needed to

support control of your data?

• How do you give permission?

• What is your recourse if your data is shared or sold? How do you hold data collectors accountable?

• How does increased user control affect the usefulness of products and services?

Images: Google Earth, Google maps

Information not available

Privacy legislation: work

in progress

• EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) mandates privacy for EU citizens’ data wherever it travels. GDPR requires

– Mechanisms for consumers to control, monitor, check and delete their information

– Consent of subjects for data processing

– Pseudonymization of collected user data

– Data breach notifications within 72 hours

– Safe handling of data across borders

– Some companies to appoint a data protection officer to oversee GDPR compliance

https://theconversation.com/how-right-to-be-forgotten-puts-privacy-and-free-speech-on-a-collision-course-68997

• Proposed U.S. CONSENT Act (Customer Online Notification for Stopping Edge-provider Network Transgressions)

– Similar rules to GDPR but less detail.

– Requires explicit user consent for data use and sharing

• Proposed U.S. Honest Ads Act

– Requires ads to disclose who has paid for an advertisement and discourages foreign ads

– Extends same identification required for TV and print ads to online ads

The ultimate in privacy: Right to not participate?

• More environments will use surveillance, monitoring, on-line access to operate, customize experience, keep us safe, drive efficiency / profitability, etc.

– What are your rights when environments are monitored by default?

– What are your rights / options when services, products are only available through the IoT?

Images from https://www.flickr.com/photos/manoftaste-de/9637127712, Christian Schnettelker; Google maps

Sustainable Development:

What is the “carbon footprint” of the IoT?

• How will the IoT impact the planet?

• Can we design the IoT to promote global sustainability?

– How do we ensure that the IoT does not provide a drain on natural resources?

– How much energy will it take to run the IoT?

– Where do we store all the data?

– What technological innovations do we need to make the IoT planet-friendly?

Environmental Impact of the IoT

Potential IoT drain on resources:

• Increased power consumption

• Use of rare earth elements

• Accumulated retiring and disposed older (“non-smart”) electronics in landfills

• Unanticipated growth / apps

Potential for IoT energy innovation:

• Increased low-power energy sources – sunlight,

vibrations, heat, etc.

• Energy and water harvesting via smart

technologies

• More emphasis on renewable energy sources

• Reduced travel, smart systems (e.g. buildings),

greater efficiency in manufacturing and

agriculture

In 2017, the total volume of e-waste per year was 65.4

million tons

Estimate information: https://www.computerworld.com.au/article/561064/hidden-environmental-cost-internet-things/

How can the IoT be developed to promote

environmental sustainability?

• Development of new environmentally-friendly materials used to produce sensors that can support green disposal at end of life

• Development of standards and certifications about use of toxic or rare materials, energy efficiency

• Avoidance of disposable batteries for IoT devices and development

• Focus on IoT designs with longer lifespans; focus on upgrades in software vs. upgrades in hardware

• Development of sustainable supply chains and sources, etc.

Image: https://www.greenpeace.org/archive-international/en/campaigns/climate-change/cool-it/

• Multiple areas for ethical IoT development

– Algorithms

– Data collection and sampling

– Responsible practice

• Ethics by design – what’s involved?

– Design specs that support

trust, ethical behavior,

prevailing standards, policy

– Creation of ethics modules/models that mirror appropriate codes of ethics

– Determination of when human oversight / moderation needed

NIST Cyber-physical systems website https://pages.nist.gov/cpspwg/;

How do we create an ethical IoT?

Which ethics?

• Utilitarian ethics: The best action is the one that maximizes utility (e.g. well-being of humans)– What is good behavior? [Francis Hutcheson*]: Virtue is in proportion

to the number of people a particular action brings happiness to. Vice / evil is proportionate to the number of people made to suffer.

• Creating the ethics objective function for self-driving cars: Who should be saved?– Public good option (e.g. least number of people) or individual

preference option (e.g. people you choose)?

– Young or old?

– Driver / passengers or others

– People you know vs. strangers

– “Good” people vs. “Bad” people

Francis Hutcheson, “An Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue” [1785];

How do we promote / ensure ethical behavior when

system behavior evolves autonomously via learning

or other methods?

• Which decisions should be made by technology and when should there be a human in the loop?

– Whose interests should autonomous systems represent?

– Who is accountable for decisions made by autonomous systems?

• How do we ensure that IoT autonomous systems

– Don’t inappropriately limit our choices

– Are not vulnerable to inappropriate influence

– Can choose ethically among available options

Francine Bermanhttps://www.theverge.com/ces/2018/1/8/16862504/whirlpool-smart-oven-range-microwave-yummly-alexa-google-assistant-ces-2018

Ethics and AI: Many challenges ahead

• World Economic Forum Top 9 ethical issues in AI:

1. Unemployment. What happens after the end of jobs?

2. Inequality. How do we distribute the wealth created by machines?

3. Humanity. How do machines affect our behavior and interaction?

4. Artificial stupidity. How can we guard against mistakes?

5. Racist robots. How do we eliminate AI bias?

6. Security. How do we keep AI safe from adversaries?

7. Evil genies. How do we protect against unintended consequences?

8. Singularity. How do we stay in control of a complex intelligent system?

9. Robot rights. How do we define the humane treatment of AI.

Francine BermanInformation from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/top-10-ethical-issues-in-artificial-intelligence/

Ted Talks on the Future. Pick one.

• Gerd Leonhard, “Digital Ethics and the Future of Humans in a Connected World”, TEDxBrussels (~20 minutes) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZn0IfOb61U

• Gerd Leonhard (futurist) presents a high-level overview of exponential change using various excerpts from current exponential change thought leaders. Gerd asks relevant, timely, and thought provoking questions about the ethics and implications of exponential change.

• Gerd Leonhard is a well-known Futurist and a leading expert on topics such as the future of humanity, big data and privacy, digitally native business models, the networked society, a sustainable business ecology, social media, etc.

• Peter Diamandis, “Imagining the Future”, TEDxLA, (~19 minutes), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XrbzlR9QmI&t=2s

• Peter Diamandis (Executive Chairman of XPRIZE Foundation) shares how we are rapidly heading towards a human-scale transformation, the next evolutionary step into what he calls a “Meta-Intelligence,” a future in which we are all highly connected --brain to brain via the cloud -- sharing thoughts, knowledge and actions. He highlights the 4 driving forces as well as the 4 steps that is transforming humanity.

• Diamandis He is the Founder & Executive Chairman of the XPRIZE Foundation which leads the world in designing and operating large-scale incentive competitions.