damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the pacific coast of tohoku earthquake and tsunami

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Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami - Case study for water outages and sewerage disruption in the Kanto regions - G. Shoji Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems University of Tsukuba [email protected] A Project meeting for the APEC HRD 04 11A "Emergency Preparedness Education: Learning from Experience, Science of Disasters, and Preparing for the Future" Tsukuba International Congress Center, Ibaraki, Japan

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A Project meeting for the APEC HRD 04 11A "Emergency Preparedness Education: Learning from Experience, Science of Disasters, and Preparing for the Future" Tsukuba International Congress Center, Ibaraki, Japan. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami - Case study for water outages and sewerage disruption in the Kanto regions -

G. ShojiFaculty of Engineering, Information and Systems

University of [email protected]

A Project meeting for the APEC HRD 04 11A"Emergency Preparedness Education: Learning from Experience, Science of Disasters,

and Preparing for the Future"Tsukuba International Congress Center, Ibaraki, Japan

Page 2: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

Extreme damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku EQ and tsunami

0 50 100 150 20025km

140° 0'0"E 142° 0'0"E

142° 0'0"E

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41°

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0 0.02 0.04 [m]

0 4020

Inundation height (m)

浸水域

Damage of substations of electric power supply systems  

Power failures of 4,858,580 houses in the areas offered by Tohoku Electric Power Company as of March 17, 2011

Reference data on inundation heights:The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Joint Survey Group   Sep. 7th, 2011 Version

Reference data on inundation areas:Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI)Disruption of totally

460,000 houses as of March 12, 2011

Damage of gasholders of gas supply systems  

Damage of buried pipelines of water supply systems  

Damage of buried pipelines of sewerage systems  

Inundation areas

Seismic intensity distribution

Page 3: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

Google earth, http://maps.google.com/maps

Epicenter

Damaged areas

Now, focus on damage of water treatments in the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku EQ and tsunami

Total damage of water supply systemsWater outages:2,105,091 houses

Date: 14:46:18, March 11, 2011 (JST)Magnitude: Mw =9.0Epicenter: 38.322°N, 142.369°EDepth: 32km

Total damage of sewerage systemsSewerage pipelines:642kmManholes:20,659Treatment facilities:120Pump stations:112

Page 4: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

143°0'0"E

143°0'0"E

142°0'0"E

142°0'0"E

141°0'0"E

141°0'0"E

140°0'0"E

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138°0'0"E

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137°0'0"E

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41°0

'0"N

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0 100 20050km

Map by authors. Data sources of map: MHLW, Damage situation and measures for the Great East Japan Earthquake (11th – 34th Announcement), http://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/houdou/2r98520000014j15.html

Water outages in the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku EQ and tsunami

Total :2,105,091Aomori :1,824

/513,311Iwate :179,308

/483,971Miyagi :616,480

/901,254Fukushima:394,142

/720,587Akita :28,190

/390,335Yamagata:7,839

/388,670

Ibaraki :444,288/1,088,848

Tochigi :56,061/745,045

Gunma :54/755,297

Saitama :150/2,842,662

Chiba :373,069/2,515,220

Niigata :2,852/8,389,22

Nagano :804/794,362

Gifu :30/736,555

Number of water outages/ Number of households

Page 5: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

143°0'0"E

143°0'0"E

142°0'0"E

142°0'0"E

141°0'0"E

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0 100 20050km

Sewerage damage in the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku EQ and tsunami

Total :642Aomori :0.1 /113Iwate :13 /3,712Miyagi :312 /9,702Fukushima:120 /5,110Ibaraki :129 /9,509Tochigi :2 /287Saitama :0.006 /214Chiba :54 /8,510Kanagawa:0.5 /11,625Tokyo :12 /15,793Niigata :1 /426

Total :20,659Aomori :0Iwate :170Miyagi :11,194Fukushima:3,397Ibaraki :4,656Tochigi :25Saitama :6Chiba :981Kanagawa:13Tokyo :212Niigata :5

Map by authors. Data sources of map: *1 MLIT, The Great East Japan Earthquake (105th Report), http://www.mlit.go.jp/saigai/saigai_110311.html, *2 Investigation Committee on Countermeasures to Sewerage Damage due to Earthquake and Tsunami, 5th Committee document, http://www.mlit.go.jp/mizukokudo/sewerage/mizukokudo_sewerage_tk_000186.html

Damaged pipeline lengths [km]/Buried pipeline lengths [km] *1

Number of damaged manholes *2

Page 6: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

Seismic strengthening for pipelines and its prioritization Planning of effective restoration strategy

Sewerage networks and seismic hazardse.g. Tokyo city area

Sewerage damage in the 1995 Kobe earthquake

For anticipated future seismic hazards

It is much significant to model damage data for accurate seismic risk assessment

135° 15'0"E

135° 15'0"E

135° 10'0"E

135° 10'0"E

135° 5'0"E

135° 5'0"E

135° 0'0"E

135° 0'0"E

134° 55'0"E

134° 55'0"E

34°

55'0"

N

34°

50'0"

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N

0 5 10 15 202.5km

4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 70

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

計測震度IJ

R(I

J)

4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0IJ

Dam

age

ratio

Seismic fragility curve: Model for predicting damage

0.14

0.12

0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0

Disrupted pipelines

Buried pipelines

Real data in the Kobe earthquake

IJ

IJ

IJR IJ C

Seismic intensity

Page 7: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

Collect the damage data of water supply systems (WSS) and sewerage systems (SS) suffered by ground excitations at Ibaraki and Chiba prefectures by carrying out interviews for related local government sectors.

Compare the damage ratios in subject municipalities with estimated ones derived by our previously proposed seismic fragility curves.

Quantify two damage ratios RN on physical damage points and RL on disrupted pipeline lengths, for 14 municipalities in Ibaraki prefecture and 8 municipalities in Chiba prefecture.

Analytical frameworks

Page 8: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

Target areas: Ibaraki PrefectureChiba Prefecture

Japan

Target areas for analysis

Epicenter2011.3.11

Kobe EQ1995.1.17

Page 9: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

Interpolate the spatial distribution on IJ by Simple Kriging method based on the strong ground motions data by Japan Meteorological Agency (2011) and National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (2011)

SourcesMw and location of hypocenter : Japan Meteorological Agency (2011)Attenuation relationship :Si & Midorikawa (1999)Amplification factor onSeismic intensity IJ :Suetomi et al. (2005) 141°25'0"E

141°25'0"E

140°50'0"E

140°50'0"E

140°15'0"E

140°15'0"E

139°40'0"E

139°40'0"E

139°5'0"E

139°5'0"E

36°3

8'0"

N

36°3

8'0"

N

36°9

'0"N

36°9

'0"N

35°4

0'0"

N

35°4

0'0"

N

35°1

1'0"

N

35°1

1'0"

N

0 25 50 75 10012.5km

震度階級345弱5強6弱6強7

3.4-4.4-3.4

4.5-4.95.0-5.4

5.5-5.96.0-6.46.5-

Seismic Intensity

Estimation of seismic intensity distributionInstrumental seismic intensity IJ

Page 10: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

141°25'0"E

141°25'0"E

140°50'0"E

140°50'0"E

140°15'0"E

140°15'0"E

139°40'0"E

139°40'0"E

139°5'0"E

139°5'0"E36

°38'

0"N

36°3

8'0"

N

36°9

'0"N

36°9

'0"N

35°4

0'0"

N

35°4

0'0"

N

35°1

1'0"

N

35°1

1'0"

N

0 25 50 75 10012.5km

震度階級345弱5強6弱6強7

Ichikawa

MitoHitachi

Itako

3.4-4.4

-3.4

4.5-4.9

5.0-5.4

5.5-5.9

6.0-6.4

6.5-

Kasama

Omitama

Tsukuba

Shimotsuma

AbikoSakura

ChibaUrayasuNarashino

Hitachinaka

Funabashi

Toride

Inashiki KatoriKamisu

KashimaHokota

Oarai

Seismic intensity IJ

Subject municipalitiesand derived seismic intensity distribution

Page 11: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

Set damage data on distribution pipes and sanitary pipesfor unifying physical constraints of exposed engineered systems- Total pipeline lengths L- Disrupted pipeline lengths Ld

- Number of physical damage points Np

- Damage modesConsequences measures for WSS damage- Restoration periodsConsequences measures for SS damage- Periods of restriction for use for sewerage systems - Temporary restoration periodsMedian of estimated seismic intensities IJm for third meshes overlapped to the areas of subject municipalities

Analyzed data for WSS and SS

Page 12: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

Definition of damage ratios

RN : Ratio of number of physical damage points Np divided by total lengths L

LN

R pN

RL : Ratio of disrupted lengths Ld divided by total lengths L

LLR d

L

[point / km]

[km / km]

Dimension

Dimension

Page 13: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

Relation of RN and IJm for water supply systems

Urayasu

Kashima

Urayasu and Kashima data: Extremely large RN of 0.654/km to 1.081/km with IJm of 5.1 to 5.8Inashiki and Kamisu data: Larger RN of 0.247/km to 0.316/km with IJm of 5.3 to 5.5

InashikiKamisu

R N [/

km] 0.8

0.6

0.2

0.4

1.0

1.2

04.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

IJm

Page 14: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

MitoHitachi

Hitachi, Hitachinaka, Mito, Oarai, Hokota and Narashino data: Middle RN of 0.0571/km to 0.136/km with IJm of 5.2 to 5.8

OaraiNarashino

0.8

0.6

0.2

0.4

1.0

1.2

04.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

HitachinakaHokotaOmitama

ShimotsumaTsukubaKasama

South Ibaraki Waterworks Agency (Ushiku, Ryugasaki, Toride)

Sakura

FunabashiChiba

Ichikawa

IJm

Relation of RN and IJm for water supply systems

R N [/

km]

Page 15: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

Hinode areas in Itako data: Remarkably huge RL of 0.538 with IJm of 5.9Kashima and Urayasu data: Extremely large RL of 0.0907 to 0.112 with IJm of 5.1 to 5.8

4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0IJm

Relation of RL and IJm for sewerage systems

0

0.4

0.3

0.1

0.2

0.5

0.6

R L [km

/km

]Hinode, Itako

Urayasu Kashima

Page 16: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

Kasama areas in Kasama, Kamisu and Katori data : Larger RL of 0.0649 to 0.0818 with IJm of 5.2 to 5.4Hitachinaka, Hokota, Inashiki data and Chuo areas in Chiba : Middle RL of 0.0228 to 0.0412 with IJm of 5.0 to 5.8

4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0IJm

Relation of RL and IJm for sewerage systems

0

0.4

0.3

0.1

0.2

0.5

0.6

R L [km

/km

]

KasamaKamisu

Katori HitachinakaHokotaChuo, Chiba

Inashiki

Page 17: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

Relation of restoration periods for water supply systems and IJm

0

40

30

10

20

50

60

Rest

orati

on

perio

ds

Kamisu: Longest 57 days due to larger RN Kashima and Urayasu: 26 days to 34 days due to largest RN Inashiki: 23 days due to larger RN Katori: 37days due to largest RL

4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0IJm

UrayasuKashima

Inashiki

Kamisu

Urayasu

Kashima

Inashiki

Kamisu

Katori

0

40

30

10

20

50

60

Rest

orati

on

perio

dsRN [/km]

0.80.60.2 0.4 1.0 1.20

[day] [day]

Page 18: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

Relation of periods of restriction for use for sewerage systems and IJm

Perio

ds o

f res

tric

tion

for

use

0

80

60

20

40

100

120

4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0IJm

Narashino

Kamisu

Narashino: Longest 112 days due to next largest RNKamisu: Second longest 83 days due to larger RL Itako, Inashiki and Urayasu: Longer 34 days to 44 days due to largest, larger and middle RL

Urayasu InashikiItako

Itako, Hinode

InashikiUrayasu

Kamisu

Perio

ds o

f res

tric

tion

for

use

0

80

60

20

40

100

120

RL [km/km]0.40.30.1 0.2 0.5 0.60

[day] [day]

Page 19: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

Comparison of SS damage ratio RL in the Tohoku earthquake with those in the Kobe earthquake

IJm

R L [km

/km

] 0.4

0.3

0.1

0.2

0.5

0.6

0

Hinode, Itako

Mito

4.5 5.0 5.5 6.56.0 7.0

Kobe data

RL at Mito and other 10 municipalities show good agreement with estimated values by SFC.RL at Hinode areas in Itako with IJm of 5.9 shows remarkably larger value than the value by SFC due to severe liquefaction.

Previously proposed seismic fragility curve (SFC) : Model for predicting damage

6.420.130.33

IJR IJ

Page 20: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

0.4

0.3

0.1

0.2

0.5

0.6

0

KatoriAbiko

Chiba, Chuo

Comparison of SS damage ratio RL in the Tohoku earthquake with those in the Kobe earthquake

IJm

4.5 5.0 5.5 6.56.0 7.0

Kobe data

R L [km

/km

]

RL at Katori, Abiko, Chuo treatment areas in Chiba and Urayasu with IJm of nearly 5.0 show larger values than those by SFC due to SS damage by severe liquefaction.

Seismic fragility curve (SFC) : Model for predicting damage

6.420.130.33

IJR IJ

Urayasu

Page 21: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

0.4

0.3

0.1

0.2

0.5

0.6

0

KashimaInashikiHokota

HitachinakaKasama

Kamisu

Comparison of SS damage ratio RL in the Tohoku earthquake with those in the Kobe earthquake

Kobe data

IJm

4.5 5.0 5.5 6.56.0 7.0

R L [km

/km

]

RL at Hitachinaka, Hokota, Kashima, Inashiki, Kasama treatment areas in Kasama and Kamisu with IJm of nearly 5.5 show larger values than those by SFC due to combination of strong ground excitations and liquefaction.

Seismic fragility curve (SFC) : Model for predicting damage

6.420.130.33

IJR IJ

Page 22: Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

Evaluate the dependency of physical damage and restoration of water supply systems (WSS) and sewerage systems (SS) on seismic intensities in the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake focusing on the damage at Ibaraki and Chiba prefectures. Quantify two damage ratios RN on physical damage points and RL on disrupted pipeline lengths.

Conclusions

Compare the damage ratios in the Tohoku earthquake with estimated ones derived by previously proposed seismic fragility curves.