damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the pacific coast of tohoku earthquake and tsunami
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A Project meeting for the APEC HRD 04 11A "Emergency Preparedness Education: Learning from Experience, Science of Disasters, and Preparing for the Future" Tsukuba International Congress Center, Ibaraki, Japan. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake and tsunami - Case study for water outages and sewerage disruption in the Kanto regions -
G. ShojiFaculty of Engineering, Information and Systems
University of [email protected]
A Project meeting for the APEC HRD 04 11A"Emergency Preparedness Education: Learning from Experience, Science of Disasters,
and Preparing for the Future"Tsukuba International Congress Center, Ibaraki, Japan
Extreme damage of infrastructures due to the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku EQ and tsunami
0 50 100 150 20025km
140° 0'0"E 142° 0'0"E
142° 0'0"E
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41°
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0 0.02 0.04 [m]
千
0 4020
Inundation height (m)
浸水域
Damage of substations of electric power supply systems
Power failures of 4,858,580 houses in the areas offered by Tohoku Electric Power Company as of March 17, 2011
Reference data on inundation heights:The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Joint Survey Group Sep. 7th, 2011 Version
Reference data on inundation areas:Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI)Disruption of totally
460,000 houses as of March 12, 2011
Damage of gasholders of gas supply systems
Damage of buried pipelines of water supply systems
Damage of buried pipelines of sewerage systems
Inundation areas
Seismic intensity distribution
Google earth, http://maps.google.com/maps
Epicenter
Damaged areas
Now, focus on damage of water treatments in the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku EQ and tsunami
Total damage of water supply systemsWater outages:2,105,091 houses
Date: 14:46:18, March 11, 2011 (JST)Magnitude: Mw =9.0Epicenter: 38.322°N, 142.369°EDepth: 32km
Total damage of sewerage systemsSewerage pipelines:642kmManholes:20,659Treatment facilities:120Pump stations:112
143°0'0"E
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41°0
'0"N
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0 100 20050km
Map by authors. Data sources of map: MHLW, Damage situation and measures for the Great East Japan Earthquake (11th – 34th Announcement), http://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/houdou/2r98520000014j15.html
Water outages in the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku EQ and tsunami
Total :2,105,091Aomori :1,824
/513,311Iwate :179,308
/483,971Miyagi :616,480
/901,254Fukushima:394,142
/720,587Akita :28,190
/390,335Yamagata:7,839
/388,670
Ibaraki :444,288/1,088,848
Tochigi :56,061/745,045
Gunma :54/755,297
Saitama :150/2,842,662
Chiba :373,069/2,515,220
Niigata :2,852/8,389,22
Nagano :804/794,362
Gifu :30/736,555
Number of water outages/ Number of households
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0 100 20050km
Sewerage damage in the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku EQ and tsunami
Total :642Aomori :0.1 /113Iwate :13 /3,712Miyagi :312 /9,702Fukushima:120 /5,110Ibaraki :129 /9,509Tochigi :2 /287Saitama :0.006 /214Chiba :54 /8,510Kanagawa:0.5 /11,625Tokyo :12 /15,793Niigata :1 /426
Total :20,659Aomori :0Iwate :170Miyagi :11,194Fukushima:3,397Ibaraki :4,656Tochigi :25Saitama :6Chiba :981Kanagawa:13Tokyo :212Niigata :5
Map by authors. Data sources of map: *1 MLIT, The Great East Japan Earthquake (105th Report), http://www.mlit.go.jp/saigai/saigai_110311.html, *2 Investigation Committee on Countermeasures to Sewerage Damage due to Earthquake and Tsunami, 5th Committee document, http://www.mlit.go.jp/mizukokudo/sewerage/mizukokudo_sewerage_tk_000186.html
Damaged pipeline lengths [km]/Buried pipeline lengths [km] *1
Number of damaged manholes *2
Seismic strengthening for pipelines and its prioritization Planning of effective restoration strategy
Sewerage networks and seismic hazardse.g. Tokyo city area
Sewerage damage in the 1995 Kobe earthquake
For anticipated future seismic hazards
It is much significant to model damage data for accurate seismic risk assessment
135° 15'0"E
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0 5 10 15 202.5km
4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 70
0.02
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0.1
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0.14
計測震度IJ
R(I
J)
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0IJ
Dam
age
ratio
Seismic fragility curve: Model for predicting damage
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
Disrupted pipelines
Buried pipelines
Real data in the Kobe earthquake
IJ
IJ
IJR IJ C
Seismic intensity
Collect the damage data of water supply systems (WSS) and sewerage systems (SS) suffered by ground excitations at Ibaraki and Chiba prefectures by carrying out interviews for related local government sectors.
Compare the damage ratios in subject municipalities with estimated ones derived by our previously proposed seismic fragility curves.
Quantify two damage ratios RN on physical damage points and RL on disrupted pipeline lengths, for 14 municipalities in Ibaraki prefecture and 8 municipalities in Chiba prefecture.
Analytical frameworks
Target areas: Ibaraki PrefectureChiba Prefecture
Japan
Target areas for analysis
Epicenter2011.3.11
Kobe EQ1995.1.17
Interpolate the spatial distribution on IJ by Simple Kriging method based on the strong ground motions data by Japan Meteorological Agency (2011) and National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (2011)
SourcesMw and location of hypocenter : Japan Meteorological Agency (2011)Attenuation relationship :Si & Midorikawa (1999)Amplification factor onSeismic intensity IJ :Suetomi et al. (2005) 141°25'0"E
141°25'0"E
140°50'0"E
140°50'0"E
140°15'0"E
140°15'0"E
139°40'0"E
139°40'0"E
139°5'0"E
139°5'0"E
36°3
8'0"
N
36°3
8'0"
N
36°9
'0"N
36°9
'0"N
35°4
0'0"
N
35°4
0'0"
N
35°1
1'0"
N
35°1
1'0"
N
0 25 50 75 10012.5km
震度階級345弱5強6弱6強7
3.4-4.4-3.4
4.5-4.95.0-5.4
5.5-5.96.0-6.46.5-
Seismic Intensity
Estimation of seismic intensity distributionInstrumental seismic intensity IJ
141°25'0"E
141°25'0"E
140°50'0"E
140°50'0"E
140°15'0"E
140°15'0"E
139°40'0"E
139°40'0"E
139°5'0"E
139°5'0"E36
°38'
0"N
36°3
8'0"
N
36°9
'0"N
36°9
'0"N
35°4
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35°4
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35°1
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35°1
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0 25 50 75 10012.5km
震度階級345弱5強6弱6強7
Ichikawa
MitoHitachi
Itako
3.4-4.4
-3.4
4.5-4.9
5.0-5.4
5.5-5.9
6.0-6.4
6.5-
Kasama
Omitama
Tsukuba
Shimotsuma
AbikoSakura
ChibaUrayasuNarashino
Hitachinaka
Funabashi
Toride
Inashiki KatoriKamisu
KashimaHokota
Oarai
Seismic intensity IJ
Subject municipalitiesand derived seismic intensity distribution
Set damage data on distribution pipes and sanitary pipesfor unifying physical constraints of exposed engineered systems- Total pipeline lengths L- Disrupted pipeline lengths Ld
- Number of physical damage points Np
- Damage modesConsequences measures for WSS damage- Restoration periodsConsequences measures for SS damage- Periods of restriction for use for sewerage systems - Temporary restoration periodsMedian of estimated seismic intensities IJm for third meshes overlapped to the areas of subject municipalities
Analyzed data for WSS and SS
Definition of damage ratios
RN : Ratio of number of physical damage points Np divided by total lengths L
LN
R pN
RL : Ratio of disrupted lengths Ld divided by total lengths L
LLR d
L
[point / km]
[km / km]
Dimension
Dimension
Relation of RN and IJm for water supply systems
Urayasu
Kashima
Urayasu and Kashima data: Extremely large RN of 0.654/km to 1.081/km with IJm of 5.1 to 5.8Inashiki and Kamisu data: Larger RN of 0.247/km to 0.316/km with IJm of 5.3 to 5.5
InashikiKamisu
R N [/
km] 0.8
0.6
0.2
0.4
1.0
1.2
04.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
IJm
MitoHitachi
Hitachi, Hitachinaka, Mito, Oarai, Hokota and Narashino data: Middle RN of 0.0571/km to 0.136/km with IJm of 5.2 to 5.8
OaraiNarashino
0.8
0.6
0.2
0.4
1.0
1.2
04.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
HitachinakaHokotaOmitama
ShimotsumaTsukubaKasama
South Ibaraki Waterworks Agency (Ushiku, Ryugasaki, Toride)
Sakura
FunabashiChiba
Ichikawa
IJm
Relation of RN and IJm for water supply systems
R N [/
km]
Hinode areas in Itako data: Remarkably huge RL of 0.538 with IJm of 5.9Kashima and Urayasu data: Extremely large RL of 0.0907 to 0.112 with IJm of 5.1 to 5.8
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0IJm
Relation of RL and IJm for sewerage systems
0
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.6
R L [km
/km
]Hinode, Itako
Urayasu Kashima
Kasama areas in Kasama, Kamisu and Katori data : Larger RL of 0.0649 to 0.0818 with IJm of 5.2 to 5.4Hitachinaka, Hokota, Inashiki data and Chuo areas in Chiba : Middle RL of 0.0228 to 0.0412 with IJm of 5.0 to 5.8
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0IJm
Relation of RL and IJm for sewerage systems
0
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.6
R L [km
/km
]
KasamaKamisu
Katori HitachinakaHokotaChuo, Chiba
Inashiki
Relation of restoration periods for water supply systems and IJm
0
40
30
10
20
50
60
Rest
orati
on
perio
ds
Kamisu: Longest 57 days due to larger RN Kashima and Urayasu: 26 days to 34 days due to largest RN Inashiki: 23 days due to larger RN Katori: 37days due to largest RL
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0IJm
UrayasuKashima
Inashiki
Kamisu
Urayasu
Kashima
Inashiki
Kamisu
Katori
0
40
30
10
20
50
60
Rest
orati
on
perio
dsRN [/km]
0.80.60.2 0.4 1.0 1.20
[day] [day]
Relation of periods of restriction for use for sewerage systems and IJm
Perio
ds o
f res
tric
tion
for
use
0
80
60
20
40
100
120
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0IJm
Narashino
Kamisu
Narashino: Longest 112 days due to next largest RNKamisu: Second longest 83 days due to larger RL Itako, Inashiki and Urayasu: Longer 34 days to 44 days due to largest, larger and middle RL
Urayasu InashikiItako
Itako, Hinode
InashikiUrayasu
Kamisu
Perio
ds o
f res
tric
tion
for
use
0
80
60
20
40
100
120
RL [km/km]0.40.30.1 0.2 0.5 0.60
[day] [day]
Comparison of SS damage ratio RL in the Tohoku earthquake with those in the Kobe earthquake
IJm
R L [km
/km
] 0.4
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.6
0
Hinode, Itako
Mito
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.56.0 7.0
Kobe data
RL at Mito and other 10 municipalities show good agreement with estimated values by SFC.RL at Hinode areas in Itako with IJm of 5.9 shows remarkably larger value than the value by SFC due to severe liquefaction.
Previously proposed seismic fragility curve (SFC) : Model for predicting damage
6.420.130.33
IJR IJ
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.6
0
KatoriAbiko
Chiba, Chuo
Comparison of SS damage ratio RL in the Tohoku earthquake with those in the Kobe earthquake
IJm
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.56.0 7.0
Kobe data
R L [km
/km
]
RL at Katori, Abiko, Chuo treatment areas in Chiba and Urayasu with IJm of nearly 5.0 show larger values than those by SFC due to SS damage by severe liquefaction.
Seismic fragility curve (SFC) : Model for predicting damage
6.420.130.33
IJR IJ
Urayasu
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.6
0
KashimaInashikiHokota
HitachinakaKasama
Kamisu
Comparison of SS damage ratio RL in the Tohoku earthquake with those in the Kobe earthquake
Kobe data
IJm
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.56.0 7.0
R L [km
/km
]
RL at Hitachinaka, Hokota, Kashima, Inashiki, Kasama treatment areas in Kasama and Kamisu with IJm of nearly 5.5 show larger values than those by SFC due to combination of strong ground excitations and liquefaction.
Seismic fragility curve (SFC) : Model for predicting damage
6.420.130.33
IJR IJ
Evaluate the dependency of physical damage and restoration of water supply systems (WSS) and sewerage systems (SS) on seismic intensities in the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake focusing on the damage at Ibaraki and Chiba prefectures. Quantify two damage ratios RN on physical damage points and RL on disrupted pipeline lengths.
Conclusions
Compare the damage ratios in the Tohoku earthquake with estimated ones derived by previously proposed seismic fragility curves.