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d. Aspiration Voiced stops (in English) are never aspirated. Voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated and sometimes not. These voiceless stops will be aspirated: a. Word-initial, regardless of stress: tap, cat, Topeka (stop precedes an unstressed vowel), command (ditto) b. Intervocalic (between 2 vowels) but only when preceding a stressed vowel. meticulous, repair, recalcitrant, return

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These voiceless stops will be unaspirated: a. Following /s/ stop, skate, stick, stare, spike b. Intervocalic, preceding an unstressed vowel napping, camper, sicken, supper, thirsty (Note: Sometimes these are unaspirated, sometimes they are lightly aspirated.) See Table 5-2 (p. 96) of MacKay for a nice summary with examples.

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Voice Onset Time (VOT) VOT = Interval between articulatory release and onset of voicing. voicing onset release voicing onset and release ~ simultaneous VOT ~0 ms VOT ~85 ms

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Voice Onset Time (VOT) voicing onset release Very short delay between release and voicing onset (~10 ms) VOT ~10 ms VOT ~85 ms

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(unaspirated ) With edited out

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pack capping (aspirated ) (lightly aspirated ) /p/ precedes stressed vowel (aspirated) /p/ precedes unstressed vowel (unaspirated or lightly aspirated)