cv harvard
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How to make your CVTRANSCRIPT
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S n the united States, post-secondary eciucaii:a i; kqci",,n as"coriege'(informal, andI-t often for institutions only offering a bachelcr's degree) 6r.uniysr.5iq/,(formal, and for{d institutions offering a range of degrees)- lt consis'is of four- y':ars of full-time study, these
years being called freshman, sophomore, junior, and seniorl,ea:-s. There is a mix of publicand private institutions, with private ones generally being rnore prestigious. Admissionscriteria can involve:. grades earned in high school. class ranking. standardized test scores (such as the SAT test). commitment to extracurricular activities. a personal essay. an interview
Once admitted, students take part in 'undergraduate study'which leads to a bachelor,sdegree in a main field of study known as a 'major'. other fields of study are ,minors'. Themost common degrees are Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Bachelor of Science (BSc), althoughthere are others. Degrees in law and medicine are not offered at undergraduate level, butare completed as graduate study afterwards. Some students choose to attend a'communitycollege'for two years before doing their four-year university course.
Graduate study, conducted after obtaining an initial degree, leads to a more advanceddegree such as a Master's degree. However only around 10% of students ever receive
H:?J:Or-," degrees - most just go directly into the workforce after their undergraduate
ln the UK the system is similal but there are a few diiferences. Linguistically, the word'college' does not refer to university, instead it refers either a) to an institution like a furthereducation college (for vocational, non-academic qualifications) or b) to a sixth-form college(for students aged approximately 16-18 to prepare for two years before entering university)or c) to a constituent part of collegiate universities like Oxford and Cambridge thatdefines where students live, which sports teams they belong to, etc. Also, the term ,highereducation'is often used as a synonym for university.
Practically, there are other differences. An undergraduate course in England lasts threeyears, not four (although four in Scotland), and it is possible to study medicine and la,w atundergraduate level.
There is a major cultural difference between the university experience of young pecllE l.rthe US / UK and that of people in mainland Europe. This is the fact that rnani/ uni'"..--,--.students in the US / uK move away from their home town to attend universit,. Tr:, .: -accommodation provided'on campus'or in shared student households in the ic.c: ::,,,-This period of life is strongly associated with independence from the famil;. 4--e- -- *:-:*students go wherever they can find a job: staying in their universiwtcryn, or cc .r :=:<home, or going somewhere else. This creates high levels of social mobiiit_,,
University students following Ihe Business t)pper tntermediate are !ikelv ro ho usn,interested in the topics of CV / resume, coue. rett"rr, ;";l;; l;;*'"."t1 ,i1,". .6.,.'" ,'.earlier Intermedlate level of rhe Business there is a lot of material on this topic (unit d), ancthe unityou are currently looking at is designed to complement and extend that material.Note these general points:
' an American-style resurne is onc sirlc o{ A4 only, arrcl is wriltrrrr irr rrotc forrn; a European-style CV can be a little longer
' educational and work exgteriencc arc wriltcrr irr rr.vt.rsc rlrrorrellor;iral order' modern resumes and CVs ctttlllt.rsizc.rr.lrir:vcrrrcnls (rrrr'.rrrrr,rlrlr: tlrirrr;s tlr.rt have been
done) as much as skills
Typing any of the words rcstrnc, CV, jolr irrlcrvilw ('r { r}vr!r l.ltr.r irrto .r search engine willgive many useful links. Yorr corrlrl st,rrl wrtlr.http://www. resunle-re!ourcc. corrr/http:l/www- cvt i ;rs,com
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SURE. students lvorl( hard to get into this elite college,But so does the admissions committee, assures Dean BillFitzsimmons.
In tire US, ferv competitions are more cutthroat thanthe college admissions game. And every year it grows moreintense as an ever-larger pool of high school seniors applyfor one of the covetecl spots at the nation's top colleges.Nleanrvhile, the elite colleges have been stepping up theireflorts to attract the best and brightest str-rdents - theprizecl pLrpils r.vho rvill help increase the prestige of theircampuses.
)'ou nright assLrme that Harvard College - blessed "vithhigher edr"rcation's greatest brand name and an endorvment
second to none - could afford to remain relatively alooffrom this battle. But in reality, 'There is no place that u'orl<sharcier than rve do,' says William R 'Bill' Fitzsimmons,Han'ard's veteran dean of admissions.
For the ne.uv academic year, rvhich will start in Se ptember,Harvard received a near-record 23,000 applications. Ofthese, it accepted a mere 2,100 - or just 9% - ranl<ing it asthe nation's most selective college. Even more impressive,some 80% of the chosen ultimately decided to attendHarvard - a rate that is easily ihe highest among collegesand universities.
The real surprise, however, is how hard Harvarcl rvorl<sbehind the scenes to achieve these amazing results. Fromhis corner office in Byerly Hall, Fitzsimmons overseesa carelully considered three-part battle plan. The firstphase begins in the spring, lvhen Harvard mails letters toa staggering 70,000-or-so high school juniors - all withstellar test scores - suggesting they consider applying toAmerica's best-lcnown college. Harvard buys their namesfrom the examination boards which administer aptitudeand collegc-admission tests.
Eacl-r year, Harvard's admissions teant toLlrs 140US cities, as rvell as hundreds of other places in LatinAmerica, Europe, Africa and the Far East. This year, 10%ol the admitted students came lrom abroad. In aclditionto his staff of 35, Fitzsimmons enlists Harvarcl's coachesand professors to look for talent. The math deparlment,for instance, starts to identify buclding math geniuses bykeeping a close eye on kids doing rvell in math contests.
Harvard students also get into the act. Since 2003,Harvard has hired fifteen to trventy lo'"v-income students tocall and email promising low-income high school students.Their job: to counter the 'impression that Harvard is onlyfor the rich and elite,' says Fitzsimmons. In fact, underHarvard's relatively new financial aid policies, parents'uvho mal<e less than $60,000 a year aren't expectecl topay any.thing torvard the annual $43,700 fee for tLrition,room and boarcl. Fitzsimmons also sends an arrry of some8.000 alumni .rolunteers to tour the country to identifyand recruit promising high school students by holding
shows ."vhere they live. Later, they also inten'ien' nearl..'all applicants.
By then, Fitzsimmons will be deep into the secondphase of his battle plan: sifting through the thousands ofapplicants. Every application is rated on a scale of one(the best ever) to six (the.,vorst ever). Then, in Februan',the applications are divided up geographically amongtrventy subcommittees. 'We present the case for eacliapplicant lilce a lawyer would,' says Fitzsimmons, ,This isthe polar opposite of a computer process and because rvehave so many people involved, there are lots of checks andbalances.'
Once the final decisions have been made, Fitzsimmonsand his team move to phase three: an all-out push toconvince the chosen few to attend Harvard. Professors,alumni and students are all recruited to stari calling theadmitted. And in mid to late April over half ol those."vho r.vere accepted typically show up at Harvard for anelaborate weekend.
The Harvard pitch is clearly effective. 'What we aim todo is to get the very best faculty together with the verybest str-rdents,' Fitzsimmons says. 'Our hope is that thesesynergies ri'ill develop the talents of these students to amuch greater degree and that they rvill then give bacl<a lot more to America and the u'orld.' That belief maysound corn'.-, but it's ciearlv helped drive Harvard to go toenornious l::s:hs lo i-ind the best and brightest.
7re Busiaess
WcrdlistUnitlBuildingacareer1.1 About bu:iness:The edncation business
alumni lal.rm:rar,/ (singular alumnus) noun [count]N'lr\INLY AllERICAN, FORMAL someone who,uvas astuder.rt at a particular school, college or university
applicant /ieplrkant/ noun someone who applies forsomething, such as a job or a loan of money: SuccessfttlappLicants ztill be notified by telephone.
aptitude /'ieprr,rju:dl noun natural ability that mal<es it easyfor you to do something well: an aptitude test.
budding /'b,rdrq/ adjective [only before noun] at the verybeginning of a career in writing, politics etc and likely tobe successful at it
corny ,/'kc:(r)nil adjective used so much that ii seems sillvcoveted /'knvatad/ adjective FORMAL wanted, in demandcutth roat /'k r q0raur/ adjective [usr_rally before nor-rn]
describing an activity in r.vhich people compete with eachother in'an aggressive rvay
endowment /rn'claunrenr/ noun [count] money given to aninstitution
enlist /rn'lrsr/ verb [transitive] to get someone to help orsupport yon
faculty /'fr..k(a)lri/ noun [uncount] AMERICAN all theteachers in a school, college or university: a meetingf orstudents, faculty and administrators
practise what you preach /'prektrs wot ju: ,pritf/ to do thethings yor-r tell other people to do
Iee /fi:/ noun [count usually plural] money that you pay toa professional person or institution for their lvor\<: Tttitionfces at Stanford haue noza reached f9000 a year.
remain aloof /rlmern a,lu:f/ verb to not become involvedin something
show up /jau'np/ phrasal verb [intransitive] INFORMALto arrive in a place where people are expecting you.. Wedidn't lltirtlz Austin would shozu ttp.
sift /srfr/ verb [transitive] to examine information ordocuments to find u'hat you are loolcing for
staggering /'stegarrl/ adjeciive extremely surprisingstellar ./srelar'r)/ adjective extremely goodstep up r'.srep ',rpl pl.rrasal verb [transitivel to increase
1.2 Voi.-rb,,riary: \
Educatic:r and career
drop out / drrp aut ,/ phrasal verb [intransitive] to leavesox.r3lilng s'.rch as an activity, school or competitionbefo:: ', lu have finished r.vhat you intendeci to clo
miss out 'rrs ar,r,/ ohrasal verb fintransitive] to lose anoplcrt-ur'.1:-.' :o Co or to have something
start over .s:r:ir'rr auva(r)/ phrasal verb [intransitive]r\)IERIC-{\ rio beein doing something again from thebeginni ne
thoroughly !rrpli,1 adverb very carefully, so that nothingis misseC: Tie ccse u,ill be studied thoroughly before anydecisict': is raie.
working party 'r::{r)krr1 po;(r)til noun [count] BRITISH agrou: of geclle r'.-ho examine a problem or situation andsugsesl a '!r."1'"' r{ iealing rvith it
come along /,krm alcq,/ phrasal r.erb [intransitive] toarrive or become availabie
fancy /'faensi/ SPOI(EN used u.hen vou are very surprisedabout something
put on weight /,p,rr on ,ruerr,, phrasal verb [transitive] tobecome fatter
1.4 Speaking:Giving reasons
intake /'nrerk/ noun fsingular or uncount] the number ofpeople accepted by a school or university at one time: //zlsyear's intahe of students
1.5 Writing:Cover letters
accomplishment /a,kamplrfmant/ noun [count or uncount]something difficult that you succeed in cloing, especiallyafter worl<ing hard over a period of time
brokering /'braukanl/ noun [uncount] AMERICAN (UI(brokerage) the activity of organizing business deals forother people
lead /li:d/ noun [count] a piece of information or a contactthat may bring new business
outgoing /,aat'geli'1/ adjective someone who is outgoing isfriendly and enjoys meeting and talking to peopie
tender /'rcnde(r)/ noun [count or uncount] a formal writtenoffer to provide goods or services for a particular price
venue /'venju:/ noun [count] the place where an activity orevent happens: A popular uenue for corporate euents.
1.6 Case study:Mangalia Business School
campus /'kempas/ noun [count or uncount] an area ofland containing all the main buildings of a school oruniversity: We haue rooms for 2000 stuclents on campus.
draw up /,ctrc 'r,p/phrasal verb [transitive] to prepare andwrite something such as a document or a plan
heritage /'hernd3/ noun [count or uncount usuallysingularl the art, buildings, traditions and beliefs that asociety considers important to its history and culture:Ireland's rich musical heritage.
metropolis /me'trr:palrs,/ noun [count] a big, exciting citr.,procurement /pra,kjua(r)mant/ noun [uncount] the process
of buying supplies or equipment for a governmentdepartment or company
sit back /,srt 'baek/ phrasal verb [intransitive] to rela_x andstop making the effort to do something
tailor /'rerla(r)/ verb tailor something to,/for to make orchange something especially for a particular person or.purpose
'l .3 Grammar:Te*ce review
144 ZieBusinxs
CV (resuffiie) / Jeb intervlev'r
Below you will see an Arnerican-style resume l'rezjtt:mer/ (often written with accents:rtsum6).Its key features are: one side of A4 only, focus on achievements (what you haveactually done) as rvell as skills and responsibilities, no'personal' information. European-style C\rs are longer, and can include other things such as personal interests,courses/conferences attended. After looking at the resunre, refer to the mind map.
PERSONAL DETAILS
Name; Paulo Cannara
Address: Via Carlo Scarpa 5'1,20425, Milano, ltaly
Home telephone number: ++39 12345678 .
Mobile telephone number: ++39 9876543210
Emai I : paulo [email protected]
Nationality: llalian
Summary: I have a degree in Economics lrom Bocconi University, Milan and am looking for a positionin the Corporale Finance department ol an international company. Since graduating I have been workingin a small company in Milan offering financial advice to private clients. I am now looking lor newchallenges to develop my career in the financial area.
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
June 20XX - now. Assistant Portfolio Manager, Studio Bartolini, Milan
Since finishing my studies at university I have been working in a small Milan stockbroker firm. I assist thePortfollo Manager in a wide range of tasks, including doing research into different financial instruments.lo reduce the risk of customers' positions. My responsibilities also include handling telephone calls fromclierrts and witing monthly reports.
Key achievements:
- As a result of the financial inslrumenls I recommended, our clients' porHolios grew by an averageof 8% last year, despite the fall in equity markets.
- I helped to develop a new E-kading plat{orm at Studio Barlolini, This was given a customersafsfaclion rating of 'Excellent'or'Very good'by 84% of clients.
EDUCATION
Nov 20XX - May 20XX. Poslgraduate Diploma for Financial Operators, Bocconi University, Mitan
This course covered fundamental analysis, technical analysis and pricing techniques for equity, bondand derivatives markets.
Sep 20D( - June 20XX. Degreg in Economics and Business Adminislration,Bocconi lJniversity, Milan
lgraduated wlttr a final mark of 78%.My specializations were in Corporale Finance and,FinancialMarkets. My final dissertatirjn was on lPOs in the ltalian market.
Key achievements:
- lwas a member of the university basketball leam. We won the ltalian University League in 20X(.
SKILLS
Languages: fluent in English and good level in French./7: good knowledge of all componenls of Microsoft Office.
REFERENCES
Available on request
Rarpo,..ribilitierOf the vain oriori tier i,.. Lhis role. !.hich o^zt arz v;.-lt. 't^^d..ribirJ"and'uej j;,;iabie:;: and wh;<h o^zr ,irz ^ot?
l\ ar"ara that,.it}r4..ygry fagt-^^ovin1. r'rui.rket. How ilthit ^ftectiy the p,rigiitl zs' ard devi*Js of' the -1ob?
We s},cl-l se^+-e^cet and btrllet poi,lt5,Leave a. lot of white. ;pace. '
Be brief il' direct. Avolj'jirr4o,r,,'
Use actior.verst .to de59.ri6E: y9t4r1 i. . . '
rerpouibilitie.sl tee lirt on pa4g lO2.
Uie real resulls to describe yow-. d.chiever^grt5:I ixcreaseA sales 6y. X%, I uide snuin4s of €y
UniverJi tw aradual-ti|. can cb,r.rider attachinan t+inL. report about official u,or^k ',
Uaivertitw araduaLzg withor,rt xrrch'euployueit'hirto.y c^ itill thi^kof Liperie^ces' *i th 'achievexelti'-For- e*a^^pla ...
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tea.chir'4 and helpir.4 peoitet sr&ti"4thi"4s Ce4 art, w-it'i,r.4, photo.paghy),-,
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h covgariroi,*i!f, ,1ow; what N6or.chax4esin' this ,o1o *'s, loi lookin4 F"r2- F"r e*a-iple,in r.arr.5. of cwtor^ec .relatio,Jz- or4a,rieational
develop-e,rt? r.n+rket detel"pi.an L ?
CV/RESUFg1E'''
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Arub 3CSIilJTERVIEW
Job.'. : ''-'' '',: ''\
fueprrc t"t rr{i,r1 '+. friend t "tt V* \:.rg.ia4l sr'€JUo^t. ln, particular; practi5e !
+-r'*-i+j A[o.At ./o1i'rti-o,.'1 poi'rtr wag
-:rztr. cxrr.plei fra* ie.T cw-rerrt job.
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r.s-a ilfoniltj"ir fag the* a;t {.r- it.
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Treat the intervier^el- with rerpect, butdo,r't be. a,fraid. to occa;ionally:take the
ir..i tiative duri,..4 thc co,rveira bio,r.
of.kachieveteiz-**-g
. (tart with the uo5t, recertjo6./ ct*r s e ( r e't ec 1 e c hrono ! 91 c4!'. qrd er),
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Whe,r refarri"q to >^arYi. ard. qrades, trai.slateir,Lo t, lhe' reader ui1ht,..ot ru.dersta^d
Spc,rfs aid fitr.er', tiavel, coi"iputei5i.becortin4 exeart ; i1 4rry,.,rk!l!, a:tcr
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hch.rdir'1 irrelevant iforvationCpia4 over the li*it
(resvue -'l ,o1.; CV - 7 ea4es)
Brilhtty color,rred paper, too rrany font 5tyle3
Spelliq axd 4rat^var wir|a(Yes. Check verycarefi^liy, 4^d' iF potsille slpw to a ,rative.
2TI CV (RESUME) / JOB ITJTEP.VIET,V
the r^arkinl syiLei in, your ci:untry.
experierrce durinl Lhe cotirse-
tpeaYer before set'dia4 o$$.
101
:.'.1::::2"
CV (resume) / .!ob inteiview: Exercises
24.1 Study the list of personal qualities below- You canuse some of these ideas in your CV, or in an interview.
Udhich of tlese qualities would you use to describe:a) a real pereon who has recently been your boss?h) a real friend or colleague who you admire?Q yourselP
Can you add any other personal qualities?
..,. ,:
Which of these activities have you done: :
a) in your previous job?b) in your current job?You ian include part-time work.
24.3 Prepare a CV / Resume.:
-g Use the ideas in this unit to help you prepare aone.page resume or two-page CV-
a Show it to a colleague / friend and ask them how it couldbe improved. :
,. ;i1rr'
-I
8
9
10.11
1Z
Z-1.4 First read these typical interview questions.
I =ll me a little about yourself.
2',',.hydoyou.wanttolea1eyourcurrentjob?i ',',hat attracted you to this compiany? ' .. . ' ,.
I ',\iat qualities or experience do you think you would
:..-9 to this job?
; .'.-t'.vcutd you find most difficult about this position?
-?.v l.;culd you handle that chalienge?
3 is you look back on your life and career so fac what ,
.Cie;e.ment has given you the most satisfaction?
Ho,.v vrould other people in your present company
dexribe you as a colleague?
What are your srong points? ' '
And what are your weak points?
How do you deal with criticism and direction?
ln career terms, where do you want to be in'five years
time? -
5o, finally, why should #e trire you rathe; than one of the
other candidates? '. : ,
Now choose one of the questions above to match witheach reply beiow. Write the question number in thebo>c
a) E + 'ft doesn't allow me to grow professionally and I
want more challenges,' (also practical things like distancefrom home, job security.)
b) Ll -+ Don'_t talk too much: it's a war:m-up question.
Cover your origins, education, work history and recent
career experience.
c) I -+ 'Maybe I am a little too perfectionist-'/ 'Perhaps I
worry too much about deadlines.'
d) fl + 'l welcome it and listen carefully, particularly if itallows the team to operate more effectively and produce
better results. lt is necessary in order to learn and develbp.'
ln exercise 24.5 and 24.6you are going.to prepare and
then practise a job interview This is useful for everyone -even if you are not thinking about applying for a new job
right norv.
2+ CV (RESUME) / JOB INTERVIEW
74.5 Prepare the roleplay.1 Think cf a job 'that you might apply for in the future and
r,vrite it belorv. lf you,canlot think of ani'thing, thenimagine that you are applying for the position of yourcurrent boss (even lf you only do part.time work).
(position)
(company)
2 Fill in the gaps in the box below with your owninformation. You will be asked these questions.
Education
I see that you have a degree in(subject) from (name of instiiution);
g Which part of the coursd did you enjoy most? Why did
you like that subject?a Did you do a project in your final year? Can you tell rne
about that?
Current job .
(Use a part{ime job if necessary,'and use a recent job if '
you are a student or unemployed.)
I see that you work as a (position) in
(company).
I€'
Can you tell me a little about the company? Whatexactly do you do there?. : I
What personal and professional skills have you
developed?What was your most important achievement?
How have you kept up-to.date with new developmentsin your field?Why do you want to leave?
3 Review the questions in the box above and the twefuequestions in exercise 24.4. Plan how you personally rvill
answer these questions. Your replies should be natural an jcomfortable for you, and may be very different to other .
peopleS replies.
24.6 Roleptay . '. :
Give this book tci a colleague / friend and ask them tointerview you. The interviewer should follow thissequence:
o Tell me a little about yourself-'
c The ques:rions in the box above.
s Questions 3-12 from exercise24A:-
103
---e- --3 '+;;_-r:#--'"t!€*S#y Developing an ergurment - EFnkEng words nE*--jlF e
Linking wordsRead tle tert and then studl ihe bullet points belorv.
Look at the words although (line 3), blf (line 8) andhoweoer(hne 1a) in the text. Are they the same? Think about anydifferences in meaning and use before you read the nextthree bullet poirG.
6 Althoughmakes a contrast within one sentence. ltintroduces in-formation that is less irnportan! orsurprising. It can come at the beginning or_in the middle:Intel has opened a plant in Ho Chi Minh City, althoughinfrastructure b poor and there is a shortage of skilledworkers.
G Buf makes a simple contrast within one sentence andcomes in the rniddle- There is a trend for writers to usebut aI the beginning of a sentence to conlrast with theprevious sentence, but some people think this is notgood style.
e Howeaer comes at the beginning of a sentence and isfollowed by a comrna. It makes a contrast *,ith theprevious sentence, or even the previous paragraph.
Other linking words and phrases in the text are l,,ritten inbold. Study them norv.
€ Several linking rvords in the texi start a sentence arrd arefollowed irnmediately by a comrna. Hon, manv like thiscan you find?
€ Look at the phrase as a result on line 23. The rtriter coul,lalso have used it at.the start of a sentence follorsed bv acomma:There is also a certain degree of competition betuven tledifferent facilities. As a result,,there is douwward ptessure on
3!g"t at them aII.
But the writer decided that in this particular case it rvasbetter to plut and as a result in &e middle of a longersentence. Perhaps it seemed less fragmented.
In general, linking rvords shorv a clear connection betweenclauses,:sentences and paragraphs. They show the structureand logic of an argument. Using them effectively is apowerful communication tool.
TyF€s ef lEnking wsrdsThe mind map opposite shows horv but, altltough and,howeaer represent three categories of linking rvords. Inadvanced grammar books they are given separate names('coordinating conjunctions', isubordinating conjunctions'and'discourse markers'). To avoid these complicated termsmany books just use'linking words and phrases' foreverything.
Note: a 'clause' is a grammatical unit that has a subject anda verb (and often an object as rvell) and forms q simplesentence on its ort'n.
LJo.r^- do multinational companies operate in today'sI lgtobal economl'? Vietnam gives us a clue-Although infrastructure is poor and there is ashortage of skilled r+'orkers, Intel has opened a plant inHo Chi l[inh Citl'. The reason is c]ear: wage levels arelov'. In fact they are about a third of those in China.Intel continues to produce chips at its fabricationplants in lreland and the US, but these chips are thenexported to Vietnam {or the labour-intensive work oltest and assembll'. From Vietnam, they are re-exportedto other countries in Southeast Asia. As regards thedomestic market in Vietnam itself, current sales areIow - most people can only afford a cheap desktop PCusing unbranded components- However, wittr apopulation of over 80 million and information-hungryyouths filling the Internet caf€s, there is a lot ofpotentia-l-
In addition, Intel gains by the fact that itsoutsourcing operations are more diversified. If thereare any problems at its other plants in Shanghai,Malaysia or the Philippines, it can simply switchproduction. There is also a certain degree ofcompetition betrveen the different facilities, and as aresult there is dorr.nrvard pressure on wages at themall. Even so, it would be a mistake to assume that theservorkers see themselves as exploited. In most cases,r*-orkers in developing countries want to work formultinationa.ls, and the pay and conditions are betterthan at local companies-
Look tack ai the sentence beginning Although (line 3).There are actuallv th;ee separate clauses:
ln{laslraiurt b polr (in lliihnm).Therc is c slrcrfage of skilled u,orkers.
lnjrl F;s epn:e.i a plant in Ho Chi Mitrh City.
The rriter has used the linking rvords and and althottghio i,ri,-r, these dauses together and produce a morecrmpler sentence. IVith the linking words, the text isea-<ier to read. The relationship betrveen the ideas isC:amr-
-4"'q:" rlith the hnking.n'ords the style changes. ltbe:'r::es rnore formal, tt'pical of a presentation, an-l€'e:rng or a reFort- [n an everyday conversation or arre=:i ii t-ould be normal to use much shorter clauses-
20 DEVELOpNililG }!*!r* &ff(GUiHEqm - ulwiffi|l'iltc 0
Developing an argument - linking words 1: Exercises
20.1 Match one item in each column according tomeaning.
informal formal formal
1 and =----_ however as
2 but \ furthermore \ consequelrtlY
3 so since \ nevertheless
4 because therefore \ tor.oua,
2O.2 For each word or phrase in bold, underline theone word or phrase in brackets below that is mostsimilar in meaning.
1 Because it has above'average sales and earnings growth,
Glaxo is a favourite on Wall Street.
r-c,'nce / Due to / Therefore)
f Because of its above-average sales and earnings growth,
Claro is a favourite on Wall Street,
r,cince,/ Due to / Therefore)
3 lpp,le needs to constantly update its product line, inorder to stay ahead of other consumer electronics
companies like Sony and Samsung.(so that / so as to / owing to)
1 Apple needs to constantly update its product line, inorder that it can stay ahead of other consumer electronics
companies like Sony and Samsung.(so that / so as to / owing to)
5 Although the core rate of inflation rose only 0.2'/o inJanuary, analysts are concerned about higher energy costs.(ln spite of the fact that / ln spite of / 5o that)
6 Despite the low rise in the core rate of inflation in
January analysts are concerned about higher enerQy costs.(ln spite of the fact that / ln spite of / So that)
7 Nokia is strong in Europe, whereas Motorola is strong inthe us.(as/though/while)
8 Nokia is strong in Europe, although Motorola is giving itvery strong competition.(as/though/while)
20.3 Underline the correct words in italics to makegrammar rules. The answers to exercise 20.2 will help you..l
Because / Bxause of is followed by a clause (subject +verb), rvhile because / because of is followed by a noun ornoun phrase (no verb).
ln order to / ln order thar is followed by subject + verb,',"hlle rn order to / in order that is followed immediately by
:i.e ,nfiniiive form of a verb.
.:.':rc;gn I Despite is followed by a clause, while a/thouqh,'C=:,iie is follolved by a noun or noun phrase.
,', r3,?a5 / Although introduces something surprising, while,', l:reas I although just compares two f acts of equal
2o.tl Write words and phrases with a similar meaning.
I because: as / s- - -e2 becauseof: d -t-/asar- of/ow---to3 in order to: io / s- a- to.1 in order that: so / so that
5 although: though / e- - - though /ins----o*the f---that
6 despite: in spite of
7 whereas: wh
When you finish, substitute these words into thesentences in exercise 20.2 and read them aloud. This
will help you to remember the variety that is available-
2O.5 Complete the conversation extract below with thewords in the box. Look carefully at the logic of theargument.
{ a/so because of but 50 iL_-==-'_--
:jYes, people say there's been a lot of damage to US industries
because of China. I , if you look at thefigures carefully, the situation isn't so bad. Jobs have been lost
in manufacturing, that's true, but new jobs have been created
in the service sector. 2 , the US trade figures
with East Asia aren't that bad. When you look at the wholeregion, the deficit has stayed more or less the same for several
years. Surprised? l'll tell you the reason - it's3 globalization. Yes, China has been
growing, but a lot of that groMh is because it assembles
goods that were previously made in other Asian countries.
, at the end of the day, the US is importingthe same amount of stuff from Asia, but now it3 all made in
China.e
2O-6 Compare the version of the same text below. lt ismore formal, and typical of a written report. Completeit with the words in the box.
Iconsequently due to fufthermore however
It is widAly thought that there has been substantial damage
Ito speci{ic US industries as a result of competition with :
t[,ntna_ , if you lqok at the new servicejobs created as a result of trade with China, the actual net
toss in American jobs is marginal. 2 , rhe
US trade imbalance is not as bad as many commentators
claim. ln fact, when we consider ihe East Asia region as a
whole, the deficit has remained basically the same - around
3O"/" - Ior several years. What is the reason for this relatively
stable lrade deficit? lt is 3 increased
economic integralion within the Asian market. Chinas
exports ha'-e jser :i'a-:^,a: :a j'. c-i :l-.ai's largeiy because
Japanese, Kcrean " -€',', a-e-ce ar d Sir Eaporean com panies
have been rroving iieir c,',;l pro'duciion to lhe Chinese' r
mainland. a . ihe US is importing a
similar amctunt of gocds ficrn Asia as before, hrut the trade
has a different pattern. Ltuch of the business is done with ,
pre-existing non-Chinese trading partners who have simply
relocated their operations to China.
20.7 Complete each example with the best pair oflinking phrases from the box. Look carefully at the logicof the argument.
l,As a maxer of fact / For instance Wli tn fact / To a great ertent On the whole / However
i
1 Broadly speaking , sales and marketing are not
coordinated very well. Therefore ,weshould reorganize the department.
2 , , open source software like
Linux is"making a big impact in the world of lT.
, it is unlikely to threaten
Windows' dominance in the mass market.
, she has quiie a lot ofexperience in the sales area
she worked as a rep in France for two years, going to all
the trade fairs and speaking directly with customers.
, quality is not just a technical
and prcduction rssue it is also
a design issue: products have to appeal to a customers;esihetic sense.
2g.8 Look at the box in exercise 20.7 and find:
I trvo phrases that mean the same as 'Actually':
2 two phrases that mean the same as 'ln general':
a Choose one of these texts: How do multinationalcompanies operate in today's global economy? (page 84)
or ln coming decades, a key challenge for countries in the
euro zone is going to be its aging population. (page 87).
87
?O DEVELOPING AH ARGUDIENT - LINKING WORDS 1
2O.9 Complete this text by writing the best word orphrase from those in the box. Look carefully at the logicof the argument.
i ut as a result M even if finally i
i _-,, in r*!_ ::::!: ?L _--., !::!::9!_-_*_ :
around 67Y" now to just 56% in 2050. This will create , r:,:-,problemi for the tax systems of the countrie"
"ona6'rn661."..',-,, some people think lhis is'the'-:':-:i:.1:
greatg.st long-term challenge that Europe faces. fnd'reaOniis as foliows:,golernments will have to raise taxgs o1 thi!=. ,-1_
working population to fund pension systems, otherwise-':,. =elderly pqople will vote them out of office. This ri-se in taxes.can only come from company profits and employees.'.: , '-salaries. 3
, companies will.have . ,
less money to invest in their businesses and the purchasing
powerof consumers will fall. This will create a vicious cycle
it means lower economic growth
and therefore, in turn, less profits and taxes.
What options do governmbnts have?
more women and long{erm i
unemployed people take jobs, it will not be enough to-solve
the pioblem, lt seems that there are three answeis. Flrst of :
all, workers will have to retire later. Next, private pension
schemes will have lo become far more widespread. And
, economies will surely depend
in many countries. But, 7
much more on immigration to sustain economic gloivfhr,lt !s
true that increased immigration has caused social problems
immigrants have been prepared to do work that nqt1ye91, :.
won't do, working for long hours and low pay. And, I ,-,,-,,.immigrallg a19 young, and young people are ryfra! Europg
incieasingly needs, So, 8
problems, their numbers are likely to grow.
Read the text again several times, then write the firstsentence at the top of a separate piece of paper.
Write another text beginning with the same first sentence.
Use your own ideas. Feel free to refer to the mind map as
you write.
20 i.
:
,:
:
;- i:I'fr-:'--?:-:1-i=:-:=
i€:g Developing an argur'lnent - linking vvords 2-1.={i:--'-
Develcping an arguffientRead the dialogue and then study the bullet points belolv.
;,:. ;'' ltieii tlieieSrglobbl warming - we can't just go oni: releasing greenhouse gases like we do now. We must:.. do something about it, otherwise it'll be a disaster.; B: As far as China and lndia are concerned, there's
plenty of new technology to replace oil: wind. solaltides. bio-fuels, natural gas. Canadian oil sands, fuel celltechnology, not to mention nuclear. When the cost ofenergy rises enough, they'll all get developed. And it's
:;n do. Firnly, we can,all ie'duce cjui.
true that there may be a problem with globalwarming, but what can we do as individuals? Thetemperature of the world has been changing since time
we ju:t wont be able to have thb sa-me. lifgr,e .io nor,.r. And there ap lots of thinbi--tF:a]
e In the dialogue there are linking phrases that allow thespeaker to make a personal com-ment. Examples are: ifseems that, ob-oiously, to be honest, ironically and npparently.Find these rvords in ihe text and check their use in themind rnap.
g There are also linJcing phrases in the dialogue that allowthe speaker to make two related points. One example is:
for oie lhing . . . and for another. Can you find hvo morecxamples?
e Another important technique for developing anargurnent is io first concede a point (yes . ..), and thendismiss it (... but not in this case). One example in thedialogue is: it's true that ... but.... Can you find onemore?
I A related technique is to first generalize, and thenqualify (limit) your generalization. There is one example
- can you find it?a There are also two examples of strucfures that a
grarunar book would call'conditionals', in other wordssaying what will happen in certain circumstances. Canyou find them?
s In relation to formality, all the language listed in themind map under'Making a personal comment' isinformal (conversalion and emails) and everything elseis slightly more formal (careful speech, meetinggpresentations, reports, etc).
eontradEetory poEntsAny speaker or writer who is developing an argument hasto show that they have considered several points of vievr,including those that go against their own argument. In reallife things are not black and white and there are exceptionsto any general rule. By dealing with these contradictorypoints you demonstrate more complex thought, and thelistener is more likely to be impressed and persuaded- In a
business report or university paper this style is expected.
I-n the dialogue above you saw some exarnples of this kindof language: the phrases for'Conceding a point but thendisrnissing it' and 'Generalizing and then qualifying,. Thereis an additional branch of the mind map that lists eightccn)mon lerical structures for discussing contradictorypoints. They are all fixed expressions: use them exactly asthey are here.
21 DEVELOPING AN ARGULqE!'{T - L'it'iKIHl6 U40'RDS 2
Yor.r le.ard sci>^elhi^4t hrt are r'ot |welL seeus that, APParc'nt!
3or.^athi"4 i5' +;-wi' but tw-Pritii:4.
Actuallyr ln facN ltraxlely eror'r4h,
Believe it or rct
<or^ethia,4 i; obviouf or Alre4.{y known
Clearly; Obvi"urly
qd / Bad {or-tu,..e.
A: -r-=-_ _. r*-_ . -_.,e --.j ..- iL^ . --L I
{-. --ig -- r.:. }-- ' -i---i-:-' "'i*- --l'C:-. :.--- ' -;-1.a1 :Z "'
O* p-*:- .- =-: *' -11i r-Y.''
Oa t.l.e- 51a1-ir'*te ".- 5"t :'-ss dc*a "'
Urig-r n:nur.T a i=$i'i*--1'r::j '"'blrt. ir. *-fe [,*i-iaa!' 5 *--a1i-igr' ' "
ln t-Le. ;k;^t i-i's '.-Lrrt ia --'rz '=4 '="v "'
bEVELGHNq Aru ARquffi€NT A
x,atr /
t'7n/<T
{"/ett4l
"/F./.st4lrtJ
€/
l
Forttrnatelyr Luct ily,, Ut{ertunataly, (adly
To b{. honettr,FranklY -. ':
a^r,"1 tonzthiq colrfidettial' Battee^ vou and u9,
Pease-dol t flPz,-{:t this but "'
Oth"r pkatesHope$ully, Auazir4lY;
lronically, Ur^.der;ta.ndablYtkedictably, Preru-ably
'.
Makirr4 tr^o relatad Pojl-t{Firrtlv .-. and ieco'rdlY "'
To be4iJ' wi Lh .'. and the, "'
[rtl
For one thin4 "' i
a,rd for anot6er "' ii
lr tha fir;t placa "'and therr o,r tgp of that "'
Corrcedin4 a. point, buttlsn Jir*istig i+
!
It'r trua that ..' but -.. !
a{ cc*rse :.. 6ut eve,t to""Certairly ... however "'
. Adr.ittedfy .-: btrtf ,'evzr1cl'rzless '-' ($or^r^al) '
ClerreraliLit4 ^^d
ther qualif7ig' !lr' 4e^erai ... al thoulh "'Oi the whole ... but "'
ln uo5 L c65eS '... however ' . "
An,rourcin4 a chaqa ofSubjecL irr advance
41 re4ards "'r.o4oiai^1 "'
Ag Tar G ... ti co'rcErrted 'l,r relabion to -.. (rlilhtly forr^al)
With refere^ce to ... ({orxal)'
Char.4ir,4 the topic
bv the waY,
l,rcide,rtally, (rlilhtfY forr^al)Talki,ra about "'
On the iubject of "'
lf ..., ib'll probably r.ean Lhat "'We l,ust ..', otherwi5e "'
l)xle59 ..., it will"'
89
Delreloping an argument - linking words 2: Exercises
21.1 Study aFe), noticing the phrases in italics-
. ::," .ir-e inrng its too expensive, and for anolher the
:*':;n ls quite old-fashioned.
: -:s =,-
as ihe press conference is concerned, we need to.=assr-lre everyone that the situation is under control.
: "r':s, ;ll our jcbs are going to be at risk if the merger goes
:-ir-c"ugh. lncidentatly, did you manage to get any ticketif:rthe game on Saturday?
l n genera/ her decisions about marketing strategy are very
g,cod, a,though on this occasion I think she has overlooked-ie ln''portance of the lnternet.
= Cf cocrse Silvia has a lot of experience in this field, bufel,€,'l so I think the project is too big for just one person-
Now match each phrase in italics above to the onebelow with the closest meaning. Write the sentenceletter in the box.
1 By the way, ...
2 As regards ...
3 Admittedly ..., but nevertheless ...
4 On the whole ... , bui ...5 ln the first place ... , and then on top of that...
Say sentences aFe) aloud with both alternatives.
21.2 Fill in each gap with a word from the box. Severalanswers may be possible, but one solution uses all thewords in an appropriate way.:- - _ __-
i A€*saqf- Amazingly Presumably Clearly I
i --l::t!y- t':y!v--::!!"btv -:Y":Yy:', )
A: Can you help us with this email? lt's written in Spanish.g'. Actuallv l'm Brazilian, so I speak
Portuguese not Spanish. But l'm sure I can help you.
The trend in lT is for software and data to.migrate fromthe individual PC to the network.this is quite like ihe situation with mainfrarne computers in
the seventies and eighties.
, we can get the information quiteeasily from Google- But I haven't actually looked for it yet.
, the original 19th-century London
Bridge is now in the Arizona Desert! lt was sold in 1962 toan American oil millionaire, dismantled, and thenreassembled brick by brick. lt is now a major touristattraction.
5 Hello? ls that Melanie Bryant? Yes, it's about your order.
we're having some problems
processing your payment. Can you check at your end tomake sure its been authorized?
trnITT
6 A: They say they can deliver the materials by the end of
the month.B: _=--.-- . I don't care. We've already
had one bad experience with them and I think we
should look for another suPPlier.
. if they want a tailor-made
version, they'll have to give us detailed specifications- l'm
sure they know that.
8 Cadbury Schweppes announced a cut in its expected
earnings on Monday. , the whole
food and beverages sector saw lower share prices
followin g the announcement.
21.3 Complete the text with the structures in italics.Note that they all need two gaPs.
t As far as .-. is concerned ...
i url"rr ... it will ...Firstly ... Secondly
ln most cases -.. but . ..
It is tue that ... however . ..
Spain represents only 2% of
globalGDP, it has produced
some multinationals that are major players on the global
stage. What are the reasons for lhis success?
, they have focused on what theY
do b,est: large-scale operations. Examples include
T€lef6nica (telecommunications networks), Repsol and
lberdrola (energy) and Ferrovial (infrastructure).
, they have made significant
mgves, into Latin America, taking advantage of the
common language and culture. Banks like Banco
Santander and BBVA have been very active in these
markets.3 these success stories
have been large, publicly listed companies,
some family-owned firms have
also done well. Examples include Freixenet, the leading
exporter of sparkling wines to the US, and lnditex, the
owner of lhe Zara clothing brand.
the future
' : , , competition is going to get
tougher. By concentrating on Latin America, Spanish
oompanies have already picked the 'low-hanging fruit'.
There are some major challenges ahead, especially in
terms of top management. s these
companies develop more senior executives with
international experience, be
difficult to expand into the rest of the r,vorld.
!!*+-Fri**ff
21 DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT - LINKING WORDS 2
21.4 Review some conditional structures' Fill in the
gaps with these words in case' otherwise' provided
that, unless, whether'lve have managers with
internationalexperience,wewon'tbeabletocompetetnthe global marketPlace.
-- we have managers with
international experience, we will be able to compete in the
global marketPlace'
3 We need managers with international experience'
we won't be able to comPete
in the global marketPlace-
4 Our unllity to compete in the global marketplace depends
on or not we have managers
with international exPerience'
5 We need to start recruiting some senior managers who
Make the sentence about the past again' This time the
speaker is expressing relief - they did recruit Spanish-
speaking managers and because of this they were able to
want to enter the Latin American market-
21.5 Answer these two questions' choosing from the
worO, and phrases in italics in exercise 21'4:
speak SPanish,
lf wemanage6, We
5panish-sPeaking managers'
If wemanage6, We
office in Mexico
open the office.
lf we any Spanish-sPeaking
managers, we able to open an
office in Mexico.
I
On the Pl9lPncl the qualitY is good,
but on the other the price is quite high.
she was quiet and shY,
she knew what she wanted and
Hong Kong DisneYland looks
like it should be a great success.
it will be a challenge to adapt the Disney formula to surch
a different culture.I found mY MBA course very
difficult, I got used to the
workload and started to really enjoy it'
-@rL're"' i
At the time "' but rn retrospect "' I
On PaPer ." but in realitY"' i
On the surface "' but deep dov'rn '" i
lJnder normalcrrcumstances " but iq,the current situation "' I
ln the short term "' but in the long term "' f
6 Remember that all modal verbs are possible in
conditionals. For example, may / might could be used in
1 above to make the result less certain than would'
21.7 Choose a phrase from the box to complete each
sentence below- Several answers are possible each
time. but one solution uses all the words in an
"fpropri"t" *"Y.
which one means the same as ail of these: on condition
that I as long as I if and onlY if?
Whichoneisusedinalmostthesamewayaslf,but(i)itismore common when there is a choice between two
possibilities, (ii) it is more common when the word or is
also used and (iii) it is used before an infinitive (so NOT I
can't decide if to go to the conference)?
one daY we
some SPanish-sPeakingable to oqen an
some SPanish-sPeaking
able to oqen an
was determined to get it
21-6 Look at the sentence in the box' and in particular
the form of the words in italics'
j lf we recrurt some Spanrsh-speaking managers' we will be able i
isry ----lNow follow these instructions:
1 Make the sentence in the box less certain - it is iust a
hypothetical idea in the mind of the speaker'
1
l+I
i
presence in the market and increase the visibility,of the
office in Mexico'
2tv.lakethesentenceintheboxaboutthepast.Thespeakeris expressinq reqret because they didn't recruit any
brand, profitabilitY will of
course be the number one ob.iective'
I would agree with You'
I just don't think we can afford
to take any risks" Let's put your suggestion on hold and
discuss it again in six months
7 it was difficult to leave mY job
at 28 and invest time and money in an MBA'
ever made.
a Note: in the end (#4 above) means 'finally' or 'eventually"
while at the end refers to the last part of something'
o Write the report. Feel free to refer to the mind map'
'i1i
I
I
1
,l.i,,:-R....\-\ f,".+
91
\
Developing an argunsent - linking words 3
i_3 LT"rr", before has business ethics been such a hot
I l\ topi.. A succession ol scandals at maior
! corporations like Enron, WorldComand Tyco caused
I tne US Congress to pass the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in;l 2002 - a major piece of antifraud legislation. Some
I Ueopfe argue that a combination of anti-fraud and
I equal opportunities laws is enough to ensure ethical
t pracuces, and up to a point, they may be right. Afterj
"U, American business does seem cleaner and fairer
rot 'these days. But on the other hand, these laws onty
! .o-e into play after a crisis has occurred, and are
,{ predomin"rtly concerned with areas like financial
I reporting, contracts and discrimination. Whatil companies really need is a set of standards and codes
lsi that describe what is ethical and unethical in the wider
I sense of society and the environment, and thatj prevent problems from happening. Moreover, these
{ standards and codes have to be considerably more
I effective than in the past- For example, highJevel2ql managers need to take personal responsibility for
I detecting and preventing misconduct- Likewise,! whistleblowers lower down in the organization who
t report misconduct must be protected.
{ fro- a financial point of view, having a strong5l ethical policy can be good for business. Consumers
I dislike companies that exploit cheap labour in poor
! countries or harm the environment, and 'corporate
t social responsibility' has become a key part of brand
I image. Of course a company's social audit is still:ol relatively less important than its financial audit. But it
I is in a sense a victory for ethical campaigners when,
!l for example, the annual report of a company needs to
I list its contributions to societSr in order to keep the
I shareholders happy.351 Taking all thls into consideration, I am
'iN convinced that ethical considerations will have a
I Srowing importance in the company of the future. lt isI true that government legislation already exists in{ many areas, but certain core values like integrity,
i0; honesty, fair play, commitment to diversity and,j| involvement in the community need extra support.
! tn.t are too general to be created or defended by
! taws, yet strong leadership in these areas can set an
I examlle to employees all through the organization.
€_-_-=-
Developing an argurnentRead the text and then study the bullet points below.
Look at the words in bold above, and the mind map-Find:
- three structures in the text listed in the mind mapunder Opinions.
- three stn-rctures listed under Focusing.
- one word listed under Emphasizing.
- one phrase listed under Concluding.
9 Notice the linking phrase after all on line 8. It means 'wemustrr't forget thaf . It does NOT mean 'final|y' I'atlast'/'in the end'.
o Notice the linking word yet on line 43. It is the same as
'but despite this'. There is more sense of surprise thansimply'but'.
o There are five other linking structures that are not inbold because they have already been mentioned inprevious units. Find:
- one for making a contrast.
- one for adding another point.
- one for giving an example.
- one for saying something already known.
- one for conceding a poinl but then dismissing it.9 Study the Opinions section of the mind map. Notice how
you can vary your language (instead of always writing Ithink or In.my opinion).
Foeus!ng structuresAt line 13 you can see the phrase What companies really need
ls .... Look under Focusfng in the mind map to find moreexamples of this structure.
At line L you can see a phrase beginning with a negativefrequency adverb: N ner before has busine ss ethi cs been....
When you focus on nmerby putting it at the beginning youinvert the normal subject/auxiliary word order (Business
ethics has neoer b{ore been .. .). See the mind map for otherplrases that can be used in this way.
Adverb + cornparative adjectiveLook at line 18 considerably more effective and line 30
relatioely less important Why add the words'considerably'and'relatively' when the sentence is okay without them?The answer is that it makes the comparison more measured
- it sounds like you have considered the comparison morecarefully. Adverbs used in this way are:
- fr, I much I considerably I signifcantly I substantially(more effective).
- relatiaely f somewhat (more effective).
- slightly I nnrginnlly (more effective).
!II
i
{
if
f
I
rIt
i!It
III
I
,iI
I
:=-,::ji==.=_==:.EF?::=!E:5f-!if-i=rjaiiiF;5Fji!::+:sr-{:1FjT:=1.t:"=-ij".
22 DEVELOPING AN ARGUhIENT - LINKING WORDS 3
Pa--icrrlarly, ErPeciallY . r,Mainlv, ,\rortly, ki^cipally' Predoxinantty
'' $eci{icallYCo+^PariJor
l,r, coxpari5on *ith, Co*Pared to :
3ir^ilaritY-(ir'.rlarly, LikewiSe) ln Lhe taue w^Y
kxcePtton'- Apa,'t {ro-' ExcePt {or
ExPlairiq't it anothar wAY'ir ot"her r^'ord5, to Pu
that ir' ie
" - To Put it liNPlY
' ' , -(urrrrariz-itr4Baricallv (inforpal)' To 5uu uP'
' l^ ihort' l^ Suvvar'1
Er^elraf ie;a'4
Above ill, lr Particular
Corrcluditt4
bErcLoHNq AN
krgolal oPiniot
ln xy opinior/viawI reaitv be.lie"e thatI a- Jorvirced th^t
Lpst cert-ais:
To xv waY of thinXinl '''ft sLe-s 'to ue that- "'
Li-i ted krowledSe:
As $ac at I know "'T; the best o{ uY krowladle "'
\
All in all (ir'.forual),Att thnqr congiderad 6;1f66Yal)'
Or. #la".ce, l'r co'rcltr5ion'
Takinl all thi; into corrgideratiot
.r0f
T7^urt, t Cone id erably / li 4t'.i $ icaxL\ /
(ubl tar LiallY CMore e++ec trve ,l
Relatively y'(ouewhat (uora e{fective):
<,,1h*.'y Z *ar4i "'allY i,".or P--f:cY2-
Aualifiei
UJhat 1 1lv- thina "'VJhat cor^pat ieg really xzeA i5 "'
What we want {rol.r You i5 "'What I will do {trEt' is "'
The thinq tha.L ivPre5iedvetvolt wa5 "'
The o".e' thinl thatwocrie5 ve i5 "'
Ne4ative frequencY
Never before has "'U,rder ,..o circurastalceS c,.^ ile "'
O^ ^o a,CCourr.t. r.^i,r;t we "'
..r .f .:..:At ^o
tiue'have I ...
O^ ,ro conditior will we "'Oi" l^ Sr>ve relPe'tt do I "'
O"li ;" t^re occ^tio'r'f have we "'
Field'oF relevarce
Frore a technical / lixae'cial /cDMpercial / a-dvi ilStr ative /r' ethical Poirrt of'view
Tech^.icallY tPe^Yi^
111
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ARGUMENT 5
(oua peogle ar4ua that ':'Paoole o{ie^ cl^it^ that "'
Paopie te"d to believe that "'
iAtt> Ttu v4.1ority o[ ua"a4eci "',:-::p4ffiially true rtateilert
Us to a Point, I'r 6 5e^5el
lrr. 4 wayr To 5ove deyee./exlex1.;To i lit^ited dz4rez/ extext'
Fi,..anciallY 5PeaLi14
93
Developing an argument - linking words 3: Exercises
22-1 Put these phrases in order, from 1 (most carefuland measured) to 4 (most certain).
a) lbelieve that ... f]b) lfirmly believe that ... Ic) lt would seem to me that .-. Id) lt seems to me that ... INow do the same for this group of phrases, again from1 (most careful and measured) to 4 (most certain).
e) I tend to think that ... nf) lfeelit is possible that,.. Ig) I am convinced that ... nh) lwould argue that ... f|22-2 ln format writing you often qualify a generalopinion so'that it sounds more measured. Tick (/) thephrase from each pair that is more typical of formalwriting.1a Everybody knows that ... I1b Many people believe that ... n2a Companies tend to ... fl2b Companies always ,.. f]3a All managers ... f]3b The majority of managers
4a Not everybody believes that... f4b Nobody believes that ... I
People always say that ... nSome people argue that ... fl
6a This may cause problems because .-- f6b Ttris will cause problems because... f,22.3 Fill in the missing letters.
1 __ __a point,this istrue.Z _ _ a_sense, this is true.
3 _ _ a certain e_ _ _ _t, this is true.4 _ _ a limited d_ _ _ee, this is true.5 - - the b- - - of my knowledge, this is true.6 __ far__ I k___, this is true.
22.4 Rewrite the sentences using What ... is ... to focuson the topic. The first example has been done for you.1 Companies need a set of standards-
What companies need is a set of standards
2 l'm talking about a completely new approach.
3 We want good quality at competitive prices.
n
5a
sb
4 I would like to have a chance to soeak to him
(Be careful with the next three examples - a form of dois also needed.)
5 I will first give you the history of the project.What I will do first is give you the history of the prcy:<:
6 We mustn't go over budget.
7 We should employ more local staff.
22.5 Rewrite the sentences starting with thetinderlined words.
1 Business ethics has never before been such a hot topic.Never before has busrness ethics been such a hct tactr
2 We can under no circumstances accept this deal.
This information should on no account be shown to thepress.
(Be careful with the next two examples - a form of dois also needed)
4 I agree with you only in some respects.
We do business without a bank guarantee only on rare
occasions.
22.6 The phrases in italics are all in the wrongsentences. Put them back into their correct places.
1 From a commercial point of view, il is noltv possible toprevent the bodys organs from deteriorating. lt requires
., u€U large doses of controversial dietary supplements such' as human growth hormone, DHEA, antioxidant vitamins,
glucosamine, Omega-3 and more.
2 From a technical point of view, anti-aging drugs are goingto be big business as the 'baby boomer' generation passes
through retirement.
3 From alegal pointof view, havinganti-agingdrugscheapand freely available is going to be very popular - retiredpeople make up a high proportion of the votingpopulation.
4 From a political point of view, anti-aging drugs raiseimportant questions. For example, should patients first geta DNA test to make sure that they will benefit? And whotells them if this test shows they have a high probability ofdying within the next few years?
5 From an ethical point of vier,v, anti-aging drugs need' careful regulation so that they do not expose theirmanufacturers to lawsuits by making false claims.
22.7 fdtetch ar, rmi:r'mdi nhn-ase frorm 6roup A with a
more fonrr"all pliree frcmm Gno'up B-
(rfCr-3 f,
1 ii.; =: -- -:i: j-'::.l;"= -
Z itS r,:.: 3r:ryii';€ - :'-: -i:: =l:h mOfe f
3 its f:r --':-?:':E-:'":
Group 3
a) it 's cc-s -+'::'.' -':i: :i:€--<1;?
b) it is scr:.'.-:: -'--r::-1:€:i 'ec) it is sl:Er-.:.' -':-::':€:i-':22.8 Study the position of particularly and in particular
in relation to a noun Phrase:
Business ethics is a hot rssue particularly fair trade'
Fair trade in particular has b<ome a hot /ssue in busrness
ethics.
Which one of the above could also be used at the
beginning of a whole sentence?
fair trade has become a hot issue'
22.9 Look at these two sentences:
-Tli-e sofTvvare is designed particularly fo.r classroom use'
The sofware is designed mainly for classroom use'
1 Which two of the formal adverbs in the box below mean
the same as ParticularlY?
2 Which two of the formal adverbs in the box below mean
the same as mainlY?
: es1eciall4 PrinciPallY prga-7:ni1-1itu'Pyifl:lti! -:22.10 Fill in the gaps using these prepositions: for'
from, in, in, into, on, to, with- Then match a structure
{rom the left column with one from the right'
1 apart
-2
-
comParison
-3
-
short
4 balance
5 similarlY
I to put it brieflY
I except .-I tit"*is"I compared --I taking everything -.-I consideration
e Re-read the texts Never before has business ethics been
such a hot topic (page 92) and Apart from the issue of
blocking access to certain lnternet sites by governments'
i" ai, of intellectual copyright' is probably the key
ethicai issue for the lnternet aqe (page 95)' This will
remind you about some issues in business ethics'
22.11 Complete the text using the linking words from
the left-hand column in exercise 22'10' Think carefully
about the logic of the argument
1',.', . . , . ,- ,. lhe issue of blocking access:
to certain lnternet sites by governments, the topic of
'jntellectya,t,copyright' is probably the key ethical issue for,
the lntbrnet age. lntellectual copyright refers to the
ownelshlp of a creative work- li you pay for and downlgad
an mp3 music file for personal use, that is legal, but what
abciut if you then place it on your hard disk for peer-to-
peer sharing? ln the first case, the musicians get paid' in
the second theY don't- 2 ' an-
.authol $oesn't get paid if you photocopy t|:ir book,and al.oft*ut" wrlier doesn't get paid if you distribute a pirate
copy'of 'their program. What about the movie industry?
22 DEVETOPING AN ARGUMEHT - LINKING WORDS 3
3. the music and Publishing
iJiurirle. mentioned above' they have been considerably
more'successful in protecting their intellectual property'
However, as lnternet download speeds increase' file
sharing of movies may also become a possibility'
, it looks like all the
creative industries are at risk from digital technology' Does
this matter? The answer is yes' lf musicians' authors'
actors; film makers, so{tware writers and others don't
reieiveran income, they won't continue to work to produce
high-quality products. ln theory, it is easy lo see that this
situation is wrong, but in practice it is difficult to persuade
yourself to pay for something that you can get {or free'
, it is ProbablY better to have
o that everYone PaYs' otherwisesome sort of regulation s
the creative industries will enter a sloy.v decline' '
You can also write these with full stops: e'g' and i'e'
Now complete each sentence with eg or re'
3 Scandinavian countries (- Norway' Sweden'- Denma*, lceland and Finland) tend to be early adopters of
mobile communication technology'
4 Scandinavian countries (- Noway and Sweden) tend
to be early adopters of mobile communication technology'
22.12 Match these initials to their meanings: eg' ie'
1 for example __---- 2 in other words --.--...-----.-_
Do some lnternet research. Type the words 'corporate
social responsibility' into a search engine'
Now write a short report with the title 'Corporate social
responsibilitY'.
c When you finish (if you are working in a group)' read
each others' reports. Have a discussion'
95I:n.1:1
II\I_1 i
Writing paragraplrs
Topic sentences and unityFlere are some facts about trends in the consumer goodsr.irket:
Study the short texts below; they are alternative ways ofpresenting the facts above.
Version A
Version B
Version A is not so easy to follow. Why?- Sentence I presents an idea, but we have not been
prepared mentally with any context and so theparagraph begins too suddenly.
- 2 follows well, gfving a contrasting idea.
- 3 is strange: instead of contihuing the argument, itintroduces a new idea ('the middle') half-way throughthe paragraph.
- 4 is strange after 3 (which made no reference to lwopoles)-
Version B is better. Why?- Sentence 1 introduces the main idea of the paragraph in
a short, simple way- Further sentences develop this mainidea rather than adding nerv ideas.
- There is a logical movement in the paragraph: the sutu-topics in 13 and -a ('&e high end','the low end', 'themiddle') appear in the same order as they are mentionedin the first sentence.
.priqe. for highly.,timnd
i:,$e. world - leaving:.the,,-qrid
i.S.? *" poles lies u uuit *r'
The intuoductory sentence in Version B is called a'topicsentence'. It provides a context and summarizeslvhat n-i_11
follorv in the paragraph-
All the sentences in a paragraph should relate to one mainidea. This is called 'unity'. Uruelated ideas in the sameparagraph produce confusion or complexity. A typical errormight be discussing advantages and disadvantages in a
single paragraph, or even discussing more than oneadvantage in the same paragraph.
E!4ovenrent / l-ogicVersion B has movement: the ideas flow clearly andlogically. In this case, it is because the topic sentence sets upthe paragraph structure very clearly. Another typical l'avto give movement to a paragraph is by using linkingwords. The left-hand branch of the mind map oppositereviews this language area, which is covered in more detailand practised in units 20-22-
Substitutlon end repetition of key wordsRead this paragraph taken from the same text.
i,.,Rlg: ir,.tranging as rvell. t" tnu:p*'g::.Lv,ere. associated exclusively with
t,,ig+lity 3But nowadals p.ople "i l!.$-'ig9ti"" when they nnd a bargaini.al[
S$."!.'..t,.y are in control of their,.,af i:rdiirlt of r]le monby. sar
bFlB.iii+f.rta a few high€nd
The idea 'the bottom end of the price range' (sentence 1)is a key one, and will be referred to again in theparagraph- Using similar words could be monotonous,and so the writer substitutes the phrase low-end productsin the next sentence. Equally, income groups (sentence2)is substituted later by social classes, and a bargnin(sentence 3)by money saoed.
But repetition can often lvork well. It can tie theparagraph togethe4 give emphasig and be srylisticallyeffective. Note how the words low-end in sentence 2 areechoed by tlre words high-end in sentence 5- Thisproduces a sense of dosure.Note the topic sentence at the beginning thatsummarizes the rvhole paragraph.Note the movement: as uell linking to a previousparagraph (not given here); time sequencing (in the pastg but rtott'ndtrys); interestingly to make a personalcornment-