curs engleza anul 3

8/16/2019 Curs Engleza anul 3

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Unit 9SHIPPING

Definition: A ship is any large floating vessel capable of crossing open waters, as opposed to a boat,which is generally a smaller craft.

The term formerly was applied to sailing vessels having three or more masts; in modern times it usuallydemotes a vessel of more than 500 tone of displacement. Submersible ships are generally called boatsregardless of their size.Shipping is a highly competitive industry serving the needs of international trade.

1. History of shippingCommercial shipping probably

began in the Mediterranean Sea

where the merchants of Phoeniciaowned ships and traded widely.Ancient Greece and Roman Empireadopted many of their practices.Later, in the Middle Ages, themerchants of Venice carried on andfurther refined these practices. Even

today, commercial shipping practices associated with marine insurance and the carriage of goods can stillbe traced to those early roots.

From the 15 th to 18 th centuries, deep-sea shipping was closely linked to colonial trade, especially thatof the Spanish Empire, the Portuguese Empire, the Dutch Empire and the British Empire and to thegrowth of the great enterprises like the Hudson’s Bay Company and the East India Companies.

The 19 th century . The completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 opened up new trade routes and thepossibility of regular shipping services between Europe and the East. Around the same time, the sailingvessel Elisabeth carried the first mineral oil cargo and a few years later, in 1886, the first modern ocean-going tanker Glücklauf entered service. During the last years of the 19 th century, many large andluxurious passenger liners were built to meet the growing demand for international travel, both by the richand by emigrants seeking new lives. The steam turbine, invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884, enabledsome passenger vessels to achieve speeds in excess of 20 knots.

The 20 th century . In 1912 the Danish vessel Selandia become the first seagoing ship with a dieselengine. Today most merchant ships have diesel engines, usually connected to a single propeller. Since

World War II, merchant ships have become generally larger, faster and more specialized. Many tankers ofmore than 200,000-tone deadweight have been built. Ships specially designated to carry standardcontainers transport today most manufactured goods.

2. Shipping industryShipping industry is the industry devoted to moving goods and passengers by water. More than 90% of allinternational trade is transported by sea. Each year the world’s merchant fleets carry several billion tonesof bulk raw materials such as crude oil, refined petroleum, mineral ores, coal, timber and grain. They also



transport a huge volume of manufactured goods, mostly in standard containers. The world’s merchantfleet consists of nearly 100,000 vessels, of which cargo-carrying ships account for roughly half. The restare employed in non-trading activities like fishing, supporting offshore oil industry, and providinggeneral maritime services, such as towage, dredging and surveying. New types of cargo-carrying ships,many of them highly specialized and very large, have been introduced to meet the needs of expanding and

more diverse international trade. Their aggregate capacity continues to expand year by year.

3. How merchant ships operateMerchant ships are designed to carry cargo and passengers. They can operate in the following three basicways: liners, tramps and specialized vessels.

a. Liners are employed on regular routes on a fixed timetable. A list of their arrival and departure dates is published in advance and they sail whether full or not. They can be classed as either deep-sealiners , which carry mainly containerized cargo across the oceans of the world or short-sea liners , whichcarry containerized and conventional cargo on shorter routes. The first modern liner services wereestablished in the 1870s. Cargoes may consist of many different kinds of goods, in consignments that areeach much less than a shipload, they include manufactured and high-value goods that can bear higher

transport costs than bulk cargoes. Thus container ships and other vessels engaged in liner services areusually much faster and better equipped than those engaged in bulk trades. Ferries are also classed asliners. These offer a daily or weekly service for passengers and vehicles across channels and narrow seas.A few ships are still employed as passenger liners. They not only carry passengers but also some cargo onroutes from Europe to North America and to the Far East. Air travel has totally displaced the long-haulpassenger services once operated by grand and famous ocean liners like Queen Mary. But manypassengers are still carried by ferries, usually over short distances, and the popularity of holidays at sea inrecent years has led to construction of many large cruise liners. Coastal and short-sea shipping areconcerned with the movement of cargo and passengers between ports in the same country, or betweenports belonging to adjacent countries on the same continent. They include many types of service, such asthe roll-on roll-off passenger and vehicle ferries common throughout Europe and other parts of theworld, and the feeder container ships that link main hub ports like Rotterdam and Hong Kong with their

neighboring subsidiary ports.

b. Merchant ships can also operate as tramps . These vessels do not sail on regular routes or keep toa fixed timetable, but are employed where there is cargo for them to carry. Tramps can be classed asdeep-sea tramps or short-sea tramps . A number are classed as coasters . These ply on coastal routes andup rivers to inland ports. The traditional tramp cargoes are dry bulk cargoes, but some are designed tocarry general cargoes. The tramp steamer is a descendant of the early merchant ships whose mastersloaded them with cargo at home to sell abroad, and vice versa. Tramps are used mainly for carrying bulkcommodities or homogenous cargoes in whole shiploads, with each voyage separately negotiated betweenthe ship’s owner and the shipper, usually through a broker.

c. A large number of merchant ships operate as specialized vessels . They are designed to carry aparticular type of cargo. There are several types of specialized vessels and the most common are oiltankers . They are owned by the major oil companies or by independent operators. Two other types ofliquid bulk carrier of growing importance are chemical carriers and liquefied natural gas (LNG)carriers .



TASK 1 Reading comprehension :

1. What is a ship?2. How do you define a boat in comparison with a ship?

3. What is shipping?4. What are the three basic ways merchant ships operate?5. Name two characteristics of a liner?6. How are liners classified?7. Name two characteristics of a tramp?8. How are tramps classified?9. What class are ferries included in?10. What is the most common type of specialized vessel?

4. Vocabulary

aggregate capacity ~ capacitate mixt ă arrival ~ sosirebulk raw materials ~ materii prime vraccanal ~ canal artificialcargo-carrying ships ~ nave de marf ă to carry ~ a transporta, a c ăra, a ducechannel ~ canal naturalchemical carriers ~ nav ă care transport ă produse chimiceto class ~ a clasificacoal ~ c ărbunecoaster ~ nav ă costier ă consignment ~ înc ărcătură expediat ă

containerized cargo ~ marf ă containerizat ă conventional cargo ~ marf ă conven ţional ă crude oil ~ ţiţeicruise liner ~ nav ă de croazier ă deep-sea liner ~ nav ă de linie de curs ă lung ă deep-sea shipping ~ naviga ţie oceanic ă deep-sea tramp ~ nav ă tramp de curs ă lung ă departure ~ plecarediesel engine ~ motor dieseldredging ~ dragajfeeder container ship ~ nav ă de aprovizionare cu containereferry ~ bac

fishing ~ pescuitgoods ~ m ărfuri, bunurigrain ~ cerealeinland port ~ port interiorknot ~ nod (mile pe or ă)liner ~ nav ă de linieliquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier ~ nav ă pentru gaze naturale lichefiatemaritime services ~ servicii maritimemerchant ~ comercial



merchant fleet ~ flot ă comercial ă merchant ship ~ nav ă comercial ă mineral oil cargo ship ~ nav ă pentru ţiţei şi derivatemineral ore ~ minereunarrow sea ~ strâmtoarenon-trading activities ~ activit ăţi necomercialeocean-going tanker ~ petrolier oceanicoff-shore ~ la distan ţă de ţărmoil tankers ~ petrolierpassenger ~ pasagerpassenger liners ~ pasager de liniepassenger vessels ~ nav ă de pasagerito ply ~ a naviga pe o rut ă port ~ portpropeller ~ elicerefined petroleum ~ petrol rafinatregular routes ~ rute stabileroll-on roll-off passenger and vehicle ferry ~ feribot pentru vehicule şi pasageri

route ~ rut ă to sail ~ a navigasailing vessel ~ nav ă cu pânzeseagoing ship ~ nav ă maritim ă ship ~ nav ă shipload ~ înc ărcătură, transportshipping ~ naviga ţie, navlosireshipping industry ~ industria transportului navalshipping services ~ servicii de transport navalshort-sea liners ~ nave de linie de curs ă scurt ă short-sea tramp ~ nave tramp de curs ă scurt ă specialized vessel ~ nav ă specializat ă

speed ~ vitez ă standard container ~ container standardsteam turbine ~ turbin ă cu abursurveying ~ inspectare, expertiz ă tanker ~ petroliertimber ~ cheresteatimetable ~ orar, programto trade ~ a face comer ţ towage ~ remorcare, remorcajtramp ~ nav ă tramptransport ~ transportto travel ~ a c ălători

vessel ~ nav ă

TASK 2 Using the vocabulary try to translate the text into Romanian.

5. Terms relating to a ship’s hull The main body of a ship is called the hull . At the base of the hull is a heavy metal plate called the keel.To make it easier to refer to parts of the ship, the hull is divided into three areas or parts: fore end,midships and after end. The foremost part is called the bow, the rearmost part is called the stern and the



middle is called amidships . The forward part is nearest the bow and the after part is nearest the stern.When talking about the forward part of a ship, people call it stem. The stem is the structure that forms theshape of the front of the ship. An imaginary line down the middle of the ship from the bow to the sterndivides the ship into its port and starboard sides. The port side is the left-hand side and the starboard side is the right-hand side of the ship when facing forward.

hull ~ corpul navei

bow ~ prova

stern ~ pupa

amidships ~ mijlocul navei

forward ~ înspre prova

after ~ înspre pupa

stem ~ etrav ă

port side ~ babord

starboard side ~ tribord

TASK 3 Learn all the words in bold from the text and their equivalent in Romanian. They are veryimportant for the ship and for your orientation on her.

6. Suffixesa. noun suffixes

Suffixes are groups of letters added at the end of a word that can change the word-class and the meaningof the word. In English, certain suffixes are used to form nouns from verbs, adjectives and other nouns.Knowing suffixes can help you to find out the word you need without looking up a dictionary every time.Verb + suffix

- ment: improve ment; manage ment; replace ment- ion: elect ion; discuss ion; translat ion (to translate); complicat ion (to complicate); pollut ion (to

pollute)- ation: inform ation; organis ation (to organise)- ing: jog ging (to jog); spell ing; ship pingAdjective + suffix

- ness: weak ness; dark ness; readi ness (ready)- ity: punctual ity; similar ity; flexibil ity (flexible); scarc ity (scarce)

Noun/verb + suffix

- er: manag er; employ er (describe people’s jobs)- or: direct or; operat or (to operate); sail or (describe people’s jobs)- ist: econom ist (economy); psycholog ist (psychology) (describe people’s jobs)



- hood: child hood; man hood (abstract nouns)- ship: partner ship; member ship; friend ship (abstract nouns, status)

TASK 4

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word on the right.

Ex: Who made the … arrangements …for the meeting? ARRANGE

1. We had a very heated ….. in class today. DISCUSS2. I think …. is very important. PUNCTUAL3. The …. of the festival was excellent. ORGANISE4. Who won the ….? ELECT5. He’s never been very good at…. . SPELL6. Their …. is all that matters to me. HAPPY7. The …. between them is incredible. SIMILAR8. Has there been much …. lately? IMPROVE

9. Have they got all the …. they need? INFORM10. This animal only appears during the hours of… . DARK

Exercise 2 . What do we call these people?

Ex: a person who dances ….dancer….

1. a person who murders someone2. a person who acts3. a person who works in economics4. a person who farms

5. a person who translates6. a person who employs other people7. a person who works in psychology8. a person who sings9. a person who operates something10. a person who plays football11. a person who directs films12. a person who writes articles in a newspaper

7. Supplementary reading : merchant ships

There are two kinds of merchant ships: line ships and tramp ships. Tramp ships are like taxis on theocean. They usually involve voyage charters, or carrying of a whole shipload of cargo from one port toanother. The voyage charter specifies how much cargo is to be carried between what ports, and the timeframe of the voyage, and the cost of the service.

curs engleza anul 3

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