curriculum historians
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CURRICULUM HISTORIANS. Karen Hicks EDUC 615 March 2, 2009. We often wonder why a particular method is touted as the “best” in educational practices. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
CURRICULUM HISTORIANS
Karen Hicks
EDUC 615
March 2, 2009
We often wonder why a particular method is touted as the “best” in educational practices.
Where and when did educators or people interested in education begin to push a curriculum or instructional methods as the “best” way for education?
To understand where we are today, we need to look at those who came before.
Goals
To learn a bit about educational historians To be able to answer a short quiz about the
historians To understand where some of today’s “new”
ideas came from
Historians Charles Eliot Johann Friedich
Herbart Fredrich Froebel Herbert Spencer Johann Heinrich Pest
alozzi Thomas Jefferson
Noah Webster Ben Franklin William Holmes
McGruffey Benjamin Rush Horace Mann Quiz References
Charles Eliot1834 - 1926
President of Harvard for forty years; introduced the “elective system” giving Harvard students a greater role in determining the focus of their own education
Harvard Professor of Mathematics and Chemistry in 1858
Concerned about the relationship between education and economic growth
Enhanced the graduate program and professional schools at Harvard which lead to graduate programs becoming a central part of the American university
Chairman of the Committee of Ten on Secondary School Studies (1892) – influenced uniformity in high school curriculums and college entrance requirements and urged secondary schools to establish an elective system of courses for their students
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Johann Friedrich Herbart1776-1841
A German philosopher, psychologist, and educator who laid the foundations of scientific study of education
Learning process – new ideas could enter the mind through association with similar ideas already present and by building up sequences of ideas important to the individual
Devised educational programs based on the aptitudes, abilities, and interests of students
First scientist to distinguish instructional process from subject matter
Five-step method of teaching instruction – “Five Formal Steps of the Recitation”
1. Preparation = prepare the pupils to be ready for the new lesson
2. Presentation = present the new lesson
3. Association = associate the new lesson with ideas studied earlier
4. Generalization = use examples to illustrate the lesson’s major points
5. Application = test pupils to ensure they had learned the new lesson
Emphasized that the proper correlation of curriculum materials would give students an understanding of the world
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Fredrich Froebel1782-1852
German educationalist who developed the kindergarten system (children’s garden)
As a private tutor using his “hands-on learning” approach in his pupils’ garden, Froebel realized that action and direct observations were the best ways to educate.
Kindergarten system with an emphasis on play and its use of ‘gifts’ (play materials) and ‘occupations’ (activities)
Teacher’s role – a loving, supportive guide rather than a lecturer
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Herbert Spencer1820-1903 English philosopher and father
of Social Darwinism Study – 5 areas
1) those activities which directly minister to self-preservation;
2) those activities which, by securing the necessaries of life, indirectly administer to self-preservation;
3) those activities which have for their end the rearing and discipline of offspring;
4) those activities which are involved in the maintenance of proper social and political relations;
5) those miscellaneous activities which fill up the leisure part of life, devoted to the gratification of the tastes and feelings
Controversial ideas – remove Latin and Greek as areas of study.
The study of science was a necessity Believed that learning should occur through
using the senses when a student interacts with the environment; encourage children to explore and discover
His ideas about curriculum were widely accepted in the US
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Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi1746-1827
Early school experience emphasized questions and discussions rather than memorization
Wrote Leonhard and Gertrude (1783) and How Gertrude Teaches her Children emphasizing his views on social and educational reform
Child centered education
Learning should come from the direct experience of the children
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Thomas Jefferson1743-1826 Saw a direct correlation
between literacy, citizenship and successful self-government
Proposed a free public system of schools
Proposal included three grades for rich and poor students. In these grades, students would be taught reading, writing, and arithmetic.
Students who succeeded in the first three grades would have additional lessons in Latin, Greek, geography, and higher math.
Children who did well with the additional lessons would go on to college.
His proposal failed because of a lack of money.
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Noah Webster1758-1843 Felt that American students
should have textbooks on the American language and experience
Wrote three books- a speller, a grammar book, and a reader
His speller became known as “The American Spelling Book.”
Fulfilled a need for students to have textbooks and reference books that related to the “new” American culture
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Ben Franklin1706-1790
Self-educated man who felt that science was the key to solving problems
Planned an English language school with a curriculum that focused on scientific and practical skills
His goal was to have students who were aware of the way learning connected to the world.
His focus on science and utilitarian subjects was very different from the classical tradition
Wanted to prepare students to make contributions in all areas of life
His major contribution was his push for a new kind of education that would correspond to the needs of a new nation.
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William Holmes McGuffey1800-1873
Known for his passion for education and preaching the gospel
Became a teacher at the age of 14, he had 48 students in a one room school
Wrote a series of readers for students
The first reader used phonics to teach reading The second reader used vivid stories the
children could remember. His readers were meant to promote morality
through stories. These stories were about character and truth.
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Benjamin Rush
Top priority was a reform of American education
New kind of education was required for the new democracy
Felt that the success of the United States depended on science
Believed that women should have a suitable education to instruct their children
His system of education promoted training for men and women in the understanding of democracy.
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Horace Mann1796-1859
Known as the “Father of American Public Education”
Believed that society could be improved through education and proper environment
Believed that state organized education could teach moral and civic values without promoting a specific doctrine
Pushed for education laws that would require towns to provide school for all children whether they were residents or not
Founded first state institutions for training teachers, believed that teaching was a skill that required development
Convinced that public education could create a better society, education was an equalizer for all men
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Quiz
The first to distinguish instruction from subject matter was Herbart or Franklin?
Herbart Urged secondary schools to establish an
elective system of courses? Eliot or Jefferson Eliot
Developed kindergarten? Froebel or Jefferson? Froebel Proposed a free public school system. Jefferson
or Froebel Jefferson Developed the McGuffey Readers. Jefferson or
McGuffey McGuffey
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ReferencesCharles Eliot. (n.d.).
http://www.coe.ufl.edu/webtech/GreatIdeas/pages/peoplepage/eliot.htm
Charles William Eliot. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot
Friedrich Froebel and Informal Education. (n.d.). http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-froeb.htm
Herbert Spencer. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903). http://www.victorianweb.org/philosophy/spencer/spencer.html
Holmes, Brian. Herbert Spencer. Prospects. 1994(24). http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/spencere.pdf
Horace Mann. Only a Teacher. http://www.pbs.org/onlyateacher/horace.html
Johann Friedrich Herbart. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbart
Johann Friedrich Herbart. http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/herbart.html
Kindig, Thomas. (2007). Benjamin Franklin. Signers of the declaration of independence: Short biographies of each of the 56 declaration signers. http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/franklin.htm
Kindig, Thomas. (2007). Benjamin Rush. Signers of the declaration of independence: Short biographies of each of the 56 declaration signers. http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/rush.htm
Leitch, Alexander. (1978). Rush, Benjamin. http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/rush_benjamin.html
Mason-King, Pam. (n.d.). Horace Mann. Retrieved October 1, 2007 from http://www.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/mann.html
Meiss, Christina. Benjamin Franklin. http://www.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/franklin.html
Noah Webster. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Webster
Smith, Mark. (1997). Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-pest.htm
Sparagana, Jeff. (2002). The educational theory of Thomas Jefferson. http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Jefferson.html
Wassenhove, Emily. Benjamin Rush.
http://www.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/rush.html
Weinstein, David. (2002). Herbert Spencer. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spencer/
William Holmes McGuffey. (2007). http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=263