current status of soil researches in turkey - bülent sönmez
TRANSCRIPT
General Directorate of Agricultural Researches and Policies
Current Status of Soil Researches in
Turkey
Presenter: Bülent Sönmez PhD
Moscow-2013
Research activities on soil development
•Agricultural Research Institutes (48), MoFAL
•by soil and water resources research departments of the Institutes
•Located in different parts of the country regional, national, international
•And also related departments of Universities in Turkey.
• To contribute to the cost-effective and
sustainable agricultural use of the land and
water resources of Turkey
The mission statement
Major Problems Of Turkish Soils
Other Soil Related Constraints;
• Low AWC in rainfed soils
• Poor quality soils, soil depth
• Depleted of nutrients and SOC
Land use and
problems
Mha
Arable Land 28.05
Irrigable Land 25.75
Rainfed Agriculture 17.25
Presently Irrigated 5.30
Salinity 1.50
Waterlogging 2.70
Erosion risk 57.00
Soil salinity
Soil characteristics-
most of the parent
materials consist of salt
rich minerals
Both salinity and
alkalinity are mainly
caused by sodium salts
500 000 hectares of
irrigation areas in Turkey
are affected by
salinization
• Climate is the main
factor for agricultural
production
• Drought is increasing most
places
• It is necessary to develop
well-considered
strategies dealing with
food security and climate
change adaptation.
• In this context, the main
purpose is to ensure the
sustainable and
productive use of soil and
water resourcesIncreased Frequency of
Mediterranean Drought
Source: M.Sıkamuvar et all, WMO Climate Change in West Asia and North Africa, 2011
Much of the agricultural lands suffer from
shortage of rainfall
Struggling with water loss and leakage, developing standards
Agricultural lands need irrigation(WATER EFFICIENCY)
Sustainable agricultural production and food security
Improving water management, irrigation and salinity control to anticipate water scarcity
to get high quality standards, products,
clean and sustainable resources
(SOIL AND WATER)
Protecting the natural resource base(ENVIRONMENT )
• Sustainable use of soil-water resources,
• Soil and water information systems
• Climate change and catchment management
• Agricultural drought and its impacts,
• Efficient water use
Agricultural Research Master Plan(2011-2015)
The science-policy nexus
The strategy is to grow
• more produce from less land,
• more crop per drop of water,
• more yield per unit input of fertilizers and pesticides,
• more food per unit of energy,
• more biomass per unit C and environmental foot-print.
Key programs for improving food security
Improving soil
quality and fertility
Increasing
agricultural water
productivity in water
stressed regions
Projected precipitation decline in the area around the Mediterranean between
1980-1999 and the period 2070-2099 (source: Christensen et al., 2007).
Hatched: non-tropical drylands; cross-hatched: deserts;
International Conference on Climate Change in WANA, 2011
• Determination of fertilizer requirements have been
involved in national and collaborative research programmes
and agricultural development projects
• The results of the many fertilizer application researches,
from all over the country for different crops are evaluated
to protect and improve the sustainable fertility of
agricultural soils.
Development of soil fertility
Development of soil fertility in Turkey
phosphorus, herbicide, EC, and yield maps
Precision farming is the management of
agricultural crops using information technology at a
spatial scale smaller than of the whole field
(CA and Mediterranean region)
•Base Station
•Radio
antenna and
GPS
•Satellite computer
and RS
Yield mapping
device% 20-35 fertilizer and herbicide saving is possible
Develop biological and physical measures
to combat soil erosion
Crop residues and roots improve soil permeability
Mulching reduce evaporation losses and also decrease the
opportunity for soil salinization.
Green manures improve physical properties of the soil
Growing legumes will improve soil structure and act as a
source of nitrogen in the soil. (Source: R.Lal Ohio State University; M. Solh ICARDA, AARINENA Retreat 2010, B.A. Stewart)
Increase agricultural water productivity
Store water
Improve irrigation
Change irrigation system
TEŞEKKÜRLER
www.gsb.gov.tr
%0
%20
%40
%60
%80
%100
%120
%0 %20 %40 %60 %80
Yie
ld r
eductio
n
deficit ratio
•Effect of deficit irrigation
on cotton yield in Aegean
Region of Turkey
•EC irrigation water 600
mhos/cm
•The amount of salt which
will be added to the soil is
0,384 ton per hectare by
each irrigation
Avoiding salinization in the cotton growing
area (Aegean Region)
Total cotton sowing area : :58 500 Ha
The amount of area to be gained which will be irrigated with the saved
irrigation water (58 500*0,67) : 39 000 Ha
REGIONS EC ESP Boron Texture Precipitation GR Leaching Water (dS/m) (%) (ppm) (Class) (mm) ( t/ha) ( Dlw: mm)
CENTRAL ANATOLIA
Konya-Ereğli 24 30 4 C 320 12 2400
Plain
MEDITERRANEAN
Aşağı Seyhan 23 37 - C 612 0 3000
Plain
EAST ANATOLIA
Iğdır Plain 16 40 4 C 251 7 2000
AGEAN
Menemen Plain 10 35 Low SiL 588 3 1400
SOUTHEAST
Harran Plain 15 21 - C 350 0 1500
BLACKSEA
Bafra Plain 17 10 1 SiL 657 0 1700
Reclamation criteria of salt affected soils
Land reclamation in GAP Harran plain
o Southeastern Anatolian Project (GAP)
o Irrigated area: 148.000 hectares
o Problem area: 65.000 hectares
Kaynak: GTHB-TRGM, 2013
Soil reclamation in GAP Harran plain
o 2009-2012 years
reclaimed area:
23.000 hectares
o Previous reclaimed
area: 9.000 hectares
Soyrce: GTHB-TRGM, 2013
Sensors and sensor networks;
develop water and salinity budgets for seasonal real time
soil salinity management (electrical conductivity/salinity
and temperature) and monitoring information.
allow producers to maximize their productivity while
saving water.
Monitoring of soil salinity with wireless
sensor networks
Soil salinity management by Halophytic
vegetation (Central Anatoila)
Treatment Years EC dS/m
Atriplex
lentiformis
2006 16,12
2008 20,13
2009 10,39
2011 8,47
National geo-database for agricultural soils
• The research data is vitally important for sustainable use of soil and
water resources
• Making researches at solutions is possible only by developing the
present database for the sustainable use of natural resources
• Not established national geo-database for some soil properties related
to fertility, soil nutrients and SOC
Soil database and related topics
The research database and maps to be
obtained by GDAR-FAO project has an
intention to meet the important needs
of related topics and Institutions in
Turkey.
The studies on,
• Climate change,
• Biodiversity,
• Soil fertility,
• Soil degradation,
• Land use planning
• Rural developments
• Natural resources
contaminations,
• Integrated Basin Management
Soil-based green revolution• No matter how powerful the seed technology.
• The seedlings emerging from it can flourish only in a
healthy soil.
• degrading and desertifying soils prone to drought stress
and other extreme events,
• and ever depleting and dwindling the soil resource base,
• it is the right time to develop and implement science-
driven programs based on basic principles of sustainable
soil management.
Source: International Conference on Adaptation to CC and Food Security in WANA. Kuwait 2011, IWMI 2006
