current affairs 2014

5/22/2018 Current Affairs 2014

1/84

Current Affairs 2014

Dr. G. Prasanna Kumar

17.06.2014


2/84

Topics for Today

Corruption

Money Laundering

Lokpal/Lokayukta

RTI Act

Judicial Independence/Accountability

Alternative Dispute Resolution

Good Governance and E-Governance

Cryptocurrency


3/84

Corruption


4/84

Corruption

In its narrowest sense, corruptionrefers to bribery and extortion.

In its wider sense, corruptionincludes one or more of bribery,extortion, fraud, deception, collusion,cartels, abuse of power,

embezzlement, trading in influenceand money laundering.

Monopoly + Discretion -Accountability = Corruption


5/84

Prevention of CorruptionAct

7. Public servant takinggratification other than legalremuneration in respect of an

official act

13. Criminal misconduct by apublic servant
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Acts%20&%20Rules/Protection%20of%20Corruption%20Act.pdf


6/84

Section 7

Public servant

Accepts illegal gratification

As a motive or reward For doing or forbearing to do any

official act, or

For showing or forbearing to showfavour or disfavour

3-5 years imprisonment


7/84

Section 8, 9

8. Taking gratification, in order, bycorrupt or illegal means, toinfluence public servant

9. Taking gratification, for exerciseof personal influence with publicservant


Punishment for abetment sameas for offence


8/84

Section 13

Habitually accepts illegal gratification

Habitually accepts valuable thingwithout/ for inadequate consideration

Dishonestly or fraudulentlymisappropriates any propertyentrusted to him

By corrupt or illegal means any

valuable thing or pecuniary advantage Possession of assets disproportionate

to known sources of income



9/84

Where do we stand?

According to TransparencyInternationals 2012 Corruption

Perceptions Index (CPI), 123 out of the176 countries have index score below50, on a scale from 0 (perceived to betotally corrupt) to 100 (perceived to be

free from corruption), indicating aserious corruption problem.

India stands at 94 with an index of 36


10/84

Country Comparison

10

Rank Name of Country CPI Score

1 Denmark, Finland, NZ 90

4 Sweden 88

5 Singapore 87

17 Japan, UK 74

19 USA 73

33 Bhutan 63

54 Malaysia 49

79 Sri Lanka 4080 China 39

94 India 36

139 Pakistan 27

144 Bangladesh 26


11/84

Combating Corruption

Lokpal/Lokayukta

Audit, Social Audit, Integrity Pacts

Election Commission

Competition Commission

CVC, CBI

Unique identity number

Regulatory authorities

E-governance

Citizen charter, Civil Society

Role of Media

Public Interest Litigation/Writs

Grievance redressal mechanisms

Protection of Whistleblowers


12/84

Ombudsman

Constitutional device to protectthe citizens frommaladministration.

Functioning in Sweden since1713, in Finland since 1919, inDenmark since 1984, and in

Norway since 1961.


13/84

Lokpal/Lokayukta

Administrative Reforms Commission set upon 5 January 1966 under theChairmanship of Shri Morarji Desai

recommended a two-tier machinery:Lokpal at the Centre and one Lokayuktaeach at the State level for redressal ofpeople's grievances.

The central Government introduced theLokpal and Lokayuktas Bill in 1968 andagain in 2005, but had to wait till 2013 toenact.


14/84

Lokayukta

Orissa the first state to present bill onestablishment of Lokayukta in 1970

Maharashtra is the first state to haveestablished the institution in 1972.

Lokayukta established in Bihar (1974), U.P.(1977), M.P. (1981), A.P. (1983), Himachal(1983), Karnataka (1984), Assam (1986),

Gujarat (1988), Delhi (1995), Punjab(1996), Kerala (1998), Chhattisgarh(2002), Uttarakhand (2002), West Bengal(2003) and Haryana, Jharkhand (2004).


15/84

Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act2013

Assent of President on 1 January 2014

Lokpal at centre and Lokayuktas instates

5 year tenure (Maximum 70 years age) Inquiry, Investigation, Departmental

proceedings, Prosecution

Special Courts Annual Report to President

Not applicable to Army, Navy, Air Force,Coast Guard
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Acts%20&%20Rules/Lokpal%20and%20Lokayuktas%20Act%202013.pdf


16/84

Composition

Chairperson- who is or has been aChief Justice of India or is or has been aJudge of the Supreme Court or an

eminent person who fulfils the eligibilityspecified in clause (b) of sub-section (3)

Maximum 8 members, of which 50%

should be judicial members 50% of the total members of the Lokpal

from SC/ST/OBCs, minorities andwomen


17/84

Composition

Judicial Member who is or has been aJudge of the Supreme Court or is orhas been a Chief Justice of a High Court

Member other than a Judicial Member,if he is a person of impeccable integrityand outstanding ability having specialknowledge and expertise of not lessthan twenty-five years in the matters

relating to anti-corruption policy, publicadministration, vigilance, financeincluding insurance and banking, lawand management.


18/84

Not eligible

(i) a member of Parliament or a member of theLegislature of any State or Union territory;

(ii) a person convicted of any offence involving

moral turpitude;(iii) a person of less than 45 years of age;

(iv) a member of any Panchayat or Municipality;

(v) a person who has been removed or dismissed

from the service of the Union or a State

shall not hold any office of trust or profit

Shall not be affiliated with any political party or

carry on any business or practise any profession


19/84

Appointment

Selection committee, consisting of thePrime Minister of India, Lok SabhaSpeaker, Lok Sabhasleader of

opposition, the Chief Justice of Indiaor the Judge of the Supreme Courtnominated by the Chief Justice.

An eminent Jurist nominated byPresident on the basis of therecommendations of the first four

members of the selection committee


20/84

Jurisdiction

Prime Minister, Ministers

Members of Parliament

All categories of public servants

Chairperson & employees of PSUs Officials of Societies financed by

Government

All entities, which receive donations froma foreign source in excess of 10 lakhrupees in context of Foreign ContributionRegulation Act (FCRA)


21/84

Powers

Superintendence over CBI

Search & Seizure

Powers of Civil Court for Inquiry Wing

Attachment of property Confiscation of assets procured by

means of corruption

Recommend transfer or suspension ofpublic servant

Directions to public servants

Sanction prosecution


22/84

Vigilance Organization

CVC Established on 11 February 1964on recommendation of SanthanamCommittee

Same independence and autonomy asUPSC

CVC Act 2003

Superintendence over CBI

CVOs in Ministries/PSUs/Banks

Preventive vigilance

Advisory nature


23/84

Audit

Comptroller and Auditor-General ofIndia under Art. 148

Art. 151 The reports of the

Comptroller and Auditor-General ofIndia relating to the accounts of theUnion shall be submitted to thePresident, who shall cause them tobe laid before each House ofParliament.


24/84

National commissions

National Human Rights Commission

National Commission on ScheduledCastes

National Commission on ScheduledTribes

National Commission on Minorities

National Commission on Women National Commission for Protection of

Child Rights


25/84

Sevottam Model

An evaluation mechanism to assess thequality of internal processes and theirimpact on the quality of service delivery.

Model developed through extensive consultationswith multiple stake holders - led to development of

IS: 15700: 2005.

Effective Citizen Charter implementation Public Grievance Redressal Mechanism

Excellence in Service Delivery


26/84

IS 15700:2005

Developed by Bureau of IndianStandards

Stipulates that a QualityManagement System helps anorganization to build systemswhich enable it to provide quality

service consistently and is not asubstitute for service standards.


27/84

Citizens' Charters

First articulated and implemented in the UnitedKingdom by the Government of John Major in

1991 as a national programme

For solving the problems which a citizenencounters, day in and day out, while dealing

with the organizations providing public services

To continuously improve the quality of publicservices for the people of the country

To empower the citizen in relation to public

service delivery


28/84

Citizens Charter

Service benchmarks to be adopted

Assessment of delivery against the adopted

benchmarks to be communicated to citizens

using different communication modes.

Preparing a citizen charter detailing all

services and the timeframe for compliance

To be displayed on boards in different partsof the city, government offices and ward

offices, and distributed among citizens.


29/84

Elements of Citizens

Charters1. Vision and Mission Statement

2. Details of business transacted by the

organization

3. Details of clients

4. Details of services provided to each client

group

5. Details of grievance redress mechanism and

how to access it

6. Expectations from the clients.29


30/84

Writs

Article 32(2), 226 Habeas Corpus You may have the

body

Mandamus We command Prohibition to stop abusing authority Quo Warranto By what authority? Certiorari to move a suit from an

inferior court to superior court.

Right of Citizens for Time


31/84

Right of Citizens for TimeBound Delivery of Goods &

Services and Redressal ofGrievances Bill, 2011

Introduced in Parliament on 20 Dec 2011

Right to time bound delivery and amechanism for grievance redressal

Public Grievance Redressal Commission

Citizen Charters within 6 months

Grievance Redress Officers within 6months


32/84

Benami Transactions(Prohibition) Act, 1988

Any transaction in which property istransferred to one person for aconsideration paid or provided by

another person

Imprisonment for a term upto threeyears or with fine or with both

Benami property shall be subject toacquisition.

No compensation
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Acts%20&%20Rules/Benami%20Transaction_Prohibition_%20Act1988.pdf


33/84

Benami Transactions(Prohibition) Bill, 2011

Definition more elaborate

Property held in the name of closerelatives exempt

Provision to confiscate Authorities, their powers and

procedure prescribed

Imprisonment for a minimum term ofsix months, maximum two years plusfine which may extend to 25% of thefair market value of the property


34/84

Prevention of MoneyLaundering Act, 2002

Sec.3: Whosoever directly or indirectlyattempts to indulge or knowingly

assists or knowingly is a party or isactually involved in any process oractivity connected with the proceeds ofcrime and projecting it as untaintedproperty shall be guilty of offence ofmoney laundering.
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Acts%20&%20Rules/Prevention-of-Money-Laundering-Act-No.-15-of-2002.pdf


35/84

Prevention of MoneyLaundering Act, 2002

Rigorous imprisonment 3-7 years plusfine which upto Rs. 5 lakhs

Attachment, Adjudication, Confiscation

Monitoring of large transactions Survey, Search, Seizure and Arrest

Special Courts

Directorate of EnforcementFinancial Intelligence Unit

Agreements with foreign countries
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Acts%20&%20Rules/Prevention-of-Money-Laundering-Act-No.-15-of-2002.pdf


36/84

Foreign ExchangeManagement Act, 1999

Permission of the Reserve Bankrequired for FE transactions withunauthorized persons

Export of goods & services controlledby RBI

Limits on holding foreign currency

Penalty up to thrice the sum involved incontraventions where such amount isquantifiable, or up to two lakh rupeeswhere the amount is not quantifiable
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Acts%20&%20Rules/ForeignExchangeManagementAct1999.pdf


37/84

E-Procurement

Completely Automated Process Anytime, Anywhere Bidding

Shortens Procurement Cycle

Economical and Environment Friendly System Aided Evaluation Process

Minimizes Human Errors

Electronic Reverse Auction

Framework Agreement Procedure


38/84

Whistle Blowers ProtectionAct, 2011

Assent of the President on the 9thMay, 2014 To protect whistleblowers, i.e. persons

making a public interest disclosure relatedto an act of corruption, misuse of power, or

criminal offence by a public servant. Competent Authority shall not disclose the

identity of the complainant except to thehead of the department if he deems itnecessary. The Bill penalises any person

who has disclosed the identity of thecomplainant.

Penalties for knowingly making falsecomplaints, but not against victimization.
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Acts%20&%20Rules/Whistle%20Blowers%20Protection%20Act%202011.pdf


39/84

Competent Authority

Prime Minister Rajya Sabha Chairman /Lok Sabha

Speaker

Chief Minister of the State or Unionterritory Chairman of the Legislative Council /

Speaker of the Legislative Assembly

High Court Central Vigilance Commission State Vigilance Commission Authority notified by Government


40/84

DisclosureSection 3(d)

Disclosure means a complaint relating to,(i) an attempt to commit or commission of an

offence under the Prevention of Corruption Act,1988;

(ii) wilful misuse of power or wilful misuse ofdiscretion by virtue of which demonstrable lossis caused to the Government or demonstrablewrongful gain accrues to the public servant or toany third party;

(iii) attempt to commit or commission of a criminal

offence by a public servant,made in writing or by electronic mail or electronic

mail message, against the public servant andincludes public interest disclosure before theCompetent Authority.


41/84

Section 4

4(3) Every disclosure shall be made in good faithand the person making disclosure shall make apersonal declaration stating that he reasonablybelieves that the information disclosed by him

and allegation contained therein issubstantially true.(6) No action shall be taken on public interest

disclosure by the Competent Authority if thedisclosure does not indicate the identity of the

complainant or public servant making publicinterest disclosure or the identity of thecomplainant or public servant is foundincorrect or false


42/84

Right to Information Act,2005

S.4(1)(b): 16 theme manuals

Public Information Officers/APIOs

Request for information

Reasons not required to be given

Information within 30 days

Prescribed fees to be paid by applicant

Appeal within 30 days

Information Commissions
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Acts%20&%20Rules/RTI-Act.pdf


43/84

Information not to be given

Section 8 Considerations

sovereignty and integrity of India, thesecurity, strategic, scientific or economic

interests of the State, relation withforeign State or lead to incitement of anoffence;

Privileges of Court/Legislature;

Confidential matters Damage to third party

Cabinet papers


44/84

Public Authority

Any authority or body or institution of self-government established or constituted

(a) by or under the Constitution;(b) by any other law made by Parliament;

(c) by any other law made by State Legislature;(d) by notification issued or order made by the

appropriate Government,

and includes any(i) body owned, controlled or substantially financed;(ii) non-Government organization substantially

financed, directly or indirectly by funds providedby the appropriate Government


45/84

Penalties

Rs. 250 per day of delay

Maximum Rs. 25000

Recommend Disciplinary action

di i l S d d d


46/84

Judicial Standards andAccountability Bill, 2010

to lay down enforceable standards ofconduct for judges.

Judges will be required to declaretheir assets and liabilities, and alsothat of their spouse and children.

Any person can make a complaint

against a judge to the OversightCommittee on grounds ofmisbehaviour.

J di i l S d d d


47/84

Judicial Standards andAccountability Bill, 2010

A motion for removal of a judge ongrounds of misbehaviour can also bemoved in Parliament. Such a motionwill be referred for further inquiry to

the Oversight Committee. Complaints and inquiries against judges

will be confidential and frivolouscomplaints will be penalised.

The Oversight Committee may issueadvisories or warnings to judges, andalso recommend their removal to thePresident.

Alt ti Di t


48/84

Alternative DisputeResolution

Arbitration

Mediation

Reconciliation - Conflict resolution

Negotiation

Family Court

Consumer Forum

Lok Adalat

Nyaya Panchayat - The NyayaPanchayats Bill, 2009

A t 39A E l J ti d


49/84

Art. 39A. Equal Justice andFree Legal Aid

The State shall secure that theoperation of the legal systempromotes justice, on a basis of equal

opportunity, and shall, in particular,provide free legal aid, by suitablelegislation or schemes or in any

other way, to ensure thatopportunities for securing justice arenot denied to any citizen by reason

of economic or other disabilities.


50/84

Lok Adalat

Civil Cases, Matrimonial Disputes,Land Disputes, Partition/PropertyDisputes, Labour Disputes etc., and

compoundable criminal Cases. Permanent Lok Adalats

transport; postal, telegraph or

telephone service; power, light orwater; sanitation; hospital; insuranceservice

L l S i


51/84

Legal ServicesAuthorities Act, 1987

National Legal Services Authority(NALSA) legal aid ADR legal literacy and legal awareness voluntary social welfare institutions State Legal Service Authorities

Supreme Court Legal Services Committee High Court Legal Services Committees District Legal Services Authorities Taluk Legal Services Committees Legal Aid Funds
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Acts%20&%20Rules/legal%20service%20authority%20act%201987.pdf


52/84

Eligibility for Legal Services

Member of SC/ST

Victim of trafficking in human beings orbeggar

Woman or Child

Disabled

Disaster victims

Industrial workman Persons under State protection

Low income

C P t ti A t


53/84

Consumer Protection Act,1986

Consumer Protection Councils National, State

Distict Consumer DisputesRedressal Forum

Consumer Disputes Redressal

Commissions National, State Consumer Clubs

C ' Ri ht
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Acts%20&%20Rules/Consumer_Act.pdf


54/84

Consumer's Rights[S.6 C.P. Act]

1. Right to SAFETY against hazardousgoods and services

2. Right to be INFORMED about

quality, quantity, purity, standard,price

3. Right to CHOOSE from a variety atcompetitive prices

4. Right to BE HEARD5. Right to seek REDRESSAL6. Right to CONSUMER EDUCATION


55/84

Procedure for Filing a

Complaint

File in triplicateon plain paper to the

District Consumer Disputes RedressalForum where the opposite partyhas his business or residence orwhere cause of action arises.

File complaint within 2 years fromthe date of the cause of action.

55

Essential Information in


56/84

56

Essential Information inthe Application

Name and full address of complainant

Name and full address of oppositeparty

Description of goods and services

Quality and quantity

Price

Date & proof of purchase

Nature of deception

Type of redressal prayed for


57/84

57

Benefits

No lawyer or agent is necessary. No Fees. No charges for

dispatching notices.

Disposal within 90 days (150days in case of lab test) from dateof receipt of notice by the

opposite party. Ordinarily no adjournment.

Reasons for adjournment shall berecorded in writing.

Where to Lodge a


58/84

58

Where to Lodge aComplaint

If claim is Rs.20 lacs < Rs.1 crore, in

the State Consumer Disputes

Redressal Commission, If > Rs.1 crore, in the National

Consumer Disputes RedressalCommission

Adulterated Food


59/84

59

Adulterated FoodPFA Act 1954

1. Different nature, substance or quality.2. Contains other substance or improperly

processed.

3. Inferior or cheaper substance substituted

wholly or in part.4. Any constituent of the article has been

wholly or in part abstracted.

5. Prepared, packed or kept under insanitary

conditions.6. Filthy, putrid, rotten, decomposed or

diseased animal or vegetable substance,insect-infested or unfit for humanconsumption

C F i dl L


60/84

60

Consumer Friendly Laws

Drugs and Magic Remedies(Objectionable Advertisements)Actprohibits advertising cure-alls.

Competition Actprevents practiceswith adverse effect on competition.

Cable TV Act& TRAIprotect

consumers choice.

O h P C L


61/84

61

Other Pro-Consumer Laws

Drugs & Cosmetics Actensuresingredients are listed on packaging ofall drugs and cosmetics.

Bureau of Indian Standards Actcertifies that products meet ISIstandards.

Agricultural Produce (Grading and

Marking) Actstandardises suchproducts for AGmark.

Fruit Products Order (FPO)


62/84

62

Fruit Products Order (FPO)

Lays down statutory minimum standards in

respect of the quality of various fruits andvegetable products and processing facilities.

Meat Food Products Order:a. Detect /destroy meat of diseased animals.b. Ensure that preparation & handling of meat& meat products are conducted sanitarily.

c. Prevent use of harmful substances in meat.e. Ensure inspection of meat before sale.f. procedure for selection of disease-freeanimals & slaughterhouse practices.


63/84

Competition Act 2002

Anti-competitive agreements Abuse of dominant position Regulation of combinations

Competition Commission of India Fine which may extend to Rs. one lakh

for each day during which non-compliance occurs, subject to amaximum of Rs. ten crore

Imprisonment or fine on non-compliance

Competition Appellate Tribunal
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Acts%20&%20Rules/Competition%20Act%202002.pdf


64/84

Good Governance

Participation

Rule of law

Transparency

Responsiveness

Consensus oriented

Equity and inclusiveness Effectiveness and efficiency

Accountability


65/84

Participation

Either direct or throughlegitimate intermediate

institutions or representatives Informed and organized

Freedom of association and

expression Organized civil society


66/84

Rule of law

Fair legal frameworks

Impartial Enforcement

Protection of human rights Protection of Disadvantaged

Groups

Independent judiciary Impartial and incorruptible

police force


67/84

Transparency

Follow rules and regulations

Information freely available anddirectly accessible to those who

are affected by decisions andtheir enforcement

Right to Information Act

Citizen Charters

Use of Media


68/84

Responsiveness

Service within reasonabletimeframe

System requirement

Accountability to follow

Right of Citizens for Time BoundDelivery of Goods & Services andRedressal of Grievances Bill,2011


69/84

Consensus oriented

Consultation with differentinterests in society

Best interest of the whole

community

Concept of Maximization ofWelfare

Referendum


70/84

Equity and inclusiveness

All members feel that they havea stake

All groups, particularly the most

vulnerable, have opportunities toimprove or maintain their wellbeing

Lack of inclusiveness leads tosocial tensions


71/84

Effectiveness and efficiency

Result orientation

O&M Studies

Best use of resources at disposal

Sustainable use of naturalresources

Protection of the environment


72/84

Accountability

Not only to governmentalinstitutions but also to theprivate sector and civil societyorganizations

Accountable to those who willbe affected by decisions or

actions Transparency and rule of law

prerequisites


73/84

E-Governance

National e-Governance Plan NICNET - Nationwide computer and

communication network of NIC

Connectivity to Central Ministries/Departments,all States/UTs and all Districts

National Data Centres at Delhi, Hyderabad andPune which provide shared hosting and co-location facilities to Government all over India

National Knowledge Network (http://nkn.nic.in)

Business Intelligence (BI) Services

Satellite Communication Services

Messaging Services SMS Gateway Services
http://nkn.nic.in/http://nkn.nic.in/


74/84

Cyber Security

Indian Computer EmergencyResponse Team (CERT-In)

PKI infrastructure to promote use of

Electronic Signatures Information Security Policy Assurance

Framework for the protection ofGovernment cyberspace and criticalinfrastructure

Information Security Standard ISO27001


75/84

IT Act 2000

Legal recognition of electronic records Legal recognition of digital signatures Attribution of electronic records

Security procedure Appointment of Controller and other

officers Penalty for damage to computer,

computer system, etc. Penalty for failure to furnish information

return, etc. Cyber Appellate Tribunal
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Acts%20&%20Rules/Information%20Technology%20Act%202000.pdf


76/84

National GIS Services

National GIS Web Portal(https://gis.nic.in)

Computer Aided Utility Mapping Project

GISNIC, a software designed to providea complete state-of-the-art desktop GIssolution for retrieval,projection,transformation and analysis of both

spatial and non-spatial data Param Padma Supercomputer

Indian Institute of Remote Sensing(IIRS) Dehra Dun under ISRO

h li i
https://gis.nic.in/https://gis.nic.in/


77/84

Other e-Applications

Agricultural Marketing Information SystemsNetwork

Computerization of Land Records

Cooperative Core Banking Solution

CollabCAD CollabLand Survey Maps

Digital Archiving and Management e-Granthalaya Election Automation System e-Lekha - financial management application e-Hospital e-Procurement System Sarathi / Vahan

C t


78/84

Cryptocurrency

Digital or virtual currency that usescryptography for security

Use P2P Technology

Fund transfers through use of public &private keys for security purposes

Minimal processing fees

Not issued by any central authority,rendering it theoretically immune togovernment interference or manipulation

Prices based on supply and demand

f C


79/84

Types of Cryptocurrency

Bitcoin (BTC), launched in 2009

Namecoin (NMC)

Litecoin (LTC)

Dogecoin (Doge)

Peercoin (PPC)

Mastercoin (MSC)

Ri k f C


80/84

Risks of Cryptocurrency

Prone to losses due to hacking etc. Loss of e-walletcould result in permanent loss of VCs.

No authorized central agency to regulate payments.Hence no redress of grievances.

No backing of assets. Users exposed to potentiallosses on account of volatility in value.

Exchange platforms in jurisdictions of doubtful legalstatus.

Use of VCs for illicit and illegal activities jurisdictionscould subject the users to unintentional breaches ofanti-money laundering and combating the financingof terrorism laws.

F N t W k


81/84

For Next Week

Women empowerment

Criminal law reforms

Khap panchayats

Section 377 IPC

Mercy killing

Death penalty Social Media-challenges and dangers

Integ it Pacts


82/84

Integrity Pacts

An agreement between the public agencyinvolved in procuring goods and services andthe bidder for a public contract to the effectthat the bidders have not paid and shall not

pay any illegal gratification to secure thecontract in question.

The public agency commits to ensuring a

level playing field and fair play in theprocurement process.

Oversight and scrutiny by independent,outside observers.


83/84

Electronic Reverse Auction

Electronic reverse auction means anonline real-time purchasing techniqueutilized by the procuring entity to

select the successful submission,which involves the presentation bysuppliers or contractors of

successively lowered bids during ascheduled period of time and theautomatic evaluation of bids.

Framework agreement


84/84

Framework agreementFramework agreement means an

agreement between the procuring entity andthe selected supplier or contractor;

Closed framework agreement means aframework agreement to which no supplieror contractor that is not initially a party tothe framework agreement may subsequentlybecome a party;

Open framework agreement means aframework agreement to which a supplier ora contractor in addition to the initial partiesmay subsequently become a party

current affairs 2014

Documents

offence5222018 current

pdf5222018 current affairs

illegal gratification

aserious corruption

toinfluence public servant9

anyofficial act

influenceand money laundering

years imprisonment punishment