Culture and traditions of PakistanCulture and traditions of Pakistan

SpeakerSpeaker

Muhammad Irfaq KhanMuhammad Irfaq KhanPhD Fellow to JAASPhD Fellow to JAAS

Senior ScientistSenior ScientistCrop Breeding Division, NIFA, Peshawar, N.W.F.P., Crop Breeding Division, NIFA, Peshawar, N.W.F.P.,

PakistanPakistan

Supervised bySupervised byProf. Dr. Hongxiang MaProf. Dr. Hongxiang Ma

Director, Institute of Biotechnology, JAASDirector, Institute of Biotechnology, JAAS

BRIEF HISTORYBRIEF HISTORY Aryan 1500 BC Alexander the Great: 322-185 BC Greeks White Huns Turks Arabs (Muslims): 712-1200 Mughals 1200-1845 Sikh warriors: 1846-1849 British Empire: 1857-1947

Rich heritage of Different Civilizations(Indus Valley Civilization, 2800 BC – 1800 BC).

EXISTENCE OF PAKISTANEXISTENCE OF PAKISTAN

Brief History Near Brief History Near Before 1947Before 1947Part of the united IndiaPart of the united India (Muslims + Hindus)(Muslims + Hindus)dominated by the British Empire (1857-1947)dominated by the British Empire (1857-1947)Hindus (Not sincere to the Muslims)Hindus (Not sincere to the Muslims)

Pakistan Muslim league (1906Pakistan Muslim league (1906 Dacca Dacca ))

Got Freedom in 1947 under the leadership ofGot Freedom in 1947 under the leadership of

Quaid-i-Azam, Muhammad Ali JinnahQuaid-i-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah

(Barrister by profession)(Barrister by profession)(1876-1948)(1876-1948)

GREAT LEADERS OF THE NATIONGREAT LEADERS OF THE NATION

Two Nations ideology by Two Nations ideology by

Allama Muhammad IqbalAllama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) (1877-1938)Great Philosopher and poetGreat Philosopher and poetPhD from Munich (Germany): 1906PhD from Munich (Germany): 1906

1899 1908 1929 1933 19381899 1908 1929 1933 1938

Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)(1876-1948) Quaid-I-Azam (Great Leader)Quaid-I-Azam (Great Leader)

BABA-E-QAUMBABA-E-QAUM (FATHER OF THE NATION)(FATHER OF THE NATION)Barrister (lawyer ) by ProfessionBarrister (lawyer ) by Profession Graduated from Lincoln Inn

OTHER EARLY LEADERSOTHER EARLY LEADERSSir Syed Ahmad Khan,Sir Syed Ahmad Khan,Muhammd Ali JauharMuhammd Ali JauharNawab Saleemullah Kahan Nawab Saleemullah Kahan Choudry Rehmat AliChoudry Rehmat AliLiyaquat Ali Khan,Liyaquat Ali Khan,Sir Sahibzada Abdul Sir Sahibzada Abdul

Qayum Khan,Qayum Khan,Nawab Muhsin -ul- MulkNawab Muhsin -ul- MulkNawab Bahadur yar Jang,Nawab Bahadur yar Jang,

Area and geographical conditionsArea and geographical conditions

LOCATIONLOCATION

SOUTH ASIASOUTH ASIA BORDERING BORDERING AFGHANISTAN (WEST) : 2,430 AFGHANISTAN (WEST) : 2,430

KM, KM, CHINA ( NORTH): 523 KM, CHINA ( NORTH): 523 KM, INDIA (EAST): 2,912 KM, INDIA (EAST): 2,912 KM, IRAN (SOUTH WEST): 909 KMIRAN (SOUTH WEST): 909 KM

NATIONAL FLAG OF ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTANNATIONAL FLAG OF ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN

Muslims (SUNNI + Shia)= 97%Muslims (SUNNI + Shia)= 97%Sunni= 77 %Sunni= 77 %Shia= 20%Shia= 20%Christians + Hindus + Sikhs and others = 3%Christians + Hindus + Sikhs and others = 3%

President: Gen. Pervez Musharraf (2001-)

Prime minister: Yousaf Raza Gilani (2008-)

Land Area: 300,664 sq Miles = 778,220 sq kmLand Area: 300,664 sq Miles = 778,220 sq km

Total Area: 310,401 = 803,940 sq milesTotal Area: 310,401 = 803,940 sq miles

MANAGEMENTAL PARTITIONMANAGEMENTAL PARTITION

Capital: IslamabadNumber of Provinces: 4Punjab: pop: 72585,430, Area:150220 sq kmSindh: pop:29991, 161: Area: 129500 sq kmNorth West Frontier Province (NWFP):Pop: 17,554,676, Area: 106,200 sq kmBalochistan: Pop: 65,11,358, Area: 347,000 sq km

LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN PAISTANLANGUAGES SPOKEN IN PAISTAN

1.1. National language: Urdu: 8% National language: Urdu: 8% (official)(official)

2.2. Official language: English Official language: English 3.3. Punjabi (48%)Punjabi (48%)4.4. Sindhi (12%)Sindhi (12%)5.5. Pashto (15%)Pashto (15%)6.6. Siraiki (Variant of punjabi) (12%)Siraiki (Variant of punjabi) (12%)7.7. Balochi. (3%)Balochi. (3%)8.8. Hindko(2%)Hindko(2%)9.9. Brahui (1%)Brahui (1%)10.10. Brushaski and others (8%)Brushaski and others (8%)

Economic summary GDP/PPP (2005 est.)Economic summary GDP/PPP (2005 est.)

$384.9 billion; per capita $2,400. $384.9 billion; per capita $2,400. Real growth rate: 7.8%Real growth rate: 7.8%

Inflation: 9.2%. Inflation: 9.2%. Unemployment: 6.6% plus Unemployment: 6.6% plus substantial underemploymentsubstantial underemployment..

WEATHERSWEATHERS1. Spring :(Mid of Feb to 1. Spring :(Mid of Feb to

Mid of MayMid of May

2. Summer: Mid of May to 2. Summer: Mid of May to mid of Julymid of July

3. Rainy season Mid of July 3. Rainy season Mid of July to Mid of Octoberto Mid of October

4. Mid of October 4. Mid of October

5. Autumn: November 5. Autumn: November December and JanuaryDecember and January

Main sources of incomeMain sources of income

Agriculture: 42%Agriculture: 42%A huge population is living in villages (rural) : 75%A huge population is living in villages (rural) : 75%Cultivated (Arable ) Land: 25%Cultivated (Arable ) Land: 25%Population engaged in Agriculture: 42%Population engaged in Agriculture: 42%

Irrigation System: Canal Water (45%)Irrigation System: Canal Water (45%)

Rain fed: 65%Rain fed: 65%

IMPORTANT CROPS, FRUITS AND VEGETABLESIMPORTANT CROPS, FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

Major Crops:Major Crops:Cotton, Wheat, Rice, Maize, SugarcaneCotton, Wheat, Rice, Maize, Sugarcane

Minor Crops:Minor Crops: Chickpea, mumgbea, beans, Oilseed cropsChickpea, mumgbea, beans, Oilseed crops

Fruits:Fruits:Mango, Citrus, Guava, Banana, Apricot, Fig etc. and dry fruits Mango, Citrus, Guava, Banana, Apricot, Fig etc. and dry fruits

Dairy and poultry products:Dairy and poultry products: Milk, Beef, Mutton Chickens and eggsMilk, Beef, Mutton Chickens and eggs

Vegetables:Vegetables: Onion, brigels, cabbage, cauliflower, Okra, tomato, Onion, brigels, cabbage, cauliflower, Okra, tomato, potato etc.potato etc.

OTHER SOURCES OF INCOMEOTHER SOURCES OF INCOME

Industries: (20%)Industries: (20%)Textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals Textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimpshrimp

services 38%services 38% : Government departments

Natural resources:Natural resources:

land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone

Exports: $14.85 billionExports: $14.85 billion

Textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn), rice, Textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn), rice, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals, manufactures, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets and rugs. carpets and rugs.

Imports: $14.01 billion Imports: $14.01 billion

petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics,

transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and

paperboard, iron and steel, tea.paperboard, iron and steel, tea.

FESTIVALSFESTIVALS 1.1.Religious FestivalsReligious Festivals

Eid-ul-fittar Eid-ul-fittar (After Ramadan)(After Ramadan)

Eid-ul-AzhaEid-ul-Azha ( (In the memory ofIn the memory of the deed of prophet the deed of prophet Abraham ( 3000BC ) Abraham ( 3000BC )

Eid-e-Milad Eid-e-Milad ((Birth and death of the last prophet Muhammad PBH)Birth and death of the last prophet Muhammad PBH)

Muharram (Ashura)Muharram (Ashura)In Pakistan, the first ten days of Muharram are observed officially. The 10th of In Pakistan, the first ten days of Muharram are observed officially. The 10th of Muharram is celebrated in the memory of Hussain, the grandson of Muharram is celebrated in the memory of Hussain, the grandson of Muhammad, who was killed, along with 72 family members, friends and Muhammad, who was killed, along with 72 family members, friends and followers during the Battle of Karbala. It is celebrated mainly among the Shia followers during the Battle of Karbala. It is celebrated mainly among the Shia community of Pakistancommunity of Pakistan

2. Non religious: Basanth (Spring festival)Basanth (Spring festival)Kite flyingKite flying

NON RELIGIOUS FESTIVALSNON RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS

INDIPENDENCE DAY (23 March, 1940)INDIPENDENCE DAY (23 March, 1940)PAKISTAN DEFENCE DAYPAKISTAN DEFENCE DAY

September 6 is another patriotic day, when the Army of Pakistan is put on display for the general public to show Pakistan arms. All Government officials attend the ceremony and medals and recognitions are awarded to special people for their work. In March of 2008, Pakistan Airforce (PAF) put on display the new joint manufactured Chinese-Pakistani aircraft called the JF-17 Thunder.BASANTHBASANTH (Kite flying at the beginning of Spring season)

NATIONAL DRESSNATIONAL DRESS

Shalwar kameez, Dupatta, Sherwani, Achkan, and Karakul Shalwar kameez, Dupatta, Sherwani, Achkan, and Karakul

(hat). Among the most familiar sights in Pakistan is men (hat). Among the most familiar sights in Pakistan is men

wearing the traditional Shalwar Kameez. They come in many wearing the traditional Shalwar Kameez. They come in many

different styles, fabrics, colours and patterns. Pakistani different styles, fabrics, colours and patterns. Pakistani

women also wear shalwar kameez no matter what province women also wear shalwar kameez no matter what province

they are from. However, many women from the Sindh they are from. However, many women from the Sindh

province wear ghagra or Sari varying from different styles province wear ghagra or Sari varying from different styles

and colours. Pakistani women also wear an elaborate and and colours. Pakistani women also wear an elaborate and

heavily embroidered dress known as gharara on their heavily embroidered dress known as gharara on their

wedding days. The Sherwani or Achkan with Karakuli hat is wedding days. The Sherwani or Achkan with Karakuli hat is

the national dress of Pakistan for men, as it is not the national dress of Pakistan for men, as it is not

specifically associated with any of the provinces.specifically associated with any of the provinces.

Most government officials wear the formal black sherwani on Most government officials wear the formal black sherwani on

state occasions.state occasions.

MERRAGESMERRAGES

Arranged marriage:Arranged marriage: decided by the parents and decided by the parents and elders of boy and girl elders of boy and girl

Marriage by choice: Boy and girl choose each other Marriage by choice: Boy and girl choose each other

Love marriage:Love marriage: Boy and girl love each other Boy and girl love each other

Jahaiz:Jahaiz: (urdu/arabic): Daily used items, ornaments (urdu/arabic): Daily used items, ornaments and cash given by parents to their and cash given by parents to their daughter Waleema: invitation of relatives daughter Waleema: invitation of relatives and friends for dinners and friends for dinners

GamesGames

Hockey (National game)Hockey (National game)Cricket,Cricket,VolleyballVolleyballBasketball,Basketball,Polo (The game were the players make use of Polo (The game were the players make use of horses)horses)Squash,Squash,BadmintonBadmintonLong tennis, Table tennisLong tennis, Table tennisGolla throw,Golla throw,Disk throwDisk throwSwimming ,Swimming ,WrestlingWrestlingKabaddi, Laye Lewanaye, Yenda (regional)Kabaddi, Laye Lewanaye, Yenda (regional)

Pakistani Society & CulturePakistani Society & CultureISLAMISLAMIslam is practiced by the majority of Pakistanis and Islam is practiced by the majority of Pakistanis and governs their personal, political, economic and legal governs their personal, political, economic and legal lives.lives.

PRAYERPRAYERAmong certain obligations for Muslims are to pray five Among certain obligations for Muslims are to pray five times a day - at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and times a day - at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and evening.evening.Holy Day:Holy Day:Friday is the Muslim holy day. Everything is closed. Friday is the Muslim holy day. Everything is closed.

KEEPING FASR:KEEPING FASR:During the holy month of Ramadan all Muslims must During the holy month of Ramadan all Muslims must fast from dawn to dusk and are only permitted to work fast from dawn to dusk and are only permitted to work six hours per day. Fasting includes no eating, drinking, six hours per day. Fasting includes no eating, drinking, cigarette smoking, or gum chewing. cigarette smoking, or gum chewing.

The extended family is the basis of the social The extended family is the basis of the social structure and individual identity.structure and individual identity.It includes the nuclear family, immediate relatives, It includes the nuclear family, immediate relatives, distant relatives, tribe members, friends, and distant relatives, tribe members, friends, and neighbours. neighbours. Loyalty to the family comes before other social Loyalty to the family comes before other social relationships, even business. relationships, even business. Nepotism is viewed positively, since it guarantees Nepotism is viewed positively, since it guarantees hiring people who can be trusted, which is crucial in hiring people who can be trusted, which is crucial in a country where working with people one knows and a country where working with people one knows and trusts is of primary importance. trusts is of primary importance. The family is more private than in many other The family is more private than in many other cultures.cultures.Female relatives are protected from outside Female relatives are protected from outside influences. It is considered inappropriate to ask influences. It is considered inappropriate to ask questions about a Pakistani's wife or other female questions about a Pakistani's wife or other female relatives. relatives. Families are quite large by western standards, often Families are quite large by western standards, often having up to 6 children. having up to 6 children.

THE FAMILY SYSTEMTHE FAMILY SYSTEM

Hierarchical SocietyHierarchical SocietyPakistan is a hierarchical society. People are Pakistan is a hierarchical society. People are respected because of their age and position. respected because of their age and position. Older people are viewed as wise and are granted Older people are viewed as wise and are granted respect. In a social situation, they are served respect. In a social situation, they are served first and their drinks may be poured for them. first and their drinks may be poured for them. Elders are introduced first, are provided with the Elders are introduced first, are provided with the choicest cuts of meat, and in general are treated choicest cuts of meat, and in general are treated much like royalty. much like royalty. Pakistanis expect the most senior person, by age Pakistanis expect the most senior person, by age or position, to make decisions that are in the or position, to make decisions that are in the best interest of the group. best interest of the group. Titles are very important and denote respect. It Titles are very important and denote respect. It is expected that you will use a person's title and is expected that you will use a person's title and their surname until invited to use their first their surname until invited to use their first name. name.

SOCIETYSOCIETY

Greetings are therefore often between members of the same sex; however, when dealing with people in the middle class, greetings may be across sex lines.

Men shake hands with each other. Once a relationship is developed, they may hug as well as shake hands.

Women generally hug and kiss. Pakistanis take their time during greetings and ask about the person's health, family, and business success.

Pakistani names often include a name that denotes a person's class, tribe, occupation, or other status indicator.

They may also include two names that have a specific meaning when used together, and the meaning is lost if the names are separated. . It is best to ask a person how they wish to be addressed.

In general, this is not a culture where first names are commonly used, except among close friends.

Meeting and GreetingMeeting and Greeting

GIFT GIVING ETIQUETTEGIFT GIVING ETIQUETTE If invited to a Pakistani's home, bring the hostess a If invited to a Pakistani's home, bring the hostess a

small gift such as flowers or good quality chocolates.small gift such as flowers or good quality chocolates.

Men should avoid giving flowers to women.Men should avoid giving flowers to women.

Do not give white flowers as they are used at Do not give white flowers as they are used at weddings.weddings.

If a man must give a gift to a woman, he should say If a man must give a gift to a woman, he should say that it is from his wife, mother, sister, or some other that it is from his wife, mother, sister, or some other female relative.female relative.

Do not give alcohol.Do not give alcohol.

Gifts are not opened when received.Gifts are not opened when received.

Gifts are given with two hands.Gifts are given with two hands.

ISLAMIA UNIVERSITY, PESHAWAE 1906ISLAMIA UNIVERSITY, PESHAWAE 1906

ISLAMABAD 1660ISLAMABAD 1660

KARACHI The mausoleum of KARACHI The mausoleum of Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali JinnahJinnah

Lahore, Minar-e-Pakistan (23 March 1940)Lahore, Minar-e-Pakistan (23 March 1940)

QuettaQuetta

Badshahi Masque Lahore 1656 Badshahi Masque Lahore 1656 by Mughal emperor by Mughal emperor AurangzebAurangzeb in Lahore in Lahore

Tomb of Bahauddin Zakariya (Multan)Tomb of Bahauddin Zakariya (Multan)

Basanth (Spring Festival)Basanth (Spring Festival)

Polo Groun (Lahore)Polo Groun (Lahore)