crp 1.1 dryland systems : impact pathways for east and southern africa

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CRP 1.1 Dryland Systems Impact Pathways for East and Southern Africa DRAFT – 27 March 2013 Contents Contents......................................................................................................................................1 Fig. 1: Draft Framework for CRP 1.1 Impact Pathways....................................................... 2 Table 1: Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 2............................................................................... 3 Table 2: Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 3............................................................................. 11 Table 3: Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 3, Satellite Sites......................................................16 This document is an attempt to present the impact pathways as envisioned in the inception reports for the SRT 2 and SRT 3 sites for East and Southern Africa. Figure 1 is a framework that attempts to be broad enough to include all of the impact pathways envisioned last year at inception stage for East and Southern Africa and South Asia. Please note, because of the origin of these impact pathways, impact pathways relating to SRT 1 and SRT 4 are lacking. CRP 1.1 ESA Impact Pathways – Draft – 27/03/13 Page 1

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Page 1: CRP 1.1 Dryland Systems : Impact Pathways for East and Southern Africa

CRP 1.1 Dryland Systems

Impact Pathways for East and Southern Africa

DRAFT – 27 March 2013

ContentsContents......................................................................................................................................1

Fig. 1: Draft Framework for CRP 1.1 Impact Pathways.......................................................2Table 1: Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 2...............................................................................3Table 2: Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 3.............................................................................11Table 3: Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 3, Satellite Sites......................................................16

This document is an attempt to present the impact pathways as envisioned in the inception reports for the SRT 2 and SRT 3 sites for East and Southern Africa. Figure 1 is a framework that attempts to be broad enough to include all of the impact pathways envisioned last year at inception stage for East and Southern Africa and South Asia. Please note, because of the origin of these impact pathways, impact pathways relating to SRT 1 and SRT 4 are lacking.

CRP 1.1 ESA Impact Pathways – Draft – 27/03/13 Page 1

Page 2: CRP 1.1 Dryland Systems : Impact Pathways for East and Southern Africa

Fig. 1: Draft Framework for CRP 1.1 Impact Pathways

Research, Knowledge and Methodology Outputs

First Order Outcomes:Governance, Policy and

Program Changes

Second Order Outcomes: Changed Farmer/

Pastoralist Practices

Third Order Outcomes:System Changes

Household Level

OutcomesImpacts

A1. Research findings on technical improvements

A2. Research findings & analysis aimed at understanding of resources and of social, economic and ecological systems

A3. Research findings and analysis aimed at improved household characterization

A4. Examples and models for programming

A5. Tools, approaches, models and capacity development for governance, policy and planning

A6. Proactive knowledge management:• tools, approaches and models• capacity development• lobbying and information

sharing

B1. Better governance processes

B2. Better policies

B3. More and better investment in drylands

B4. Better land and resource planning and management

B5. Financial services

B6. Market development:• Market systems• Capacity development• Market infrastructure

B7. Livestock, agricultural rangeland and social programming

B8. Better research

C1. Livestock-crop integration

C2. Better feed and herd management

C3. Water harvesting

C4. Land and soil management

C5. Better use of and access to information

C6. Adoption of innovations

C7. Increased farmer/ pastoralists capacity

Agroecological improvements D1. Increased productivity D2. Improved sustainabilityo Increased biomasso Agrobiodiversity

Socio-economic outcomes D3. Tenure security D4. Reduced conflict D5. Access to/participation

in markets D6. Access to credit/ micro-

finance D7. Landholding size D8. Greater equity

E1. Livelihood

assets

E2. Livelihood strategies

E3. Income

RV.

Reduced Vulnerability

SI.

Sustainable Intensification

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Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 2

Table 1: Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 2Problem Component/Outcome Output B1 to B8 (esp. B2-B4)(1) Although the multiple

drivers of vulnerability of dryland commun-ities are well docu-mented, attempts to reduce it are under-mined by a limited understanding of how many people are vulnerable, and to what extent, in different dryland populations (urban:rural, NRM:non-NRM based, aridity zones)

A51.1.1 Nationally / widely agreed frameworks to define and measure vulnerability are in place and integrated into existing government / development partners household classification and monitoring systems

A2/A31.1.1.1 Widely accepted and contextually specific definitions of

vulnerability (and resilience) exist for communities and households in the target site

A51.1.1.2 Government approved monitoring frameworks in place to

monitor levels of vulnerability / resilienceA2/A31.1.1.3 Vulnerability/ resilience of dryland populations being mapped

and classified according to agreed indicators in frameworkA51.2.1 Vulnerability framework being used to model impact of long and short term variables (drivers) and inform policy and programming interventions

A51.2.1.1 Framework used to create/ enhance modelling systems that can

predict long and short term shifts in vulnerability /resilience based on multiple variables.

A51.2.1.2 Vulnerability / resilience modelling integrated into government

MIS/ EW / M&E systems

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Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 2

Problem Component/Outcome Output B1 to B3(2) Low political will to

develop drylands and ineffective governance systems result in increased vulnerability

B1/B2/B42.1.1 Improved multi-sectoral (government) NRM plans (national and local) are developed, implemented and enforced

A4/A52.1.1.1 Validated model for local level NRM governance established

and disseminatedA52.1.1.2 Model used to develop govt standards and guidelines A52.1.1.3 Capacity built / support given to develop quality plans in all

areas B42.1.1.4 # plans developed using guidance

D32.2. Insecure land rights, weak strategic and land use planning are increas-ingly undermining the productivity and envi-ronment of the drylands

B42.2.1 The quality of local strategic and land use plans and applica-tion is improved processes are improved by being more holistic and participatory

A4/A52.2.1.1 Effective models for participatory planning processes are

identified and inform practiceB42.2.1.2 Quality local strategic plans developed following effective

participatory processes B42.2.1.3 Quality land use plans in place developed in full consultation

with all parties B12.2.1.4 Representative and participatory governance structures in place

to monitoring the Implementation of local plansB3 D12.3.1 Sufficient and appropriate investment secured for basic services and infrastructure directly boosting pastoral (and non) productivity

A62.3.1.1 Evidence for lobbying produced linking poor productivity with

gap in infrastructural / basic services investmentA2/A42.3.1.2 Models/ research exists to assess the benefits of large scale

investment in infrastructure / basic services A42.3.1.3 Model uses to assess the relative benefits of different

investments in different dryland contexts to secure investment

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Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 2

Problem Component/Outcome Output D1(3): Despite strong growth in demand for livestock in both domestic and international markets, the productivity of many (most) smaller pastoralists in the drylands is declining resulting increasing poverty and vulnerability

D53.1.1 Smaller pastoralists access and integration into national livestock markets is increased

A23.1.1.1 Systems in place for tracking utilisation of livestock markets by size of

producer B63.1.1.2 Livestock market infrastructure and operation improved in remote areasA4 B6/C73.1.1.3 Effective interventions for increasing business acumen of small

pastoralists and achieving better prices through joint ventures etc scaled upA63.1.1.4 Expanded price information networks using new and existing technologies

D13.2.1 Smaller pastoralists improve their productivity (not necessarily herd size) increasing incomes and resilience

B73.2.1.1 Effective systems for comprehensive provision of quality animal health

care in place B73.2.1.2 Expanded systems to ensure year round access to feed and fodder B73.2.1.3 Expanded access to year round (drought resistant) watering points B13.2.1.4 Access to credit as required

C53.3.1 Dryland technicians and pastoralists have improved access to quality technical advice and support

B43.3.1.1 Best practice incorporated into government rangeland/ NR management B73.3.1.2 Expanded numbers of livestock / pastoral outreach workers B73.3.1.3 Improved access to consistent quality technical advice on enhancing local

breeds and production methods B13.3.1.4 Improved regulation and monitoring of animal health care services

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Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 2

Problem Component/Outcome Output D1(4) The productivity of smaller pastoralists is further undermined by a lack of investment in the production of, or commercial markets for, other livestock related products, particularly milk but also other dairy products, fodder and forage

D14.1.1 Small holder commercial milk (and other dairy) production/sales/ income in the dry lands is increased

A54.1.1.1 Systems in place to monitor dryland milk / dairy production

(and sale)D14.1.1.2 Increased milk production for saleD14.1.1.3 Improvements in milk quality D54.1.1.4 Expanded number of commercial milk processing enterprises D1/D64.1.1.5 Expanded milk supply to markets out of drylands

D84.2 Milk production in the dry-lands is primarily managed by women and is a key element of child nutrition. How can women continue to control and benefit from the commercialisation of the milk industry without any negative impacts on child nutrition?

D1 or D54.2.1 Investment in commercialisation are gender and nutrition sensitive OR Increased milk sales result in increased incomes for women in the drylands

A2/A34.2.1.1 Gender assessment undertaken to ensure commercialisation of

milk markets is gender sensitive and pro-nutritionB3/B64.2.1.2 Subsidies provided to enable women to expand and realise the

income generating potential of milk production

D1 E34.3.1 Fodder and forage production and incomes sustainably expanded by vulnerable groups in the drylands

A44.3.1.1 Pro-poor models of community managed fodder and forage

production enterprises identified and disseminated A24.3.1.2 Fodder and forage production capabilities of different dryland

habitats assessed and mapped A14.3.1.3 Improved fodder and forage seeds and species identified

B34.3.1.4 Government / donors invest resources to expand best practice

models and approaches

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Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 2

Problem Component/Outcome Output D2(5): Growing populations in the drylands depend on non-pastoral economic activities that do not generate sufficient returns, are environmentally unsustainable and can undermine pastoral production systems

B1/B45.1.1 Standard cost – benefit- environmental assessments undertaken by government and donor agencies before funding alternative / diversified livelihood programmes

B1/B45.1.1.1 Improved and institutionalised environmental assessments of

new investment options A55.1.1.2 Validated tool for ecosystem-scale impact assessment that

accounts for impacts on pastoral landscape managementA55.1.1.3 Validated tools for evaluating community-level food-security

impact of public investments A65.1.1.4 Monitoring system established to track long-term economic and

other impactsB1/B45.2.1 All irrigation schemes are subject to an approval process that ensures compliance with local level NRM plans

A1/A45.2.1.1 Standard guidelines in place and utilised to promote models of

irrigated agriculture that do not impact negatively on the wider drylands environment

A1/A65.2.1.2 Information on irrigation options are available to communities

and government planners at all levels (e.g. good practice guidelines/minimum standards)

B25.2.1.3 Recognition in government policies and plans that pastoralism

should remain principle agricultural system in the dry lands.

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Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 2

Problem Component/Outcome Output D4/RV(6). High levels of conflict among three ethnic groups who compete for resources leads to high levels of vulnerability

B46.1.1 Improved management of existing natural resources

B46.1.1.1 Improved rangeland and upland forest management strategies B46.1.1.2 Improved water harvesting and management

D26.1.2 Enhanced natural resources base, including biodiversity

D26.1.2.1 Restored land D1/D26.1.2.2 Reduced erosion and improved soil health

B46.2 Immobility leading to inability to access resources and to over-use of resources

B4/D36.2.1 Improved land tenure, use and ownership systems

A26.2.1.1 Understanding of community-based land use, tenure and

demarcation systems B16.2.1.2 Community-based demarcation of land recognized and

sanctioned by government authorities ?6.3 Poorly defined and changing administrative, electoral and ethnic boundaries

B2/B46.3.1 Adoption of improved NRM and land management policies

A66.3.1.1 Improved linkages and information exchange between

administrative and community levels covering land use, conflict resolution, coordination and development efforts

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Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 2

Problem Component/Outcome Output D2/D4(7) Severe land degradation leads to increased vulnerability, food insecurity, conflict and poverty

D27.1 Severe pressure on natural resources due to increased numbers of people and animals

C1/C2/C47.1.1 Improved land and livestock management practices and diversification of income generating opportunities

B47.1.1.1 Improved rangeland and upland forest management strategies B47.1.1.2 Improved water harvesting and management A17.1.1.3 Defined options for income generation on and off farm and for

women in particular B77.1.1.4 Improved access to reproductive health care for women

D17.2.1 Increased productivity and profitability per unit of resource

B4/C27.2.1.1 Better, all year, fodder availability and management C2/C47.2.1.2 Managed spontaneous regeneration C2/C47.2.1.3 Controlling invasive species C27.2.1.4 Rotational grazing and other improved practices adopted D57.2.1.5 Improved livestock value chain

D37.3 Inappropriate and ill-defined land tenure policies and practices

B27.3.1 Appropriate policies defined, implemented and adopted

A57.3.1.1 Institutional framework to analyze the current situation,

prepare a reform strategy and plan and implement change.

B27.4.1 Strategies that are adapted to the dynamics of change

A47.4.1.1 Multiple community based strategy options defined and

developedB2/B77.5.2.1 Administrative support of good practices in land restoration,

combatting erosion, conservation and reforestation

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Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 2

Problem Component/Outcome Output D1/E3(8). Dryland ‘on-farm’ production, profitability and income generation do not reach their maximum potential

D1/D38.1.1 Improved yields and incomes

A1/C28.1.1.1 Improved breed and livestock management

C68.1.2 Profitable and diverse income generating opportunities for communities, groups, men and women realized

A18.1.2.1 Diverse income generating opportunities tried and testedA48.1.2.2 Optimal utilization and management strategies developed

D38.2 People’s access to productive natural resources are defined under legally pluralistic regimes, so rights to access are not commonly defined

A2/A68.2.1 Better understanding among communities and local authorities of how resource access is defined and controlled

A2/A68.2.1.1 Surveys and maps of legal and extra-legal definitions of rights

of access to land

B78.4.1 Improved community-based methods of controlling and managing Prosopis and Opuntia spp

A18.4.1.1 Technologies for controlling Prosopis and Oputia spp A18.4.1.2 Technologies for managing Prosopis spp including for high

quality charcoal production and for timber production C1(9). Poor livestock-crop integration

C69.1.1 Enhanced access to and uptake of key inputs such as seeds and fertilizer

A1/B79.1.1.1 Improved technologies and inputs developed and made

availableC19.1.2 Enhanced diversity of crops and forage plants

A69.1.2.1 Diverse crops and information about their cultivation, storage,

and marketing is made availableC1/C49.2.3 Farmers implement sustainable agronomic practices, including rotation, irrigation, soil fertility measures, and erosion control

A69.2.3.1 Information on appropriate technologies and interventions is

made available

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Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 3

Table 2: Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 3Problem Component/Outcome Output

E11. Physical access to resources

D61.1.1 Farmers make use of better cash/credit availability

B51.1.1.1 Mechanisms developed to enable farmers to access credit

B81.1.2 Researchers understand, and give appropriate weight to, the role of household resource endowments in determining sustainable intensification opportunities

A31.1.1.2 Household constraints on, and potential for, sustainable

intensification characterized.

A21.1.1.3 Resource gaps quantified

A1/A41.1.1.4 Sustainable Intensification programs for household categories

developed

C4 1.3 Farmers manage their natural resources in a more sustainable ways

A21.3.1 Soil, land and water characteristics determined

A21.3.2 Input requirements for a sustainability threshold determined

A61.3.3 Information on Sustainable Natural Resource Management available

C6 D11.4 Farmers use additional resources, e.g. irrigation, improved varieties, sustainably to increase productivity and profitability.

A1/A21.4.1 Irrigation potential, e.g. water resources, topography identified

A1/A41.4.2 Sustainable irrigation systems identified, tested and promoted

C11.5 Farmers use resources more efficiently, e.g. better crop-livestock integration.

A11.5.1 Appropriate options for better crop-livestock integration developed

A51.5.5 DSS and Trade-off analysis tools developed and deployed

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Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 3

Problem Component/Outcome Output

E1 (E3?)2. Inputs and outputs for sustainable intensification

D52.1.1 Farmers participate more in input and output markets.

A2/A32.1.1.1 Constraints to farmer participation in markets identified.

B62.1.1.2 Potential buyers and input suppliers identified and linked to farmers.

A4/B5/B62.1.1.3 External solutions for overcoming constraints identified and

delivered, e.g. subsidies, small packs, micro-finance.

A42.1.1.4 Local institutional mechanisms for enhancing market participation

identified and tested, e.g. group buying and selling.

A62.1.1.5 Effective mechanisms for accessing and using price-, quality- and

quantity information by farmers and buyers identified.

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Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 3

Problem Component/Outcome Output

B23.Policies and institutions

B2B63.1.1 Policymakers influence market development to support SI.

A53.1.1.1 Policies and instruments with beneficial effects on markets

identified.

A63.1.1.2 Communication channels between policymakers and researchers

improved.

A6 B63.1.1.3 Awareness of policies and their implications among market actors

improved

B2 C53.1.2 Policymakers develop and implement policies that support/promote technology transfer.

A53.2.1.4 Policies that facilitate, promote or hamper the transfer of technology

identified.

A63.2.1.2 Researchers and research managers improve their capacity to engage

with policy makers.

B83.2.1.3 Researchers take account of the effect of various policy options on

technology transfer when developing and promoting technologies (sensitivity analysis).

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Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 3

Problem Component/Outcome Output

C64.Appropriate innovations

A64.1.1 Farmers adopt reduced-risk SI innovations.

A34.1.1.1 Household goals and aspirations understood

A2/A34.1.1.2 Constraints on adoption understood.

A14.1.1.3 A basket of low-risk crop- and livestock innovations with technical

potential for SI developed and tested

A14.1.1.4 Technologies screened for adoptability (‘attractiveness’)

A1/A4/A64.1.2 Feedback from farmers/CRP1.1 researchers informs development of technologies in other CRPs and better approaches for promoting adoption.

A14.1.2.1 Feedback from farmers collected and synthesized.

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Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 3

Problem Component/Outcome Output

C55. Information

C55.1.1 More peer-to-peer information exchange

A25.1.1.1 Social networks characterized

A65.1.1.2 Improved processes for facilitating information exchange

A65.1.2 New approaches to information flow used

C75.1.2.1 Farmers’ management skills enhanced

A65.1.2.2 Methods using new technologies for information exchange, e.g.

mobile phones, internet, developed.

C65.1.3 Farmers benefit from new niches for exogenous innovation

A2/A65.1.3.1 Validated technologies for identifying and delivering new niches that

complement existing practice

B65.1.4 Public and private sector form integrated information services

A65.1.4.1Public sector data on, e.g. demand, informs private sector investment

opportunities.

?5.1.5 Better informed development at scale.

?

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Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 3 Satellite Sites

Table 3: Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 3, Satellite Sites

Component Outcome Output

C7 Engagement of youth/demographic and social change

C7Youth engaged more productively in agriculture and livestock activities

B7Establishment of youth based agricultural enterprises, including innovation programs and youth focused training courses.

B7Agricultural innovation programs targeting transition from school to employment, with particular focus on agri-business opportunities.

C7Youth engaged in income generating activities derived from agriculture

D2Soil loss and nutrient depletion in mixed crop grazing lands

C1/D2Soil loss and nutrient depletion is halted in mixed crop grazing lands

A4Demonstrate opportunities for value-added activities for smallholder livestock (e.g. milk) and associated benefits of grazing land management.

A1/A4Opportunities for more effective tree-crop livestock integration.

C4Diverse forest resource are maintained and regenerated

B41.2.1 Increase for cover based on community managed regeneration with indigenous species.

B4Community engaged in sustainable conservation based income from forest regeneration and opportunities for eco-tourism etc.

A1Alternative fuelwood sources developed for farmers

A6Efficient energy use interventions promoted within cultural norms

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Impact Pathways – ESA SRT 3 Satellite Sites

Component Outcome Output

C6Technologies are not suitable to local context, and do not appreciate the integrated nature of needs for sustainable intensification.

C6Suite of integrated technologies available relevant to local agro-ecological and socio-economic context

A1/A2Comparative analysis through research evaluation of CRP technologies suitable to local context

A1/B8Participatory technology evaluation by farmers, which is fed into the research evaluation and drives implementation plans.

A6Technology is utilized by extension officers and available in the local market to allow an integrated approach to sustainable intensification.

B4 (C4 D4)Lack of integrated and scaled planning to allow sustainable land use management

B4Appropriate plans at village and district level developed, implemented & enforced.

A5Land management using local context specific cultural norms to aid the reduction of court cases around land-use conflicts.

B4Water resource sharing plans implemented and managed.

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