crop residue management in rice based cropping system

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Hriday Kamal Tarafder and Dr. P. K. Mani 1 Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science Faculty Of Agriculture Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Management of Crop Residue and Its Effect on Soil Quality in Rice Based Cropping System

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Page 1: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Hriday Kamal Tarafderand

Dr. P. K. Mani

Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil ScienceFaculty Of Agriculture

Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya

Management of Crop Residue and Its Effect on Soil Quality in Rice Based

Cropping System

Page 2: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Crop residue is defined as the vegetative crop material left on the field after a crop is harvested, pruned or processed.

The removal of crop residues leads to low soil fertility and thereby decreased crop production.

The straw of most cereal crop contains about 35,10 and 80% of the total N, P and K taken up by the crop.

(Barnard and Kristoferson,1985)

Page 3: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Crops Asia Africa S. America World

R-straw 771804 25968 24153 844782R-husk 154361 5194 4831 168956Wheat 379788 27395 25539 946734Barley 34097 6753 2141 208229

Sugarcane 53855 8561 41880 125227Cotton 6378 315 69 6801Oats 2424 342 1604 51604Corn 166205 38729 54626 604031

Table1: Residue production (x 103t) by rice and different crops grown in rotation with rice in the tropics in 1998

Global Availability of Crop Residue

Source: Larson et al., (1978), Bharday (1995), Beri and Sidhu (1996)

Page 4: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Crop Residue(mt)

Nutrients * (103) tones

N P2O5 K2O N+P2O5+ K2O

Paddy 225.9 1220 542 2417 4179

Wheat 98.9 534 237 1058 1824

Pearl millet 12.0 62 28 124 214

Maize 11.5 59 26 116 201

Sorghum 10.9 65 29 128 222

Barley 2.6 14 6 2747 47

Others 4.1 10 43 75

Table 2: Estimated cereal residues and nutrient present in the cereal residue of major crop of India

Availability of Crop Residue in India

Beri et al., (1998)

Page 5: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Residue burningBaling and removing the strawSurface retention and mulchingResidue incorporation

MANAGEMENT OF CROP RESIDUE

Page 6: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Advantage:It facilitate timely planting of the following crops.It clears the land quickly of residues before the next crop.It kills soil borne deleterious pests and pathogens.

Disadvantage:It cause significantly air pollutionKills beneficial soil

insects and micro- organismLoss of soil organic

matter (SOM).

Residue Burning

Page 7: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Baling and Removing the StrawUsed for livestock feed,

fuel,

building materials,

livestock bedding,

bedding for vegetables cultivation and

mulching for orchards and other crops.

Page 8: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Surface Retention and Mulching

It is a practice that leaves straw residues from a previous crop on the soil surface without any form of incorporation.

It helps to protect the fertile surface soil against wind and water erosion. This method is prevalent in no-till or conservation tillage practice where at least 30% of soil surface is covered with crop residue.

Page 9: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Crop Residue IncorporationCrop residue is incorporated completely or partially into soil mostly by ploughing.

Aboveground portion chopped into small size and can be incorporated by power-tiller.

Incorporation of straw increase soil organic matter and soil N,P and K content as compared to other management option.

Page 10: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Problem of Incorporation of Crop Residues in Relation to Crop Growth

Immobilization of mineral nutrients

Phytotoxicity associated with crop residue incorporation into the soil

Page 11: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Figure 1: Effect of pre-decomposition period of rice straw on mineral N (NH4 + N03) dynamics in soil

(Yadvinder-Singh et al., 2004)

How to overcome the problem of Immobilization?

Soil amended with 100 mg N kg-1 and incubated at 75% field capacity moisture regime at 30°C

Page 12: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Figure 2: Temporal changes in volatile organic acid concentrations in the soil solution collected at 100 mm soil depth as affected by added rice straw.

(Sharma et al., 1989)

How to overcome the problem of Phytotoxicity?

Page 13: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Effect of crop residue on

Soil quality

Page 14: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Soil quality is… “ the capacity of a specific kind of soil to

function, within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality, and support human health and habitation.”

(Karlen et al., 1997)

Page 15: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Soil Quality Indicators

PhysicalChemicalBiologicalOrganic Matter

Chemical

PhysicalBiologicalOM

Page 16: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Monitoring of Trends

Soil

Qua

lity

Time

Aggrading

Sustaining

Degrading

Base

line

(Seybold et al., 1998)

Page 17: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

AggregationPorosityHydraulic ConductivityInfiltrationBulk Density

Effect on Physical Quality

Page 18: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Figure 3: Soil aggregates stabilization by various sources of organic matter.

(Dalal and Bridge, 1996)

Effect on Aggregation

Page 19: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Table 3: Effect of crop residues on soil aggregation in 23 years old rice-wheat cropping system

(Bandyopadhyay et al., 2009)

TREATMENT WSMA(%)

AR AS(%)

MWD(mm)

GMD(mm)

Fallow 76.8 3.31 76.75 1.57 1.14

Control 41.0 0.69 39.3 0.60 0.70

NPK 63.2 1.72 63.20 0.01 0.73

NPK+PS 74.2 2.88 73.24 0.89 0.89

Page 20: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Table 4: Effect of straw application on Bulk density, Hydrolic conductivity,WSA and Porosity

Bellakki et al.,1998

Treatment To Sumer Rice

Bulk Density (Mg/m3 )

Hydraulic Conductivity

(cm/h)

Water Stable Aggregate

(%)Porosity

(%)

NPK 1.43 1.18 37.6 46.0

Rice Straw To Meet 50% N

1.26 1.93 51.3 52.0

Rice Straw To Meet 25% N

1.27 1.78 49.6 52.0

Page 21: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Soil ReactionRedox Potential and Electrical ConductivitySoil Organic matterSoil Macronutrient and Micronutrient

Effect of Crop Residues on Chemical Quality

Page 22: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Crop residues influence soil pH through accumulation of CO2 and organic acids during decomposition

A sharp decrease in soil pH of flooded soils due to application of rice straw has been recorded by Murty and Sing (1976).

Soil Reaction

Page 23: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Redox Potential and Electrical Conductivity

Straw incorporation hastened and intensified soil reduction and also increase pH and E.C of acid soils

(Beye et al.,1978)

Decreased soil pH and E.C of alkaline soils under submergence

(Yodkeaw and Datta,1989)

Page 24: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Yadvinder-Singh et al. (2004) reported that rice residues incorporation increased organic carbon content of sandy loam soil more significantly than straw burning or removal after 7 years.

Table 5: Effect of crop residue management on organic carbon content of soil

*Beri et al.,1995,;**Yadvinder-Singh et al.,2004

Type of Crop Residue and Soil

Duration (Yr)

Residue Management

Organic Carbon(%)

Rice Straw in Wheat And Wheat Straw In Rice ; Sandy Loam* 10

Removed 0.38

Burned 0.43Incorporated 0.47

Rice Straw in Wheat Wheat in Rice In Rice-wheat Rotation ; Sandy Loam**

7

Removed 0.38Burned 0.39

Incorporated 0.50

Soil organic matter(SOM)/ Soil organic carbon(SOC)

Page 25: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Within 3 years of incorporation of rice straw at 6-7 t ha-1, total N content in soil increased by 0.021% over the straw removal treatment.

Table 6: Effect of straw management on the nutrient status of Mahaas clay of five cultivars

(Ponnamneruma.1984)

Treatment Organic C (%)

Total N(%)

Olsen P(Mg /Kg)

Exchangeable K

(Mg/Kg)

Removed 1.81 0.167 9 10.5

Burned 1.94 0.173 11 12.5

Incorporated

2.17 0.182 12 11.6

Soil Macro and Micronutrient

Page 26: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Table 7: Effect of crop residues on soil chemical indicator

SS: Sorghum Stover; GL: Glyricidia Lopping NR: No Residue(Sharma et al.,2005)

Treatment

pH OC N P K Ca Mg S Zn Fe Cu Mn B

SS 6.3 6.2 216 46 208 4.5 1.4 8.8 1.2 10.1 0.8 25.3 0.9

GL 6.2 6.4 251 46 247 4.7 1.4 6.9 1.3 9.6 0.7 27.4 1.3

NR 6.1 4.0 227 38 201 4.6 1.4 6.1 1.2 9.5 0.8 24.6 1.3

Page 27: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Microbial PopulationEnzymatic ActivityMicrobial Biomass C and NCarbon and Nitrogen mineralization

Biological Quality

Page 28: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Table 8: Microbial population as affected by residue management in Rice-Wheat rotation

Population Burning Removal Incorporation

After rice

Bacteria(*105) 59.6 15.6 115.4

Fungi(*103) 69.0 13.5 143.0

After wheat

Bacteria(*105) 16.2 13.9 126.6

Fungi(*103) 34.5 33.2 133.6

Sidhu et al., (1995)

Microbial Population

Page 29: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

The enzyme activity in the soil environment is considered important in contributing the overall soil microbial activity and soil quality. (Jordan et al.,1995)

Enzymes are involved in the dynamics of soil nutrient cycling and energy transfer.

Different crop residues incorporation were significantly higher the enzymes activity than the no residues. (Bandick and Dick, 1999)

Enzyme activity

Page 30: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Table 9: Changes of soil enzyme activities after I5 years of cultivation with rice-wheat copping sequence

(Ghosal, 2004)

Treatment Dehydroge

-nage

Acid

Phosphatase

Alkaline

phosphatas

e

Urease Arylsulph-

atase

Control 22.87 75.69 54.49 9.04 7.76

NPK 20.34 76.08 47.11 10.42 9.52

NPK+PS 24.82 85.01 57.45 12.14 9.96

Fallow 30.40 69.02 56.44 14.43 9.32

Page 31: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Microbial biomass is a small (1-5% by weight) but active fraction of soil organic matter.

Soil microbial biomass acts as a reservoir of plant nutrients (like N,P and S) and its availability .

After straw incorporation MBC increase by 2-5 fold in 10 days and reached highest by 30 days.

MBC increased by 45 % and N by 60% in residue retention over residue removal. (Kushwaha et al.,2000)

Microbial biomass C and N

Page 32: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Table 10: Carbon, Nitrogen and biomass C in surface soil under different residue management

(Monneveux et al.,2006)

Treatment Organic C(%) Total N(%) Biomass

C(µg/g)

No residue 1.92b 0.14b 47.4c

Maize residue 2.01a 0.13a 71.5

Maize and Jackbean residue

2.01a 0.16a 114.9

Page 33: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Table 11: Microbial biomass C (MBC), mineralizable C (minC), basal soil respiration (BSR) and microbial quotient (MQ) in soils

Treatments at P ≤ 0.05 by Duncan’s multiple-range testMajumder et al., 2008

Treatment MBC Min C(0-24 days)

BSR( 10-24 d) MQ

(g C Kg-1) g CO2-C kg-1C d-

1

Kg minCKg-1 TOC

Control 0.28d 1.15c 0.21c 0.023c

NPK 0.41c 1.65b 0.31b 0.029b

NPK+PS 0.48ab 1.76ab 0.31b 0.032a

Carbon and Nitrogen mineralization

At soil depth of 0 to 0.2m under different treatments after 19 yr of rice-wheat cropping

Page 34: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

1. Crop residue for reclamation of salt affected soil

2. Biological N₂ Fixation3. Weed Control

Some special effects of crop residue management

Page 35: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Rice straw incorporation decreased the precipitation of Ca and carbonate

Increased removal of Na in drainage water

Decreased the pH and EC of soil

1. Crop residue for reclamation of salt-affected soil

Page 36: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

(Yoo et al.,1990) reported that surface application of rice straw increased flood water pH to an optimum level for N2-fixing organism, and thereby increased the N2-fixtion by heterotrophic bacteria and blue green algae.

Roper(1983)observed that a positive correlation between(r=+0.98) between nitrogenase activity and wheat straw decomposition.

2. Biological N2 fixation

Page 37: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Crop residues can suppress weeds in many ways reported by Kumar and Goh (2000) for example.

Through there physical presence on the soil surface as mulch and by restricting solar radiation reaching below the mulch layer.

By direct suppression caused by allelopathy.

By controlling N availability. Burning of residue can help in effective

removal of weed seed and weeds.

3. Weed control

Page 38: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Crop residue incorporation improve physical, chemical and biological properties of soil.

In long-tem incorporation of crop residue increased the productivity.

Overall, incorporation of crop residues appears to be a better management option.

Incorporation should be done at least 10 d and preferably 30 d before the establishment of succeeding crop.

CONCLUSION

Page 39: Crop residue management in rice based cropping system

Thank You