1

FIELD TRAINING REPORT

BY

R.G.N LAKMALI

UWU/PLT/09/0020

BSc.(Special)Palm and Latex & Technology and Value Addition

Faculty of Animal Science & Export Agriculture

Uva Wellassa University, Sri Lanka

2013

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Field Training Report

By

R.G.N LAKMALI

Impartial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PALM AND LATEX TECNOLOGY

AND VALUE ADDITION

Uva Wellassa University, Sri Lanka

Approved by

……………………………… ……………………………. Dr. C. S. Herath Dr. C. K. Jayasinghe Senior Technology Transfer Officer Deputy Director/ Research Coconut Research Institute Rubber Research Institute Bandirippuwa Estate Darton Field Lunuvilla Agalawatte Date :......................................

Date :..................................

………………………………... ................................................. Ms.S.M.I.P.G Bandara Dr. G. Chandrasena Lecturer Dean Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture

Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture

Uva Wellassa University Badulla

Uva Wellassa University Badulla

Date :...................................... Date :..................................

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author sincerely thanks, Dr. Evarard at Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka

(CRISL), Dr. Upali at Makandura Estate, Mr. Wasantha, Supervisor at Coconut Technology

Park, Mr. Hareld, Superintendent of Ambakale Seed Garden, Mr.Wijesekara, Superintendent

of Rathmalagara Estate for their guidance and supervision.

Dr. V.H.L Rodrigo, Dr. Sarogini at Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka(RRISL), Mr.

Wasantha, Supervisor at Dartenfield Estate, Dr. Samanthi, Supervisor of Plant Genetic and

Breeding Division of (RRISL), Dr. Dilhara Ekanayke , Director ,Ms. Sarojini Mahanama ,at

Laboratory of RRI at Rathmalana. Dr. C. K. Jayasinghe, The Deputy Director, RRISL, Dr.

Evarard of CRISL for facilitating the field training program for students of Uva Wellassa

University.

Ms.S.M.I.P.G Bandara, Internal Supervisor, for her assistance, guidance and supervision.

Dr.Gamini Chandrasena, the Dean of the Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture

of Uva Wellassa University .Dr. M. De Alwis, the Head of the Department of Export

Agriculture of Uva Wellassa University. Ms. T.M.N Thennakoon, Mr. Nuwan Weerawansha

Demonstrators, for their assistance given. Then all the friends in the Palm and Latex

Technology and Value Addition Degree program. Finally, for laborers who had given the

support during the training period for their kindness, honesty and nice smile.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................... 3

TABLE OF CONTENT ....................................................................................................................... 4

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ 6

LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 8

CHAPTER 01 ...................................................................................................................................... 9

COCONUT RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SRI LANKA ................................................................. 9

1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 91.1.1Objectives of Training ............................................................................................................................... 9

1.2Activities Undertaken ............................................................................................................................. 91.2.1 Seedling Selection ..................................................................................................................................... 9

1.2.2 Conventional Nursery ............................................................................................................................. 10

1.2.3 Pre Nursery/ Poly Bag Seedlings ............................................................................................................ 10

1.2.4 Certification of Seedlings - 4 Colors for Certified Seedlings .................................................................. 10

1.2.5 Field Authority Office at Bandirippuwa Estate ....................................................................................... 10

Marking of Planting Holes in the Plantation ............................................................................................... 111.2.6 Preparing Holes ....................................................................................................................................... 11

1.2.7 Toddy Tapping ........................................................................................................................................ 12

1.2.8 Tapping Process ...................................................................................................................................... 12

1.2.9Application of Fertilizer in Coconut Plantations ...................................................................................... 12

1.2.10 Coconut Breeding ................................................................................................................................. 14

1.2.11 Hand Pollination Procedure .................................................................................................................. 14

1.2.12 Pollens Processing ................................................................................................................................. 15

1.2.13 Seed Nut Selection ................................................................................................................................ 15

1.2.14 Plus Palm and Parent Palm Selection .................................................................................................... 16

1.2.15 Estate Management/Book Keeping ....................................................................................................... 16

1.1.17 Pest and Diseases Management in Coconut Lands ............................................................................... 16

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1.1.18 Tissue Culture with Coconut Breeding ........................................................................................... 18

1.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................ 18

CHAPTER 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 19

COCONUT PROCESSING INDUSTRIES ..................................................................................... 19

2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 19

2.2 Coconut Kernel Products ...................................................................................................................... 192.2.1 Process of Coconut Cream ...................................................................................................................... 19

2.2.2 Copra Production .................................................................................................................................... 19

2.2.3 Production Process of Desiccated coconut .............................................................................................. 20

2.3 Coconut Shell Products ......................................................................................................................... 212.3.1 Charcoal Production at Bandirippuwa Estate .......................................................................................... 21

CHAPTER 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 22

RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE .............................................................................................. 22

3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 223.1.1Objectives of Training ............................................................................................................................. 22

3.2 Activities Undertaken ........................................................................................................................... 223.2.1Genetics and Plant Breeding .................................................................................................................... 22

3.2.2 Hybridization Process ............................................................................................................................. 23

3.2.5 PCR Method (Polymerize Chain Reaction) ............................................................................................ 25

3.2.6 Nursery Management .............................................................................................................................. 26

3.2.7 Seed Selection Procedure ........................................................................................................................ 26

3.2.8 Poly Bag Nursery .................................................................................................................................... 26

3.2.9 Bud Grafting Method .............................................................................................................................. 27

3.2.10 Bud Wood Nursery ............................................................................................................................... 28

3.2.11Planting of a Budded Plant ..................................................................................................................... 28

3.2.12Tapping of Tree ...................................................................................................................................... 29

3.2.14 Rain Guard Applications ....................................................................................................................... 31

3.2.15 Plant Establishment ............................................................................................................................... 31

3.2.16 Pest and Disease and Management ....................................................................................................... 32

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3.2.17 Fertilizer Recommendation ................................................................................................................... 35

3.2.18 Laboratory Instruments for Check Physical Properties ......................................................................... 36

3.3 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................ 36

CHAPTER 4 ...................................................................................................................................... 37

RUBBER PROCESSING INDUSTRIES ........................................................................................ 37

4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 37

4.2 Latex Base Productions ........................................................................................................................ 374.2.1 Foam Rubber ........................................................................................................................................... 37

4.2.2 Dipping Articles and Dipping Products (Balloon Production) ................................................................ 37

4.2.3 Cast Products .......................................................................................................................................... 38

4.2.4 Rubberized Coir Mattress ....................................................................................................................... 38

4.2.5 Rubberized Coir Pots .............................................................................................................................. 38

4.3 Dry Rubber Products ............................................................................................................................ 394.3.1Rubber Band Production .......................................................................................................................... 39

4.3.2 Shoe Sole Compound .............................................................................................................................. 39

4.3.3 Rebuild of a Tire ..................................................................................................................................... 39

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Factors record in crop book .......................................................................... 3

Table 1.2: Fertilizer recommendation . .......................................................................... 5

Table 1.3: Nutrient deficiencies of K,Mg .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 1.4: Some main pest and diseases of coconut .... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 1.5: Grading of Desiccated coconut ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 3.1: Diseases of rubber tree ................................................................................ 27

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Triangular and square lining...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 1.2: Hand Pollination Cycle ............................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 3.1: Developed finger print technology…………………………………..18

Figure 3.2 :Production proceedure of high quality budde plantError! Bookmark not

defined.

Figure 3.3: Plan of budwood nerser ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 3.4: Tapping pannel of rubber tree ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.3

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CHAPTER 01

COCONUT RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SRI LANKA

1.1 Introduction

Coconut research institute is situated in Kurunegala district in north-west province. Large

numbers of estates are belonging to this institute. Estates in Marawila ,Chillaw ,Kurunegala

areas and Bandirippuwaththa, Rathmalagara, Kirimatiyana are some of these fields. More

than 600 people are employed with activities in this institute and belonging estates. The

whole extent of RRISL is nearly 16 acres.

1.1.1Objectives of Training

To acquire the competence in technical, operation and managerial practices in coconut

industry while identifying and assessing the development need required to sustain the

coconut industry as the most viable economic activity of the country.

1.2Activities Undertaken

1.2.1 Seedling Selection

A good quality seedling is given by a proper land selection, seed selection and nursery bed

preparation. Main criteria of land selections are adequate water source, flat land, sandy soil,

scattered sunlight. Seed selection criteria are well matured nuts, uniform size, and specific

sound of water in the nut. Obtain uniform seedlings for the cultivation is the main purpose of

nursery bed preparation. Mainly two types of nursery beds were prepared in the nursery.

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They are conventional bed/bare root seedlings,pre nursery/ poly bag seedlings.y

1.2.2 Conventional Nursery

Rope was used for prepare drains opposite side of the west and east and selected coconut nuts

were kept horizontally with 15 cm space between nuts and 1” between rows 9’(5 rows). Nuts

were covered with soil and check for termite attack and fungal attack.Bed sprouting will be

started after 2-3 months.

1.2.3 Pre Nursery/ Poly Bag Seedlings

Pre nursery was prepared to gain high quality seedlings for poly bag nursery. Coconuts are

kept vertically and 5 cm between two nuts and 15 cm between 2 rows. Seedlings are get after

3 months at the crow bik stage (kaputuhota).It is transfered to the black polythene guzzeted

bag with 200-400 gauge and 40 cm x 28 cm parameters. The poly bag mixture is consisted of

coir dust (part 3), top soil (part 1), cow dung (part 2) and coir dust is used as the binding

agent and easiness of top soil handling.

1.2.4 Certification of Seedlings - 4 Colors for Certified Seedlings

This is done for maintain the quality of the plant and to guarantee the plant (weather this is a

dwarf or tall palm). They are CRIC 60-BLUE, CRIC 65- GREEN, CRISL 98-RED, MOROK

- WHITE

1.2.5 Field Authority Office at Bandirippuwa Estate

Main functions of Field Authority Office are distribute recommended fertilizers, divide daily

works among workers, auditing (income =NS (net sale) - cost of production (COP) and

15cm

30cm

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expenditures), Maintaining management practices such as weeding, fertilizing, mulching and

maintaining electricity, vehicles, Book keeping.

Marking of Planting Holes in the Plantation

There are two main methods of preparation of planting holes.

Triangular method Square method

Base line

Figure 1.1: triangular and square lining

1.2.6 Preparing Holes

The hole was marked at suitable point. The 3” x 3” square around the point is marked and

Deep also in 3“.The hole is Filled subsequently coconut husk layer, soil layer, Husk layer,

soil layer, fertilizer mixture (YPM- urea 250g,muriate of potash 250 g, eppawala rock

phosphate 500 g + dolomite 1kg) mixed with soil and plant is kept at middle of the point.

Bottom part of the poly bag was cut and removed. Plant is set at right place and covered and

fit with soil (don t cover the collar region with soil) coconut husk is used as the mulch and

watering is done.

30”

40”

50”

26”

25”

25”

6”

6”

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1.2.7 Toddy Tapping

Tapping is done by “atura yanawa” Using of “mul” knife and pots. Tapping is done in

morning and afternoon. Yield average is 3 bottles per tree .The maximum yield is 6 bottles.

High yield of toddy is given during the period of March to August. Hul bark is used to

prevent fermentation. Taste of toddy is sweet .Color is transparent light yellow. Pots are

burnt every day for sterilization.

1.2.8 Tapping Process

Beat the inflorescences 7days.Beater made by tamarind root. Then it is bounded by a rope.

Two days after, oozing out juice. First, white color froth is oozing out. Cut thin slice at each

time of tapping and hanged the sterilized pot. If stop the tapping , more yield can be gained

for the first year. Eight bottles of Meera gives 1 bottle of toddy and 4-5 hours heating is

needed to prepare toddy.

1.2.9Application of Fertilizer in Coconut Plantations

Vegetative stage and reproductive stage are two main growing stages of coconut. Average

life span of the tree is 50-60 years and picks the harvest once 45 days. Therefore, nutrient

application is needed to cover this nutrient gap. For vegetative stage – N, P, K, and Mg and

for reproductive stage- K, Mg, N and P are major required nutrients. Micro and macro

nutrients are recommended. Fertilization is mainly done at the rainy seasons, but not at the

high rain falls. Fertilizer use efficiency of the palm may occur in between 30 %-40 % for one

application. Manure circle is prepared by slashing for apply fertilizer around the plant and

apply mulch after evenly fertilizing. Two types of fertilizers.

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• Organic fertilizer

• Inorganic fertilizer

Organic fertilizer application is the most efficient one. Advantages of organic fertilizers are,

change the soil structure in physically, biologically, chemically, facilitate to well aeration,

optimize the cation exchange capacity, increasing of microbes’ population, slowly release of

organic fertilizers, and maintain the humidity and temperature of the soil. Kieserite can be

applied for Mg deficiency. NaCl is applied as a beneficial component. It prevents the falling

down of fronts, bunches and drought tolerance.

Table 1.2: Fertilizer Recommendations

Fertilizer Inorganic young palm

Inorganic adult palm

Organic young palm

Organic adult palm

Goat manure 7Kg 25kg

Urea 470g 800g

ERP 900g 450g

IRP 660g 600g 300g

TSP 400g 200g

MOP 470g 1600g 120g 800g

Dolamite 500g 1000g 250g

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Table 1.3: Nutrient deficiencies

K Mg

Orange color spots, spread

over fronts

Green color besides eacle yellow color of other parts.

1.2.10 Coconut Breeding

In 1955, Ambanmukalana forest (1200 ac) was used for this purpose as the 1st

1.2.11 Hand Pollination Procedure

isolated seed

garden in the world for get high purity seed nuts and hand pollination method was improved

in here. Main growing coconut varieties in Sri Lanka are Typica (green, red), Nana (drawf)

Aurania (thambili).

Coconut spikelets contain female and male flowers and Typica and nana inflorescences

behave in two different ways. The male phase of Typica is 1-18 days and the female phase

gets 21-24 days to receptive. The typica is a highly cross pollinated varaity.The male phase

of Kundira is 1-21 days and the female phase is 6-19 days. This has a high tendency to self

pollination.

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Figure 1.2: Hand Pollination Cycle

1.2.12 Pollens Processing

Two main methods for extract pollen from male flower. They are Conventional method

(Using desiccators) and Modern method (Using fluidized bed dryer).Pollens are gained by

applying lucopodium and making of sucrose solution. Pollens are gained from selected male

flowers and crushed them and put into fluidized bed dryer (200-250 g) below 40 oC. It

prepares pollens during 30 minute. Due to succession action, pollens are retained in the

cheese cloth remaining parts are rested in the bottom of dryer. Pollens are sieved using a set

of mesh with different mesh sizes (300,150x10-6

1.2.13 Seed Nut Selection

meter) and put them in suitable containers

and keep in the refrigerator. Pollens can preserve up to 3 months.

Picking seed nuts are kept as a heap for 2 months interval and selection of seed nut is done

using inheritant characteristics (shape, size, characteristics sound, mite attack, weight).

Selected seed nut sell to brokers. Nuts can kept up to 70 days from auction.Rooten nuts,

aborted nuts are left leave in the field for buyers and 3 % rejected nuts are remained.

Opening of spathe and Spreading of spikelets Removal of bag

and tagging of

Application of pollen-21

Female flower receptive 14-21

Bagging- 14 days

Emasculation-2 Receptivity over, fertilization, complete stigma brown -24,26

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1.2.14 Plus Palm and Parent Palm Selection

First a good performing estate and a block is selected. The yield of palms is checked in the

block for past 5-10 years appearance of the tree and male parents around the mother plants.

Ex: Morocco estate. Main characters to select a good parent palm are 30-40 Fronts 80-100

Nuts, short petiole, 700 g weight (male plant) and umbrella shaped crown.

1.2.15 Estate Management/Book Keeping

Green nut book, crop book, fallen nuts book are used for this book keeping process for

easiness of the estate management.

1.2.16 Intercropping

Important of intercropping are Increase the land productivity, increase the economic return,

efficient land management (sunlight, water, space) reduce the risk in monoculture, increases

soil fertility, reduce weed growth. Intercropping is started during 0-5,5-21 for the coconut

cultivation.cocoa,rambutan,pepper,avacardo,mango,co3

1.1.17 Pest and Diseases Management in Coconut Lands

,cinnamon,coffee,passion fruit,

cashew, guava etc are use for intercropping.

There are major and minor pests which damage to the different stages of the tree. Control

methods depend on these stages and there are two control methods. They are chemical and

biological. Augmentation, importation, conservation are under biological control method.

Using of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is under chemical method.

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Major pest are coconut mites, red weevil, black beetle, coconut caterpillar, Plesispa, coconut

leaf beetle. Minor pest of Insect pests Coconut scale,neetle grub, termite ,bag worm, yellow

spotted locust, leaf folding caterpillar,elymnias caterpilller.Mammalian pests are

Rats,bats,monkey,wild bore. Diseases are ganerdoma root disease, leaf blight, stem bleeding,

bud rot, seedling die back,waligama wilt disease.

Table 1.4: Some Main Pest and Diseases

Pest /disease Symptom and damage Management Coconut mites yellowish triangular patch,necrotic

patches,scars on bunches,deformed nuts,high in dry season, button shedding, smaller nuts, deformed

Chemical,Biological control Neoseiulus baraki as a biological control agent,Mechanical control

Red weevil Feed trunk, bleeding of stem, wilt of fronts, fallen down of tree

IPM management Prevention of damage by field sanitation, Proper vigilance & detection, Chemical control 60% monoprotophosUse of pheromone traps

Black beetle Geometric cuts of leaves, fallen down tree Destruction of breeding grounds Chemicals(carbofuran),Biological (fungus,virus)

Coconut scale

damage by nymphs & adults to leaves

Chemical -Monocrotopos 60% Predators-Chilochorus nigritus ,Pullus exrampelinus Parasitoides,Aphytis sp.

Termites

Enter to seed nuts,Wilting, tunnels, galleries along trunk, destroyed root

Chemical control -chloropyrophos

Leaf blight More damage in seedling stage,cause by weak pathogens

Use bordo mixture, Cu fungicides (polycar,oriex 4ml/ 1l of water)

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1.1.18 Tissue Culture with Coconut Breeding

Ongoing tissue culture programs are mainly regarding Dekiri pol due to its double recessive

stage in CRI. Main types of X plants can be used are Plumule, Immature embryo, Ovary-

before fertilization, Immature inflorescence (Tender leaf (Out of 26 inflorescence, 7th

inflorescence use. After 7th

1.4 Discussion

month it will open. But, have to damage the mother palm. Slow

recovery), Shoot tip (only one meristem. so can’t use).Culture media composition should

consist with Dip in liquid N desiccate and can keep for long time-for germplasm

conservation. Tissue culture medias are major minor nutrient, growth regulators and

charcoal.Zytokinin and oxiene not use in embryo culture.Mainly existing methods are ovary

culture, embryo culture, anther culture.

Ovary culture-mainly consists of 4 steps

They are excision of explants and culture initiation , callus initiation, somatic embryo

formation and plant regeneration and acclamitazion.

Embryo culture

This is consisting of Split and get embryo, sterilization and grow in embryo culture media.

A well knowledge was gained with actual practices in the coconut field and awareness about

problems of land when nursery management, planting and maintenance of coconut land.

Gained the awareness of identifying pest and diseases, improved coconut breeding methods,

coconut based food and other products and etc…..

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CHAPTER 02

COCONUT PROCESSING INDUSTRIES

2.1 Introduction

Major kernel based products are desiccated coconut, virgin coconut oil and by products are

coconut paste, chillie oil, body oil, lip balm coconut jam, ice cream, coconut flour. Sap

base products are treacle powder, sweet toddy powder. Coconut water base products are nata

de coco and syrup. Coir based products are bristle fiber, metress fiber, baby fiber. Other

products are coir ceiling, ornamentals, coir bricks, brushes.

Hydraulic machine is used to extract skim wet coconut milk (with water) and coconut paste

(without use water).

2.2 Coconut Kernel Products

2.2.1 Process of Coconut Cream

Dehusking Deshelling Remove brown testa Splitting Remove coconut water

Wash Dry (1 hour,moisture<2.5%, cryspiness) Grind paste (thin paste

paste : water thick paste paste : water)

2.2.2 Copra Production

Main Two methods of copra producing are shell and charcoal powder.

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Seasoning Cut the nuts into two halves arranged in a kiln apply charcoal dust

into kiln first firing (30 hours) turn second firing after 3 days take out

the copra from the shell grading

Table 1.5: Grading characteristics of copra

Edible copra MS1 MS2 MO Inner surface sky blue colour,Get only male half of the nut(get the cup where embrayo has emerged),Should be circle or round shape halves,Free from pest and disease and other,contaminants,Free from cracks

Can get both male and female halves of the nut,Inner surface sky blue colour ,Should be circle or round shape halves,Free from pest and disease and other contaminants, Free from cracks

with cracks allowed

All other remaining, But this grades used only for industrial purposes

2.2.3 Production Process of Desiccated coconut

Seasoning dehusk deshell removing testa removing

Coconut water washing boiling vibratory drying conveyer

Packing grading sieving

Main grades of desiccated coconut are coase (8 mesh size), fine (<12 mesh size), medium (12

mesh size)

Function of (Effluent treatment) Waste Treatment

Split water, wash water, coconut water, sterilize water are used and 4 tanks with 2mx2m

dimensions. Upper coconut oil layer is collected to barrels. Remaining water goes to another

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tank. Oil spoils because of high protein, and sugar. Warm ash is used to lower the acidity

.Bio gas is used to heat majan mandi. Rigifoam is used as a substrate for microorganisms and

cow dung is used for anaerobic digestion. COD, BOD are checked in final water and use for

agricultural purposes.

2.3 Coconut Shell Products

2.3.1 Charcoal Production at Bandirippuwa Estate

As a shell based product there are 4 zones in kiln (drying zone, pyrolisis zone, combustion

zone, reduction zone).Main functions of each zone are, remove water vapor by drying zone,

Breaking of long chain hydrocarbons in to short chains by pyrolysis zone and H and O are

emitted as gases, partial burn is done by Combustion zone and Produce CO2 and H2.

Sensible heat exchange is done by Reduction zone. Flue gas (emission gas) is moved through

a tube. In the outside of the tube the atmospheric air is moving. Heat transfer from heated

flue gas to atmospheric air called as processed heat and supply to the dryer.

2.4 Fiber production

Main exporting types of CANRO Company are Balace (metress) Fiber (short type) and Mix

Fiber (long type) .Exporting is done as bale parts (150 kg).Bristle fiber use for make ropes

and 2 types of major ropes. They are lingus (FMT) rope and fiber rope and export them to

America, Canada for pick bier flowers. Coco pith is produced and main importers are Japan,

Korea, and Thailand for cultivation purpose. It consists of wet, cutter and mill powder of

coir. The pH limit is checked before export.

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CHAPTER 03

RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE

3.1 Introduction

Rubber Research Institute was established in 20th

3.1.1Objectives of Training

century to done researches on rubber latex

and the tree. This is located in Agalawaththa area in Kaluthara district in Western Province.

Large extent of land area is belonging to this institute. Mainly the Dartenfield Estate. More

than 700 people are involved regarding to RRISL.

To acquire the competence in technical, operation and managerial practices in coconut

industry while identifying and assessing the development need required to sustain the

coconut industry as the most viable economic activities of the country.

3.2 Activities Undertaken

3.2.1Genetics and Plant Breeding

Hevia brasiliensis is one of the major commercial tree where the origin was in Amazon

forest. The first planting was at Henarathgoda botanical garden Gampaha by Sir Henry

Wickham in 1876.Then it become as a major export crop and Kegalle,Kalurthara,Monaragala

are major planting areas.

The two major breeding methods are conventional (new technologies which derived from

molecular method use for this) and molecular methods. Main considering factors are

heterozygous, perennial, self pollinated abilities.

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Main objectives of breeding are gain high yielding varieties, vigorous growth, resistance

varieties to bad environmental conditions, resistance to pest and diseases, tolerance to TPD,

development of clone to sub conditions, tolerance plants for dry area. Selection criteria for

parent plant are sunlight capture ability by the canopy, ventilation and flat land.

3.2.2 Hybridization Process

Good caring is very essential for success of this process. Flowering is occurred during

February-march and pollination is occurred mid of April, March. Male flower is spread out

of the rachis and the female flowers are at the edge of the rachis. A suitable flower is selected

and collected pollens from male flowers from 10.00 am. The pollination is done before 2.00

pm in the same day. After 3-4 months seeds are collected and established in polybag nursery

as hand pollination progeny. They are transferred to the mother plant nursery to get buds.

According to DRC measurements best genotypes are selected. Fifteen genotypes are

multiplied from each genotype and 300 buds from genotypes are budded with suitable

rootstocks. The newly clone types are gained. Pollarding is done for each clone in 1.5 feet

height. 20-30 branches are multiplied from each clone .Small scale evaluation (SSE) is done.

In Sri Lanka commercial yield is most considerable ECT RRI collaborative trial is done and

good performed plants are selected. In ECT level clones are planted in different agro climatic

reagons.Commercial evaluation is done during 10 years in ECT RRI Collaborative evaluation

and clone recommendation are done. Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 are the main nominated

groups.

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3.2.3 Hand Pollination Process

Identifying of male and female flowers is very essential. Male flower are yellow, small and

spread out of whole bunch. Female flower are at the edge of the bunch which are green and

yellow color. Scrap holdings are built and pollens are collected from male flowers are

deposited in female flower. Then, cotton plug is applied and covered it by a polythene bag.

Then, it is labeled (male clone (RRISL 121) cross date, pollinator name, clone, GP).The main

purpose of this is preventing of self pollination. Seed fallen is occurred during august.

Newly registered clones are plant in 2 ha area. The clone names are applied according to

ordered series.Ex:RRIC 100,RRISL 2000,RRIC 102,RRISL 2001,RRIC 103,RRISL

2202RRIC 121,RRISL 2003

Main functions of plant genetic and breeding divisions are breeding of new clones, clones

recommendation, management of state, fertilizer recommendation, maintain genetic

authensity.

3.2.4 Clone Identification Genetic Engineering Technology

Figure 3.1: Developed Finger Print Technology

Seperte DNA from tender leaves

Test separated DNA

Use it for clone identification by identify the difference of DNA solution

Photograph of electrophoresis

DNA

Electrophoresis of multiplied DNA

Multiply them by PCR machine

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Few leaves disks (100x10-6 g) were gained and immediately passed into a motor and pestle.

EDTA and Nacl were added as the buffer solution to prevent extraction of DNA ase by

pipette. It was grinded until green color solution 800x10-6L.1.5 x10-6L was collected into

2x10-6

3.2.5 PCR Method (Polymerize Chain Reaction)

L appender by a pipette. Sufficient amount of chloroform was added and mixed it well.

Empty sample was prepared for balance the machine. Two protocols could see and 100 %

alcohol was added and put it into Super Melton machine. It was mixed slowly until green

color is removed.

Need 10 x PCR buffer,MgCl,DNTPS, mixture of CATAG,buffer with NaCl, tag DNA

polymeraze,Ice box,PCR tube and extracted DNA.

Pelleted DNA was washed with 70% alcohol. Buffer solution was added (10xPCR buffer, 2

ml), DNTPS, Primer 0.4 x10-6L from 50-100x10-6L of DNA.Tag DNA polymerase was done.

Final volume was balanced by deionized water up to 20 x10-6L.

Samples were put into PCR machine. Below conditions were supplied.

91-94 0C - 4 min, 94 0C -1 min, 36 0C –aniline temperature -1 minute, extension to 72

0

C- 1 min

Next cycle was started and 4 min interval was given before the cycle. Four hours were gained

to complete this and taken out from the PCR. Die gel (blumophenol) preparation was added.

The DNA visualization was occurred.

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3.2.6 Nursery Management

There are main three budding methods

• Green budding (green color bud stick, 10-12 months for result )

• Brown budding (brown color bud stick, 5-7 months for result)

• Young budding (immature sticks, green budding technology, 3-4 months)

Selection criteria of seeds are shiny appearance, bumping ability, buttery, watery, smooth and

milky embryo when paired select 70 %< viable seeds

3.2.7 Seed Selection Procedure

Seeds are collected into a sand fill (3x3 feets). Morning and evening watering schedule is

recommended. In conventional method, first and second selections are done. It causes to low

output (60%) than only one selection (95%). This also cause to high variability.

3.2.8 Poly Bag Nursery

6”-7” wide 15”-18”long poly bag is made with black polythene of gauge 500-300 in gazetted

and perforated types. The soil of loamy texture, 50 g of organic manure, 50g of high grade

Eppawala rock phosphate per bag prior to filing is applied. Double row and Single row are

two methods of establish the nursery. Black polythene to absorb sun light and sterilize the

bag and the most suitable method is single row method. The nursery bed is prepared from

east to west.

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3.2.9 Bud Grafting Method

Bud grafting is done after 3-4 months of planting. This is done for gain high yield from low

yielding variety by grafting with rootstock.

production of quality stock plant production of a quality bud patch

disease control

annual pollarding

seeds germinated within 14 days fertilizer applications

Thinning of week plant

Fertilizer fungicide application disease control

Figure 3.2: Production Procedure of High Quality Budded Plant

Budwood nursery

High quality young budded plant

Bud grafting

Pollarding of bud wood nurseries

Cutting the leaves (lower 4-5)2-3 weeks prior to bud grafting

Obtaining buds Stock plants of 3-4 months

Planting germinated seeds in poly bag

Sowing them in germination bed

Collection of fresh seeds in eary seed fall

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Clone identification is a difficult task without expertise of each clone. Should aware of

classification of the clone, mature and immature different characters. E.g.RRIC102,

RRIC121, RRIC206, RRIC219…etc.

Elephant foot is appeared in bud grafted seedlings and conical or tapering shape in the stem

in non bud grafted seedlings. Pencil thickness stem size is gained for bud grafting. Clearing

is done in correct way according to contour lines to overlap the plantaion. Road racer is used

for lining the field.

3.2.10 Bud Wood Nursery

Budwood nursery is closed to the rootstock nursery. 60 x 60 x75 cm holes are prepared and

planted during May-June or October-November with starting of monsoon rains. Suitable

buds are selected from bud wood nursery for bud grafting. Buds are gained after 7-8 months

of planting. Pollarding is done above 8 feets (depend on grafter height) from the bottom and

allowed to lateral branches. They are gained after 8-10 weeks with below buds. Again,

pruning is done above 30 cm from bud union and second pruning is done after remaining of 2

branches for allowing budded branches. They are gained after 9-10 weeks after pruning

continuously and leaves are removed remaining the petioles to gain apical buds. Selection

criteria for a good mother plant are girth size, dark green leaves, and shiny leaves, free from

pest and disease attack and good planting material.

3.2.11Planting of a Budded Plant

There is the unisexual propagation to transmission the mother’s characters to the next

progeny. High latex character is with the scion of the budded seedling. The grafted point is

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under the soil level when planting. The rootstock part is mainly consisted with seed

properties. The vegetative phase is more active than the propagation phase. Pruning is done

to prevent the activation of propagation phase.

3.2.12Tapping of Tree

The most suitable conditions for starting tapping is with 50 cm girth, 4 feets above from bud

union and 6,7,8 years after planting. The main factors for tolerance for the tapping stress of

the tree are nutrient, fertilizing, environmental condition. 204-206 tapping trees /acres out of

516 trees. The commercial life span is 30 years and started to tap since 6 years old.

A-1-6years virgin panel

24 24 B-7-12 years virgin panel

20 21 23 C-13-18years renewed panel of A

19 22 3.2.13 Intensity tapping

20 30O

Angle of the tapping panel is 30

To gain maximum yield within final

13 1 7 6 years after 18 years.

14 2 8 19

15 3 9 20 D-19-24years renewed panel of B

22 16 4 10 21 renewed panel of C

23 17 5 11 24 -19, 20, 21 -D, E -1/2s+1/4sd/2- 150%

24 18 6 12 - 22, 23 - D, E-1/2s +1/2s d/2- 200%

E C A B D - 24 - D, E 2x1/2s +2x1/2s d/2- 400%

BII-1 BI-1 BO-1 BO-2 BI-2

Figure 3.4: Tapping Panels of Rubber Tree

0 clockwise due to manner of latex vessels. It facilitates

continuous flowing of latex, increase the flowing quantity and prevent coagulation of scrap.

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Tapping is done during morning. During the daytime water and nutrients are absorbed and

synthesized food with sunlight and chlorophylls. Turbidity force is generated in xylem

vessels during night and it is easy for flowing latex from vessels in the morning. Late tapping

is done due to rain and high rubber price to minimize the loss. Reasons for coagulating of

rubber are acid formulation due to bacterial function on protein, evaporation of water, latex

coagulation, and plugged. Two types of stencils for marking of tapping panel. For s/2 d/2 and

for s/2 d/3.

Two main tapping methods namely s/2 d/2(RRIC100, RRIC 102, RRIC 121, RRIC

117,PB255) and s/2 d/3(PB28,PB217,PB235,PB260, RRIC130).The stencil is kept above 4”

of stem from the bottom and mark the angle, vertical line and stencil shape on the stem. First,

“poi kanuwa” and then, “neththi kanuwa” are marked in clockwise. Normal tapping depth is

0.15cm(1/20”).Main latex knife, push knife and jubbong knife are used for tapping. The tree

is tapped without damaging to cambium due to 0.5mm edge is with 1/20” depth in a 50

corner

at each edge.

Continuous (daily) tapping except s/2 d/3 and s/2 d/3, tapping panel dryness (TPD) will

occurred. CUT (Controlled Upward Tapping) tapping method is applied for late the tapping

and intensity of D, E panel and the commercial productivity is increased , allowed time to

renew D,E panel, reduce number of tappers and cost. Tapping length and tapping day are

reduced. 5 % ethaphone is applied on the bark below the cut once a month to get high latex

yield. During winter season and ethaphone is not used when metrolac reading is below the

100 (DRC <0.3kg/1L)

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3.2.14 Rain Guard Applications

Rain guards are used to minimize the days which unable to tapping due to rain. Annual

income is increased 40 % due to this method and one year life span. Panel rotten is prevented

by rain guard during rain. It is used for when rain was at night, morning rain and rain at the

tapping time. Main two types are Kissan type (high density polythene) and apron type (low

density polythene).The sealant mixture is contented of which used to stick the guard, 2 tar, 1

clay, 1 Indian powder, gendgum and 40 sulfur. 27 trees/1kg are dressed. Ventilation is

facilitated and applied along the cut. It is not applied for leaked trees. The guard is kept on

tree and fixed with the mixture and then stapled along the polythene tape on the sealant gum.

It is repaired during June –July and September-October and new guard is applied below the

4” and cut old one as a cap for new one. During CUT tapping and using of rain guards, the

yield per hectare is same as in a normal tapping.

3.2.15 Plant Establishment

Old plantation is cleared and removed and burnt whole diseased plants and roots. Plant holes

are dug (2”x 2”x 2.5”).Correct lining is applied due to mounted areas. Three spacing methods

are between plants and rows (12”x 18”), square method (14”x 15”), intercropping method

(Between plants and rows 8”x 27”).Tea, Cassava, pineapple, mango, and rambutan are as

intercropping system with rubber plantation. Bud union is kept under the soil. Clone

classification is very important in planting (RRIC 121 with low branching ability, PB86 with

thick bark and high yield).Unssucesed plants are removed after three years. Apical

dominance is prevented by applying leaf cap. Establishment of plants are done according to

shallow planting and deep planting. Good planting material, agronomic practices, soil

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conservation methods, harvesting on correct time are the factors affect on economical

harvest. The average latex yield is 3500 kg/ha.

3.2.16 Pest and Disease and Management

Duties of Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department are implementing of management

and research programmes, disease diagnosis, screening of clones which tolerance for disease

and pest, screening of fungicides, surveying and report new diseases, studies on molecular

biology and biology of pathology, microbiological work, biological control of pathology,

contribute to the world literature, advisory visits, offer training to young scientists,

implement quarantine programmes, and researches to reduce the chemical control methods.

Guarantee for diseases and pests is given by pathogen division of the guarantee for the clones

is given by plant science division RRISL.

Main disease are, Corynespora leaf fall disease , Gloeosporum leaf disease, Phytopthora

disease, Patch canker ,Powdery mildew, Bird eye spots ,Root diseases (white root disease,

Black root disease, Brown root disease), Fusarium wilt, Stem and branch diseases, pink

disease, bark rot, ustulina stem rot.

Main pest are, Cock chaffer bug (destroying feeding roots), nematode attacks in seedlings,

(destroy root system), rats (physical) damage, scale insects (retard the plant grow), termites

attacks (destroy bark and internal tissues).

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Table 3.1: Diseases of Rubber Tree

Disease Diagnosis And Damage Control Methods

Corynespora leaf fall disease (Corynespora cassicola)

Rail way track system Fish born pattern Black, brown color spots Repeated defoliation Death of plant

All leaf disease symptoms show , susceptible to many clones and difficult to introduce tolerance clone Chemical control(mangoset)

Gloeosporum leaf disease (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)

Rotting the tip of immature leaves Shrivel and leaflets leaving the petioles on the stem Blisters on leaf

Chemical control

Phytophthora leaf fall, black stripe (P.meadil, P.palmivora)

dark brown, black lesions with white spots, coagulated latex on petioles abnormal leaf fall black vertical line(canker)

Chemical treatment Cu fungicides

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Pythium sp Due to mechanical damage split the bark, flown latex coagulate and bad smell at base, rotting of bark and roots Death of tree

Remove coagulated part and Dead tissues Apply 5g of 60% mancoseb/1L of water to roots Kandarson applications and coverd treated places with soil

Powdery mildew (Oidium heveae)

Constrict, blakish and leaf fallen of immature leaves Powdery white color form on mature leaves Abnormal leaf fall and death of branches

Chemical control(s dusting)

Birds eye spots By fungus (Drecheslera heveae)

appear in nursery seedlings circular water soaked lesion with reddish brown margin dark brown specks in older leaves repeated defoliation retards the growth, rarely kill the plant

Maintain of well fertilized ,sandy or lateritic soil Good cultural practices Bordeaux mixture at weekly interval

White root disease (Rigidoporus microporus)

White strands of mycelia On roots Yellowish orange semi circular bracket shaped fructifications at collar region

Contact fungicides Systematic fungicides

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Treatments for leaf diseases are divided in to 2 groups. They are for common diseases and

for phytopthora (Cu including).

Spraying content is changed according to period. During May daily spraying is not

recommended and 4 times in a week during dry season. For root diseases, there are mainly 2

types called systemic fungicides and contact fungicides.

Mancoseb Applications is done for Root Disease in Seedling Stage Seedlings. For most pest

attracts chloropphyropos is applied and can plant resistance clones for diseases. Fogging

machine is an instrument which is used for spraying chemicals in a large area

(45l/ha).Thermal burning system is there and can spray without wasting.

3.2.17 Fertilizer Recommendation

Fertilizer recommendation depends on the age of plant and the soil series. Main soil series

are Parambe, Matale, Homagama, Agalawatta, Rathnapura and Boralu. Three main groups

are 1group-Parambe series-Kegall ,Kurunagala,2 group-Matale series,3 group-Homagama

and Agalawatta series. Fertilizer application according to age level for seedlings, young

plant, mature plant. Leaf analysis method is used for check the N, P, K and Mg level of the

leaf. It facilitates the recommendation of fertilizer content to each plant. Auto analyzer for

Black root disease

Fructifications appear at collar region Continues black smooth skin First grayish and brownish color appear finally

Remove and burn and infected roots Expose lateral and tap roots Hexaconosol(contact fungicides)

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analyze N,P ,Flame photometer is for analyze K,Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer is for

analyze Mg .Soil conservation methods are cover crop growing, prepare mounds, draining

system. They improve the humidity, organic substances and microbial activities, keep

optimum temperature, avoid of soil erosion, etc…

3.2.18 Laboratory Instruments for Check Physical Properties

Rheometer for test curing time of rubber compound, Density meter for test density, Din

abrasion for test density, resilience tester for test resilience ability, tensile testing machine

for test elasticity and tear strength (initiation time of tearing) , hardness testing machine for

test hardness, Gauge meter for test gauge, Compression set for test thickness.

3.3 Discussion A well knowledge about rubber nursery management, planting, budding, pest and disease

identifying and management, plant breeding, correct tapping methods and sucesssesfull

training was gained at the RRISL.

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CHAPTER 04

RUBBER PROCESSING INDUSTRIES

4.1 Introduction

Latex based production and dry rubber productions are the main types of rubber production.

They give high economical value by involving with these industries.

4.2 Latex Base Productions

4.2.1 Foam Rubber

Latex-500/soap with stabilizers -25/20% potassium oliate 25/vulcanizing chemicals(s-7.5,

H2O-7.5/ZDC-4.5,H2O4.5/ZnBT-1.5,H2O1.5),DPG-4,H2O-4/ZnO-15,H2O15/Nadium

silicoflovaride (Na SF) 10.8/dispersol LR are the necessary ingredients. All are gram in

weight.

s-7.5,H2O-7.5+ZDC-4.5,H2O4.5+ZnBT-1.5,H2O1.5/DPG-4,H2O-4/ZnO-15,H2

Latex vulcanizing chemical dispersion DPG ZnO potassium oliate NaSF beat

put into plate oven drying (100

O15

dispersions were prepared separately. Production procedure is

0

4.2.2 Dipping Articles and Dipping Products (Balloon Production)

C) foam mattress

60 %concentrated latex-167/10 % KOH-3(stabilizer)/50 % ZDC (accelerator) -2/50 %ZnO-(

activater)-2/50 % s-(vulcanizing agent)/ 50 %WSP(antioxident)-0.8/60 % china clay as

required. All contents are in parts by weight per grams. Production procedure is,

38

Compounding former dip in Ca (No3)2

Dry in sun light unloading dry under fans thumbling(removing

former dip in compound ringing

powder) apply die check quality packing

4.2.3 Cast Products

60 % concentrated latex-250/10 % KOH/50% ZDC/50 %ZnO/50 % s/china clay 60 %

dispersion (dispersion agent 2/H2

Prepared mixture oven (16 hours) get out cool seal the mould

O 38/clay 60)

Cast product

4.2.4 Rubberized Coir Mattress

Boil linus rope 5 layers of coir press up to 1/5 thickness spray

centrifuge latex dry(20-25 minutes) turn spray latex dry in

sunlight (1 hour)

4.2.5 Rubberized Coir Pots

Coir spray centrifuge latex press in machine (1000C, 20 minutes) with the

former (white yellow color in vulcanization)

39

4.3 Dry Rubber Products

Tyer and caster wheels producing by compression moulding using by hydraulic pressure,

1500 PSI , 1500

4.3.1Rubber Band Production

C temperature and 6.40 hours.

Compounding go through chamber talk bath open steam (autoclave)

Cool water soap bath cutting bands straining

4.3.2 Shoe Sole Compound

Crepe rubber-100x2/ZnO-5/stearic acid/caco3o(whitning)-40-5/petrol oil-4-5/s-3/MBTS-

1.5/DPG-0.5/Flectol(antioxident)-1 are the necessary ingredients.

This mixture is kept in the oven 1500Cof vulcanizing temperature. Curing time is 10

minutes.

4.3.3 Rebuild of a Tire

Removing of rubber layer on ablated tier skiving on surface cement application

Stick the rubber layer with Sulfur cover the tire with tube heat in

mould (1500

Check quality

C,2-3 hours,80 bar) in Chamber get out remove tube