crime & deviance race & ethnicity. three waves of migration (1930s-40s) ◦ “classical”...
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Crime & DevianceRace & Ethnicity
Three Waves of Migration (1930s-40s)◦ “Classical”
Rural to Urban◦ From Europe (especially Eastern Europe)◦ “Classical,” part II
Rural Black Farmers
Added Importance to:◦ Race
A social category based upon some inherited, biological characteristic
◦ Ethnicity A social category based upon some cultural trait or
characteristic
Contributes to:◦ Stereotypes:
simplified, rigid mental images of what members of certain groups are like
◦ Discrimination: the unequal treatment of certain people on the basis
of their race, ethnicity, religion, gender
“Ecology” of the city◦ Process of invasion & settlement of a territory
Concentric Zones◦ Zone 1: Central Business District◦ Newcomers: settle in Zone 2 (the zone in
transition) “Natural Areas”
Assimilation: ◦ "a process of cooperation in which one ethnic
group loses its identity" ◦ Differences between 1st and 2nd Generation
Immigrants
Louis Wirth, “Urbanism as a Way of Life”◦ The city as a troubled place◦ Especially Zone 2
The zone in transition◦ Crime, mental illness, alcoholism, drug addiction,
etc. ◦ Crude crime rate (#crimes/1000)
Always highest in zone 2
Biological & Psychological Attempts to Explain◦ Inherited inferiorities/abnormalities
Physique Phrenology XYY
◦ Minority of Cases
Correlation◦ “X” and “Y” are always found together in time
and space Temporality
◦ “X” always precedes “Y” Intervening Variables?
◦ “X” “Z” “Y”
Not biological, not psychological Time in zone in transition = 4-7 years
◦ Over time, population turns over◦ But crime & deviance rates consistently highest in
zone 2 Social Disorganization (Wirth et al.)
◦ Not individuals; not biology, not psychology
Thorstein Sellin: cultural conflict Frederick Thrasher: gang activity Daniel Bell: “Crime as an American Way of
Life”
Edwin Sutherland ◦ Differential Association
Gresham Sykes & David Matza◦ Techniques of Neutralization
Robert Merton◦ Anomie◦ Deviance and Opportunity Structures
Culturally Culturally Approved GoalsApproved Goals
Legit Instit.Legit Instit.
MeansMeans
ConformitConformityy
++ ++
InnovatioInnovationn
++ --
RitualismRitualism -- ++
RetreatisRetreatismm
-- --
RebellionRebellion +/-+/- +/-+/-
Universal, so necessary◦ Society of monks
Boundary Maintenance Group Solidarity Innovation Tension Reduction
Howard Becker & Edwin Lemert◦ Not the act, but the societal reaction◦ Secondary deviance (Lemert)◦ Deviance varies across:
Time Situation Culture & Society