Crassula argentea - the jade plantReview of Flower Formula:

Ranunculus - buttercup

Review:What is the flower formula?

Lilium tigrinum - tiger lilyWhat is the flower formula

for this plant?

The strange lateral buds are called bulbils. These are shed as a means of vegetative propagation

Adaptations for PollinationAttraction

Visual Cues: Color, Shape, Size

Olfactory Cues: Scent, Odor

Reward

Nectar: Sucrose, Water, Amino Acids

Pollen: Vitamins, Minerals, Protein

Behavior: Recreational Motivation!

Rudbeckia hirta - black-eyed Susan

Hemerocallis - day lily

Attraction: Visual Bull’s Eye

Gaillardia grandiflora - Indian blanket flower

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Standard Black and White Image = all colors

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Black and White Image - minus red

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NectarGuides

Nice scent too!

Osmophores: release scent as alternate attractant

Sometimes the scent is the reward…A behavioral reward!

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http://www.orchid-rhoen.de/Bitmaps/34%20Ophrys%20insectifera.jpg

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Ophrys insectifera with pollinator Argogorytes mystaceus

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http://guenther.blaich.bei.t-online.de/argoins.htm

Bergstrm, G. (1978) Role of volatile chemicals in Ophrys-pollinator interactions In Biochemical Aspects of Plant and Animal Coevolution (J. B. Harborne, ed.), Academic Press, London.

Beetles as pollinators: lousy flight accuracy, heavy feeding

Target is largeAlternate entryHeavy flower partsPollen load is heavy

Fantasy Island…Or

Nightmare Island?

Hovering Birds and Sequence!

Perching BirdsSame SequenceStiff-Leaf Perches!

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Asclepias - Milkweed and Monarchs

Kalmia - mountain laurel

Nectar spur: a pouch containing phloem exudate

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Darwin described an orchid, Angraecum sesquipedale from Madagascar with an 11.5-inch nectar spur!

He predicted that there would be a pollinating animal with 11.5-in mouthparts to drink the nectar, but never found the animal.

Much later (1903), Xanthopan morgani predicta, its pollinator was found with an 11.5-inch siphon!

Wind Pollination: Corn (Zea mays)

Male flowers in the tassel

Huge numbers of small, dry pollen grains, shed from high on plant. Perianth small, greenish, no nectar

Female flowers in earLong, sticky, hairy stigmas = silk

Ross’ Rogues Gallery

Flowers that Horticulture has turned into what I consider to be hideous

monsters!

Dianthus caryophyllus - carnation

Rosa floribunda - rose

Malus domestica - apple

Gaillardia grandiflora - Indian blanket flower

Hemerocallis - daylily