CPES Research:SSPS - Building Blocks for the Future Electronic Power Grid

The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering College of Engineering

Presented by: Dushan Boroyevichat

Clemson University Restoration Institute, Zucker Family Graduate Education CenterNorth Charleston, South Carolina

June 27--28, 2017

SOLID STATE POWER SUBSTATION ROADMAPPING WORKSHOP

Hybrid AC/DC Electronic Power Distribution Systems

• Load Converters:Meet dynamic energy requirements of the loads

• Power Distribution Converters:- Increase power density- Improve energy efficiency

• Source Converters:- Meet distribution bus standards - Improve source utilization

REDUCECOST !

More Power Electronics Improves System Performance!

Weight & SizeReliability & LifetimeThermal Management Power ManagementSubsystem InteractionsPower QualityEMICost

But …

ACAC

DCAC

DCAC

ACAC

LOAD LOAD

ACDC

ACDC

GENERATOR

LOAD

LOAD

LOAD

DCDC

LOAD

LOAD

DCDC

AC BUS

LV AC BUS

PV

ACDC

ENERGY ST.

DC BUS

2017-06-27 1aPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

Hybrid AC/DC Electronic Power Distribution Systems

• Load Converters:Meet dynamic energy requirements of the loads

• Power Distribution Converters:- Increase power density- Improve energy efficiency

• Source Converters:- Meet distribution bus standards - Improve source utilization

REDUCECOST !

More Power Electronics Improves System Performance!

Weight & SizeReliability & LifetimeThermal Management Power ManagementSubsystem InteractionsPower QualityEMICost

But …

ACAC

DCAC

DCAC

ACAC

LOAD LOAD

ACDC

ACDC

GENERATOR

LOAD

LOAD

LOAD

DCDC

LOAD

LOAD

DCDC

AC BUS

LV AC BUS

PV

ACDC

ENERGY ST.

DC BUS

2017-06-27 1bPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

Current Research Areas in CPESEmerging Applications

Technology Areas

Application Areas

Sustainable Energy Systems

VehicularPower Converter

Systems

Point-of-Load Conversion

Power Management for Computers &

Telecommunications

High Density Integration

Modeling and Control

EMI and Power Quality

Power Electronics

Components

Power Conversion Topologies and Architectures

watts to megawatts

Point of Load Converters Medium Voltage ConvertersTransportation Converters

SSPS 2.0SSPS 1.0SSPS 0.0

Point of LoadPoint of Loadd ConvertersdPoint of Loaddd Converters

SSPSSPSS 0..0

Transportatioon Convertersoon Converterson ConvertersoTransportatioTransportatioooooo

SSS 1PS 1..000000

Medium Voltagge Convertersg

PS 2SP 22.00

2017-06-27 2

Zonal Power Distribution SystemBus- & SSPS-based

Notional ±6 kV DC Zonal System for the Future Navy Ships

SSPS

2017-06-27 3Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

1 MVA SSPS Prototype

Features• 4 x 250 kVA AC-AC

converters with 20 kHz transformers

• Input and output bridges switched at line frequency

• High frequency section uses series-resonance

Leakage inductance and resonant capacitor

• Inputs in series and outputs in parallel to enforce voltage and current sharing.

• Input aswitch

• High fseries

Leares

• Inputsin paraand cu

250 kVA block

2017-06-27 4Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

Power Electronics Building Block

Bus-bar

DC-link Capacitors

Insulation

Power Switches

Gate Driver

Gate Driver

PEBB Controller

Fiber-optical Cables

System Controller

Inductor

V

T

AV

Wide Input-VoltageAuxiliary Power Voltage

Current2017-06-27 5aPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

Power Electronics Building Block

Bus-bar

DC-link Capacitors

Insulation

Power Switches

Gate Driver

Gate Driver

PEBB Controller

Fiber-optical Cables

System Controller

Inductor

V

T

AV

Wide Input-VoltageAuxiliary Power Voltage

Current2017-06-27 5bPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

Power Electronics Building Block

Bus-bar

DC-link Capacitors

Insulation

Power Switches

Gate Driver

Gate Driver

PEBB Controller

Fiber-optical Cables

System Controller

Inductor

V

T

AV

Wide Input-VoltageAuxiliary Power Voltage

Current2017-06-27 5cPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

Power Electronics Building Block

Bus-bar

DC-link Capacitors

Insulation

Power Switches

Gate Driver

Gate Driver

PEBB Controller

Fiber-optical Cables

System Controller

Inductor

V

T

AV

Wide Input-VoltageAuxiliary Power Voltage

Current2017-06-27 5dPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

PEBB 1000 (SSPS 2.0)

Power terminals(DC)

Power terminals(AC)

Digital Controller

Fiber-opticInterfaces

Control / Gate driverPower Supply

DM inductors

CM inductors

Gatedrivers

Back-to-back Half-bridges DC-link capsLaminated busbarSiC Mosfet modules

ADC sensor

SiC PEBB for 1-kV DC Bus 100 kW, 100 kHz, 98%, 108 W/inch3

2017-06-27 6Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

PEBB 1000 Fault Handling:Short Circuit Protection

MiD

M·diD/dtOne turn

*

*

Switching-cycle reset switch

DriverIC

ISOCurrent booster

vFAULT

Comparator

Integrator

vG

vSEN

vDS

PCB-embedded Rogowski coilscovered by shielding

Currentnt iDDD directions

t r

Oneurn

Otu

-1 0 1 2 3 4-10

0

10

20

30

-1 0 1 2 3 4

0

2000

4000

6000

-1 0 1 2 3 4

0

2

4

-1 0 1 2 3 4

Time ( s)

0

500

1000

vSEN iD

vG

vFAULT

vDS

86ns 540ns 520ns

30

Shortcircuittiming

8 ns 5

Occurs Detected Protecteds

136 V overshoot

600 V DC

5 kA peak

Soft turn-off

2017-06-27 7Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

PEBB 1000 in Parallel:Peak Current Mode

Driver

VIN vL

Vsense

Driver Vsense

Current comparator

Current comparator

Synch.ref.

iL

iP1

iP2

gP1

gP2

Switch current sensor

vL

iL

iP1

iP2

gP1

gP2

Synchronized references

Load step

Paralleled PEBB with PCM control: Improved dynamics with current limiters

2017-06-27 8Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

PEBB 1000 in Series:Switching-Cycle Control of MMC Capacitor Volatges

Larm

Larm

C

Larm

Larm

C

LO

Larm

Larm

LO LO

Or MGrid

iPH

vCU1

vCU2

vCL1

vCL2

iU

iL

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000-200

0

200

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000-500

0

500

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000-500

0

500

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000950

1000

1050

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000950

1000

1050

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000950

1000

1050

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000950

1000

1050

time/ms

iUiL

iPH

5 % ripple

vCL1

vCU1

vCU2

vCL2

@1 Hz

5 % ripple

2+iU iL

Improved power density

2017-06-27 9Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

PEBB 6000 (SSPS 3.0)

10 kV SiC MOSFETs

Gate-Drivers

DC Bus CapsDec-Caps

Aux Power Supply

EMI Filter

Controller

PEBB 6000 H-bridge

10 kV laminated bus

3rd GenerationCREE SiC MOSFET& CPES gate driver

2017-06-27 10Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

Current Limiting Function of Modular Multilevel Converter

• 1 kV PEBBs operating at 100 kHz using 1.7 kV SiC MOSFETs

• A three-phase PEBB-based MMC prototype for MVDC applications

Fault event and clearing

Simulation Results

Experimental Results

DC +

DC -

AC

2017-06-27 11Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

GRID

EMI

PFC

M

C

M

Consumer Electronics -TV, Computer, Projector

Appliances - Washer,Dryer

Appliances – Air Conditioner

Appliances – Stove/Range/Oven

EMI

PFC

C

CF Light(ceiling)

H Lamp(floor)

120 V, 60 Hz

Patching-up the 20th Century Technology

EMI

PFC

C

EMI

PFC

C

EMI

PFC

C

CF H

, p

PLUG-INHYBRID

VEH.

ENERGYSTORAGE

WINDTURBINE

SOLARARRAY

Integrationof grid,

renewables, and storage

saves money!

“Smart” appliances

save energy!

2017-06-27 12Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

PLUG-INHYBRID

ENERGYSTORAGE

WINDTURBINE

SOLARARRAY

GRID

Appliances - Washer,Dryer

Appliances – AirConditioner

Appliances – Stove/Range/Oven

380 V, DC bus

48 V, DC

C

M

C

C

MC

Consumer Electronics -TV, Computer, Projector

C

LED light(ceilig)

LED light(floor)

ECC

21st Century Electronic Power Distributionefficient, programmable, safe, … affordable

Nanogrid * with the bus architecture

Time

kWh

Web-based GUI

* J. Bryan, R. Duke, S. Round, 2003

• Two voltages• Wireless

communication

• Bidirectional power conversion

• Separation of dynamics

• Integrated protection

• Load management• DG management• Data acquisition• Communication• Islanded operation

2017-06-27 13aPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

PLUG-INHYBRID

ENERGYSTORAGE

WINDTURBINE

SOLARARRAY

GRID

Appliances - Washer,Dryer

Appliances – AirConditioner

Appliances – Stove/Range/Oven

380 V, DC bus

48 V, DC

C

M

C

C

MC

Consumer Electronics -TV, Computer, Projector

C

LED light(ceilig)

LED light(floor)

ECC

21st Century Electronic Power Distributionefficient, programmable, safe, … affordable

Nanogrid * with the bus architecture

Time

kWh

Web-based GUI

• Two voltages• Wireless

communication

• Bidirectional power conversion

• Separation of dynamics

• Integrated protection

• Load management• DG management• Data acquisition• Communication• Islanded operation

Bi-directional topologyBi-directional control systemBi-directional current limitBi-directional decoupling due to dc-link Bi-directional EMI compatibilityLow dc leakage current High power density; high efficiency

Features:Solid State Power Station (Energy Control Center)

380 V, DC bus

2017-06-27 13bPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

pECCBidirectional

Charger

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle ( Picogrid )

2017-06-27 14aPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

pECCBidirectional

Charger

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle ( Picogrid )

2017-06-27 14bPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

nECCHouse Energy Control Center

A house (Nanogrid)

2017-06-27 15aPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

nECCHouse Energy Control Center

A house (Nanogrid)

2017-06-27 15bPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

ECCMicrogridEnergy Control Center

Microgrid

2017-06-27 16aPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

ECCMicrogridEnergy Control Center

Microgrid

2017-06-27 16bPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

Miligrid

mECCMiligridEnergy Control Center

2017-06-27 17aPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

Miligrid

mECCMiligridEnergy Control Center

2017-06-27 17bPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

¿ Intergrid ?

DC picoGRIDPHEV

pECC

DC DISTRIBUTION

WINDPVPHEV

nECC

HOUSEHOLD LOADS

DC nanoGRID

PV WINDnECC

CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

LOADS

DC microGRID

HYDRONUCLEAR

HVACTRANSMISSION

ECC

…nECC

pECC

pECC

nECC

2017-06-27 18a

Main features:

At least minimal level of local energy generation and storage;Interfaces to the higher-level system through bidirectional power converters;Ability to operate in islanded mode; Extensive communication and control capabilities;No thermo-mechanical switchgear;Step-up/down and isolation functions provided by the power converters (no low-frequency transformers);

Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

¿ Intergrid ?LARGE-SCALE POWER PLANTS AND TRANSMISSION

DC picoGRIDPHEV

pECC

DC DISTRIBUTION

WINDPVPHEV

nECC

HOUSEHOLD LOADS

DC nanoGRID

PV WINDnECC

CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

LOADS

DC picoGRIDPHEV

pECC

HOUSEHOLD LOADS

DC nanoGRID

PV WINDnECC

CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

LOADS

AC DISTRIBUTION

PHEV

nECC

WIND

PV

HOUSEHOLD LOADS

AC nanoGRID

PV WINDnECC

DC picoGRIDPHEV

pECC

CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

LOADS

AC microGRID

DC microGRID

ECC

HVACTRANSMISSION

COMBUSTION

NUCLEAR

HVDCTRANSMISSIONGECC GECC HYDRONUCLEAR

HVACTRANSMISSION

ECC

…nECC

pECC

pECC

nECC

pECC

nECC

nECC

pECC

pECC

nECC

2017-06-27 18bPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

¿ Intergrid ?LARGE-SCALE POWER PLANTS AND TRANSMISSION

DC picoGRIDPHEV

pECC

DC DISTRIBUTION

WINDPVPHEV

nECC

HOUSEHOLD LOADS

DC nanoGRID

PV WINDnECC

CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

LOADS

DC picoGRIDPHEV

pECC

HOUSEHOLD LOADS

DC nanoGRID

PV WINDnECC

CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

LOADS

AC DISTRIBUTION

PHEV

nECC

WIND

PV

HOUSEHOLD LOADS

AC nanoGRID

PV WINDnECC

DC picoGRIDPHEV

pECC

CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

LOADS

AC microGRID

DC microGRID

ECC

HVACTRANSMISSION

COMBUSTION

NUCLEAR

HVDCTRANSMISSIONGECC GECC HYDRONUCLEAR

HVACTRANSMISSION

ECC

…nECC

pECC

pECC

nECC

pECC

nECC

nECC

pECC

pECC

nECC

2017-06-27 18cPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

Smart System Integratorwith a New System to Build: China

J. Cao & G. Tang, “Leading HVDC transmission technology and its application in China,” HVDC 2015, Seoul, Oct. 2015.2017-06-27 19Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

Planned Future HVDC Projects by 2020 in China

2017-06-27 20Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

Electronic Power Distribution System Stability

AC BusInverterA. Rectifier

G(s) G(s)

Active Rectifier

DC Bus

G(s)

Motor Drive D. Rectifier

G(s)

DC Load

Diode Rectifier

Rectifierstage

Wind Turbine Bus Regulatorstage Filter

DCLink

DC or ACBus

G(s) G(s)

60 Hz Power Grid

Grid Power

NyquistCriterion

Generalized Nyquist Criterion

ldcsdc

dcdc

sdcldc

ldcdc ZZ

VVZZ

ZV1

00

sdcZ ldcZ• Small-signal stability at DC interface:

ac0lacsacac VZZIV1

1

• Small-signal stability at AC interface:sacZ

lacZ

2017-06-27 21Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

Three-Phase Impedance and System Stability

Active Rectifier

DC Bus

G(s)

Rectifierstage

Wind Turbine Bus Regulatorstage Filter

DCLink

DC or ACBus

G(s) G(s)

60 Hz Power Grid

Weak Grid

PLL

lacZ

Mag

nitu

de[d

B]

Mag

nitu

de[d

B]

Phas

e[d

eg]

Phas

e[d

eg]

-250

-1000

-180

0

180

-400

-180

0

180

1 101 102 1031 101 102 103

ZddZdq

Zqd Zqq

Frequency [Hz]

AFE Input Impedance

PLL

2017-06-27 22aPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

Three-Phase Impedance and System Stability

Active Rectifier

DC Bus

G(s)

Rectifierstage

Wind Turbine Bus Regulatorstage Filter

DCLink

DC or ACBus

G(s) G(s)

60 Hz Power Grid

Weak Grid

PLLsacZGrid-tied VSI Output Impedance

-50

0

50

-50

0

-180

0

180

1 101 102 1031 101 102 103

-180

0

180Mag

nitu

de[d

B]

Mag

nitu

de[d

B]

Phas

e[d

eg]

Phas

e[d

eg]

ZddZdq

Zqd Zqq

Frequency [Hz]

PLL

2017-06-27 22bPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

Three-Phase Impedance and System Stability

Active Rectifier

DC Bus

G(s)

Rectifierstage

Wind Turbine Bus Regulatorstage Filter

DCLink

DC or ACBus

G(s) G(s)

60 Hz Power Grid

Weak Grid

PLLGrid-tied VSI Output Impedance

-50

0

50

-50

0

-180

0

180

1 101 102 1031 101 102 103

-180

0

180Mag

nitu

de[d

B]

Mag

nitu

de[d

B]

Phas

e[d

eg]

Phas

e[d

eg]

ZddZdq

Zqd Zqq

Frequency [Hz]

PLL

sacZ

lacZ

2017-06-27 22cPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

Three-Phase Impedance and System Stability

Active Rectifier

DC Bus

G(s)

Rectifierstage

Wind Turbine Bus Regulatorstage Filter

DCLink

DC or ACBus

G(s) G(s)

60 Hz Power Grid

Weak Grid

PLL

PLL

sacZ

lacZ

IAFE

VPCCIVSI

2017-06-27 22dPresented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

Distribution Voltage Impedance Measurement Unit

In-situ impedance measurements (Series and Shunt Injection)• System frequency: DC, 50 Hz, 60 Hz, 400 Hz • System voltage: 10 kV dc, 4.16 kV rms ac• System current: 300 A dc or rms ac• Measurement frequency range: 0.1 Hz – 1 kHz

Using threeH-bridges with10 kV, 100 ASiC modules

2017-06-27 23Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

Substation Power Density (SSPS 3.0)

PD > 20 MW/m3

GOAL: High Density Indoor SSPS

PD = 0.002 MW/m3

PD = 3.5 MW/m3

500 kV, 2600 MW AIS substation

145 kV, 3150 A, Indoor GIS Substation

AC T&D

PD = 0.01 MW/m3

±400 kV, 500 MW HVDC

VSC

DC T&D

Cost 50 – 80% higher than AIS (substation only - same rating)

Cost 200 – 300% higher than AIS (substation only - same rating)

2017-06-27 24Presented at US DOE Solid State Power Substation Roadmapping Workshop, North Charleston, South Carolina

SSPS at the Vienna Metro Station on I-66

PEBB-based SSPS at every relevant interchange

New academic programNew academic programw academca10 faculty positions at 10 faculty posifaculty poltVirginia Tech2017-06-27 25