cpap and noninvasive ventilation

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5/11/2018 CPAPandNoninvasiveVentilation-slidepdf.com http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cpap-and-noninvasive-ventilation 1/31 CPAP e ventilação não invasiva (Continuous positive pressure and noninvasive ventilation) Apresentação; Carlos Alberto Moreno Zaconeta Clin Perinatol 2007;354:73-92 www.paulomargotto.com.br 

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Page 1: CPAP and Noninvasive Ventilation

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CPAP e ventilação não invasiva(Continuous positive pressure and

noninvasive ventilation)

Apresentação; Carlos Alberto Moreno ZaconetaClin Perinatol 2007;354:73-92www.paulomargotto.com.br 

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Qual a melhor maneira de tratar um RN querequer suporte ventilatório?

Como minimizar os danos do tratamento na viaaérea e pulmões?

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Patrick Kennedy, nasceu em 1963 com 34 semanas,mais de 2000gramas...e faleceu de DMH!

As primeiras tentativas de ventilação em prematurosforam desajeitadas, a falta de equipamentosadequados dificultava muito.Equipamentos de adultos eram adaptados...

Para se fornecer PEEP, se submergia a mangueiraexalatória do aparelho de adultos em um recipientecom água.

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Nem imaginavam que décadas mais tarde Gregorypostularia o CPAP com selo de água.

O grupo de Gregory não criou este sistema achandoque fosse melhor, simplesmente naquele tempo não

havia outra maneira de se gerar CPAP tão facilmenteem recém-nascidos (RN).

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Não era fácil oferecer CPAP sem intubar.

Foram tentadas máscaras fixadas com elástico ao redor do

crânio, mas precisavam ficar muito apertadas para selar bem eacabavam por lesar o RN.

Kattwinkel propus em 1973 o uso de prongas nasais.

Quase simultaneamente apareceram ventiladores neonatais devárias marcas e modelos.

Zaconeta CEBRAN

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Os neonatologistas ficaram fascinados com essesnovos ³ brinquedos´ pois de fato esses ventiladoressalvaram muitas vidas... Contudo, negligenciaram oCPAP.

Depois, surgiram dúvidas a respeito de qual era omelhor manuseio dos prematuros em ventilação.

Aparecera ³números mágicos´

 ± Intubar todos os menores de x gramas ± Não extubar abaixo de y gramas

 ± Não usar PEEP maior que z...

Zaconeta CEBRAN

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O aparecimento de ventiladores de alta frequencia nadécada de 80 adicionou mais complexidade à

ventilação neonatal e mais novas máquinas para onosso ³arsenal´.

UTINS construídas há 15 ou 20 anos mal conseguemacomodar os aparelhos necessários para cada leito.

Zaconeta CEBRAN

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A era da VM (ventilação mecânica) invasiva comomelhor e única resposta para o RN com problemasrespiratórios chega ao fim.Conhecimentos a respeito da fragilidade pulmonar, a

cascata ativada com o volutrauma, barotrauma,atelectrauma e biotrauma...Aparelhos modernos permitem sincronizar a respiraçãoe medir o volume corrente...

Ao mesmo tempo há renovado interesse em métodosque possibilitem a não intubação como medidaprotetora do pulmão.

Zaconeta CEBRAN

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Usado quando o alvéolo tende ao colapso ou estácheio de líquido.

 ± DMH, TTRN, SAM,ICC, hemorragia pulmonar,ocomplacência torácica, etc.

Usado na apnéia da prematuridade, laringomalácia etraqueomalácia.

Zaconeta CEBRAN

CPAP

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Existem muitos métodos de se aplicar CPAP e issodificulta as comparações. ± Fluxo contínuo

No ventilador 

No selo de água ± Fluxo variável

 ± { tipos de prongas. Simples

Bi-nasais

Curtas ou compridas

TOT posicionado na faringe

Zaconeta CEBRAN

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Metanálise da Cochrane de 2003 e 2005 não acharamevidencias suficientes para o uso profilático de CPAPnasal.

Por outro lado, os estudos anteriores a 1990, sem

corticóide antenatal e sem surfactante não se aplicamà atual população de prematuros.

Os critérios de intubação, de extubação e denecessidade de surfactante varia de centro paracentro. Isso dificulta os trabalhos com CPAP nasal.

Zaconeta CEBRAN

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So & Col: estudo aleatório com 50 RN <1500 gr. HOOD vsCPAP pós extubação: o grupo CPAP teve maior sucesso naextubação.

Higgins & col confirmaram estes resultados para RN <1000 gr.

Robertson & Hamilton compararam IFD com HOOD em 58 RN

de 1000 gr é não acharam diferença no sucesso daextubação. Contudo 100% tinha recebido surfactante

Zaconeta CEBRAN

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Davis & col compararam 92 RN entre 600-1250 gr paraCPAP vs HOOD: 66% de sucesso no CPAP contra40% no grupo HOOD.

A revisão da Cochrane 2003 concluiu que o CPAP éferramenta útil na prevenção do insucesso na

extubação.

Zaconeta CEBRAN

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Os aparelhos de fluxo intermitente não mostraram ser melhores ou piores que os de fluxo contínuo.Mazzella demonstrou menor necessidade de o2 no IFDvs CPAP de selo de água mas o grupo era pequeno e

o CPAP fornecido com pronga hipo faringea simples.Davis & col compararam as prongas simples com as bi-nasais em 87 RN <1000gr. Sucesso na extubação:

43% vs 76%.O CPAP com selo de água é utilizado no centro commenor DBP!

Zaconeta CEBRAN

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Os benefícios - prejuízos do selo de água sãodiscutíveis.

Zaconeta CEBRAN

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qualquer método que forneça pressão positiva em todo o ciclorespiratório sem a presença de TET (tubo endotraqueal)

NV (ventilação nasal), NIMV e (SNIMV (ventilação nasal sincronizadamandatória intermitente), NPSIMV ( ventilação nasofaringeanasincronizada mandatória intermitente), NPPV (ventilação por pressãopositiva não invasiva) e Bi Level CPAP (BiPAP). Estes termos sãoconfusos e quase que sinônimos. Todos indicam ventilação não invasivavia nasal.

Tem as vantagens do CPAP (*) e mais o beneficio de ciclos de pressãopositiva.

Propicia volumes correntes maiores, qo trabalho respiratório eprovavelmente q a PCO2.

VENTILAÇÃO NÃO INVASIVA (V NI)

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O o da pressão transpulmonar durante os picosinspiratórios pode recrutar áreas atelectásicasterminais.

A PEEP mantém a VA patente e os ciclos de PI q as

dessaturações e a bradicardia.A VNI não sincronizada pode ser realizada comqualquer aparelho a { da sincronizada.

Os sensores podem ser de superfície corporal ou defluxo de ar. Ambos apresentam dificuldades.

Zaconeta CEBRAN

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O conceito de Bi Level CPAP é confuso. Pode ser usado com o plateau > 1 segundo e PI menor que ashabituais.

São necessários mais estudos para avaliar os

benefícios do Bipap.Parece que a VNI sincronizada é mais eficiente que oCPAP convencional no sucesso de extubação (3

trabalhos).Ainda não está claro se a VNI é mais eficiente que oCPAP convencional na prevenção das apnéias.

Zaconeta CEBRAN

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Inicia com PEEP 6 cm H2O; PI 16 cm H2O; TI 0,4 seg;

FR 15pm

Alguns casos individuais podem requerer PEEP maiores (7-8cmH2O)

Os casos de apnéia da prematuridade sem lesão pulmonar requerem PI menores (10-12 cm H2O) e PEEP entre 4-6 cm H2O.

Contudo alguns prematuros precisam de PEEP maiores paraprevenir o colabamento da via aérea que leva a apnéias.

Zaconeta CEBRAN

USANDO AV NI

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Contudo, vale a pena lembrar que o único beneficiocomprovado da VNI sincronizada é o sucesso naextubação de recém-nascido de muito baixo peso

As complicações da VNI parecem ser apenas as do

CPAP nasal.

Zaconeta CEBRAN

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CPAP na sala de parto: faz maior sentido.

CPAP e surfactante: qual primeiro?

É necessário mesmo sincronizar a VNI?VNI como suporte inicial na doença da membranahialina

VNI na apnéia da prematuridade: perspectivainteressante

Zaconeta CEBRAN

ASPECTOS AINDA NÃO RESOLVIDOS

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Referências do artigo:

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[31] De Paoli A.G., Morley C.J., Davis P.G.: In vitro comparison of nasal continuous positive airwaypressure devices for neonates.  Arc h Dis C hild Fetal Neonatal Ed 86. F42-F45.2002; Abstract[32] Avery M.E., Tooley W.H., Keller J.B., et al: Is chronic lung disease in low-birth-weight infantspreventable? A survey of eight centers. P ediatrics 79. 26-30.1987; Abstract[33] Christensen E.F., Jensen R.H., Schonemann N.K., et al: Flow-dependent properties of positiveexpiratory pressure devices. Monaldi Arc h C hest Dis 50. (2): 150-153.1995; Abstract[34] Pillow J.J., Travadi J.N., Bubble C.P.A.P.: Is the noise important? An in vitro study. P ediatr Res 57. 826-830.2005; Abstract[35] Morley C.J., Lau R., De Paoli A., et al: Nasal continuous positive airway pressure: does bubblingimprove gas exchange?.  Arc h Dis C hild Fetal Neonatal Ed 90. F343-F344.2005; Abstract[36] Liptsen E., Aghai Z.H., Pyon K.H., et al: Work of breathing during nasal continuous positiveairway pressure in preterm infants: a comparison of bubble vs variable-flow devices. J P erinatol 25. 453-458.2005;[37] Locke R.C., Wolfson M.R., Shaffer T.H.: Inadvertent administration of positive end-distendingpressure during nasal cannula flow. P ediatrics 91. (1): 135-138.1993; Abstract[38] Sreenan C., Lemke R.P., Hudson-Mason A., et al: High-flow nasal cannulae in the managementof apnea of prematurity: a comparison with conventional nasal continuous positive airwaypressure. P ediatrics 107. (5): 1081-1083.2001; Abstract[39] Finer N.N.: Nasal cannula use in the preterm infant: oxygen or pressure?. P ediatrics 116. (5):1216-1217.2005; Citation[40] Chang G.Y., Cox C.C., Shaffer T.H.: Nasal cannula, CPAP and vapotherm: effect of flow on

temperature, humidity, pressure and resistance. P  AS 57. 1231.2005

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[41] American Association of Respiratory Care : AARC clinical practice guideline: selection of an oxygen deliverydevice for neonatal and pediatric patients ± 2002 revision & update. Respir C are 47. 707-716.2002; Citation[42] Migliori C., Motta M., Angeli A., et al: Nasal bilevel vs. continuous positive airway pressure in preterminfants. P ediatr Pulmonol 40. 426-430.2005; Abstract[43] Moretti C., Gizzi C., Papoff P., et al: Comparing the effects of nasal synchronized intermittent positive pressureventilation (nSIPPV) and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) after extubation in very low birth weightinfants. Earl y H um Dev 56. 167-177.1999; Abstract

[44] Kiciman N.M., Andreasson B., Bernstein G., et al: Thoracoabdominal motion in newborns during ventilationdelivered by endotracheal tube or nasal prongs. P ediatr Pulmonol 25. 175-181.1998; Abstract[45] Pape K.E., Armstrong D.L., Fitzhardinge P.M.: Central nervous system pathology associated with maskventilation in the very low birth weight infant: a new etiology for intracerebellar hemorrhages. P ediatrics 58. 473-483.1976; Abstract[46] Padman R., Lawless S.T., Kettrick R.G.: Noninvasive ventilation via bilevel positive airway pressure support inpediatric practice. C rit C are Med 26. 169-173.1998; Full Text[47] Migliori C., Cavazza A., Motta M., et al: Early use of nasal-BiPAP in two infants with congenital centralhypoventilation syndrome.  Acta P aediatr 92. 823-826.2003; Abstract[48] Barrington K.J., Bull D., Finer N.N.: Randomized trial of nasal synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilationcompared with continuous positive airway pressure after extubation of very low birth weightinfants. P ediatrics 107. 638-641.2001; Abstract[49] Davis P.G., Lemyre B., de Paoli A.G.: Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasalcontinuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm neonates after extubation. C oc hrane Database Sy st Rev 3. 2001;CD003212[50] Ryan C.A., Finer N.N., Peters K.L.: Nasal intermittent positive-pressure ventilation offers no advantages over nasal continuous positive airway pressure in apnea of prematurity.  Am J Dis C hild 143. (10): 1196-

1198.1989; Abstract

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(51)Lin C.H., Wang S.T., Lin Y.J., et al: Efficacy of nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in treating apnea of prematurity. P ediatr Pulmonol 26. (5): 349-353.1998; Abstract[52] Naik A.S., Kallapur S.G., Bachurski C.J., et al: Effects of ventilation with different positive end-expiratory pressures on cytokineexpression in the preterm lamb lung.  Am J Respir C rit C are Med 164. 494-498.2001; Abstract[53] Mulrooney N., Champion Z., Moss T.J.M., et al: Surfactant and physiologic responses of preterm lambs to continuous positiveairway pressure.  Am J Respir C rit C are Med 171. 488-493.2005; Abstract[54] Thomson M.A., Yoder B.A., Winter V.T., et al: Treatment of immature baboons for 28 days with early nasal continuous positiveairway pressure.  Am J Respir C rit C are Med 169. 1054-1062.2004; Abstract

[55] Finer N.N., Carlo W.A., Duara S., et al: Delivery room continuous positive airway pressure/positive end-expiratory pressure inextremely low birth weight infants: a feasibility trial. P ediatrics 114. 651-665.2004; Abstract[56] Aghai Z.H., Saslow J.G., Nakhla T., et al: Synchronized nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (SNIPPV) decreaseswork of breathing (WOB) in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) compared to nasal continuous positiveairway pressure (NCPAP). P ediatr Pulmonol 41. 875-881.2006; Abstract[57] Santin R., Brodsky N., Bhandari V.A.: A prospective observational pilot study of synchronized nasal intermittent positive airwaypressure (SNIPPV) as a primary mode of ventilation in infants 28 weeks with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). J P erinatol 24. 487-493.2004; Abstract[58] Yong S.-C., Chen S.-J., Boo N.-Y.: Incidence of nasal trauma associated with nasal prong versus nasal mask duringcontinuous positive airway pressure treatment in very low birthweight infants: a randomised control study.  Arc h Dis C hild Fetal 

Neonatal Ed 90. F480-F483.2005; Abstract[59] Garland J.S., Nelson D.B., Rice T., et al: Increased risk of gastrointestinal perforations in neonates mechanically ventilated witheither face mask or nasal prongs. P ediatrics 76. 406-410.1985; Abstract[60] Kregenow D.A., Rubenfeld G.D., Hudson L.D., et al: Hypercapnic acidosis and mortality in acute lung injury. C rit C areMed 34. 1-7.2006; Full Text[61] Gressens P., Rogido M., Paindaveine B., et al: The impact of neonatal intensive care practices on the developing brain. J P ediatr 140. 646-653.2002; Full Text[62] Tin W., Wariyar U.: Giving small babies oxygen: 50 years of uncertainty. Semin Neonatol 7. 361-367.2002; Abstract

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Consultem também:

TESE DE MESTRADO (Universidade de

Brasília): Avaliação in vitro de dois aparelhos

 para CPAP nasal de uso neonatal 

Autor(es): Carlos Alberto Moreno Zaconeta

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CPAP no ano de 2006: Indicação e

atualização

Autor(es): Nestor Vain (Argentina). Realizadopor Carlos Zaconeta e Paulo R. Margotto

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Zaconeta CEBRAN