cpap and noninvasive ventilation
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CPAP e ventilação não invasiva(Continuous positive pressure and
noninvasive ventilation)
Apresentação; Carlos Alberto Moreno ZaconetaClin Perinatol 2007;354:73-92www.paulomargotto.com.br
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Qual a melhor maneira de tratar um RN querequer suporte ventilatório?
Como minimizar os danos do tratamento na viaaérea e pulmões?
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Patrick Kennedy, nasceu em 1963 com 34 semanas,mais de 2000gramas...e faleceu de DMH!
As primeiras tentativas de ventilação em prematurosforam desajeitadas, a falta de equipamentosadequados dificultava muito.Equipamentos de adultos eram adaptados...
Para se fornecer PEEP, se submergia a mangueiraexalatória do aparelho de adultos em um recipientecom água.
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Nem imaginavam que décadas mais tarde Gregorypostularia o CPAP com selo de água.
O grupo de Gregory não criou este sistema achandoque fosse melhor, simplesmente naquele tempo não
havia outra maneira de se gerar CPAP tão facilmenteem recém-nascidos (RN).
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Não era fácil oferecer CPAP sem intubar.
Foram tentadas máscaras fixadas com elástico ao redor do
crânio, mas precisavam ficar muito apertadas para selar bem eacabavam por lesar o RN.
Kattwinkel propus em 1973 o uso de prongas nasais.
Quase simultaneamente apareceram ventiladores neonatais devárias marcas e modelos.
Zaconeta CEBRAN
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Os neonatologistas ficaram fascinados com essesnovos ³ brinquedos´ pois de fato esses ventiladoressalvaram muitas vidas... Contudo, negligenciaram oCPAP.
Depois, surgiram dúvidas a respeito de qual era omelhor manuseio dos prematuros em ventilação.
Aparecera ³números mágicos´
± Intubar todos os menores de x gramas ± Não extubar abaixo de y gramas
± Não usar PEEP maior que z...
Zaconeta CEBRAN
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O aparecimento de ventiladores de alta frequencia nadécada de 80 adicionou mais complexidade à
ventilação neonatal e mais novas máquinas para onosso ³arsenal´.
UTINS construídas há 15 ou 20 anos mal conseguemacomodar os aparelhos necessários para cada leito.
Zaconeta CEBRAN
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A era da VM (ventilação mecânica) invasiva comomelhor e única resposta para o RN com problemasrespiratórios chega ao fim.Conhecimentos a respeito da fragilidade pulmonar, a
cascata ativada com o volutrauma, barotrauma,atelectrauma e biotrauma...Aparelhos modernos permitem sincronizar a respiraçãoe medir o volume corrente...
Ao mesmo tempo há renovado interesse em métodosque possibilitem a não intubação como medidaprotetora do pulmão.
Zaconeta CEBRAN
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Usado quando o alvéolo tende ao colapso ou estácheio de líquido.
± DMH, TTRN, SAM,ICC, hemorragia pulmonar,ocomplacência torácica, etc.
Usado na apnéia da prematuridade, laringomalácia etraqueomalácia.
Zaconeta CEBRAN
CPAP
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Existem muitos métodos de se aplicar CPAP e issodificulta as comparações. ± Fluxo contínuo
No ventilador
No selo de água ± Fluxo variável
± { tipos de prongas. Simples
Bi-nasais
Curtas ou compridas
TOT posicionado na faringe
Zaconeta CEBRAN
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Metanálise da Cochrane de 2003 e 2005 não acharamevidencias suficientes para o uso profilático de CPAPnasal.
Por outro lado, os estudos anteriores a 1990, sem
corticóide antenatal e sem surfactante não se aplicamà atual população de prematuros.
Os critérios de intubação, de extubação e denecessidade de surfactante varia de centro paracentro. Isso dificulta os trabalhos com CPAP nasal.
Zaconeta CEBRAN
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So & Col: estudo aleatório com 50 RN <1500 gr. HOOD vsCPAP pós extubação: o grupo CPAP teve maior sucesso naextubação.
Higgins & col confirmaram estes resultados para RN <1000 gr.
Robertson & Hamilton compararam IFD com HOOD em 58 RN
de 1000 gr é não acharam diferença no sucesso daextubação. Contudo 100% tinha recebido surfactante
Zaconeta CEBRAN
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Davis & col compararam 92 RN entre 600-1250 gr paraCPAP vs HOOD: 66% de sucesso no CPAP contra40% no grupo HOOD.
A revisão da Cochrane 2003 concluiu que o CPAP éferramenta útil na prevenção do insucesso na
extubação.
Zaconeta CEBRAN
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Os aparelhos de fluxo intermitente não mostraram ser melhores ou piores que os de fluxo contínuo.Mazzella demonstrou menor necessidade de o2 no IFDvs CPAP de selo de água mas o grupo era pequeno e
o CPAP fornecido com pronga hipo faringea simples.Davis & col compararam as prongas simples com as bi-nasais em 87 RN <1000gr. Sucesso na extubação:
43% vs 76%.O CPAP com selo de água é utilizado no centro commenor DBP!
Zaconeta CEBRAN
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Os benefícios - prejuízos do selo de água sãodiscutíveis.
Zaconeta CEBRAN
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qualquer método que forneça pressão positiva em todo o ciclorespiratório sem a presença de TET (tubo endotraqueal)
NV (ventilação nasal), NIMV e (SNIMV (ventilação nasal sincronizadamandatória intermitente), NPSIMV ( ventilação nasofaringeanasincronizada mandatória intermitente), NPPV (ventilação por pressãopositiva não invasiva) e Bi Level CPAP (BiPAP). Estes termos sãoconfusos e quase que sinônimos. Todos indicam ventilação não invasivavia nasal.
Tem as vantagens do CPAP (*) e mais o beneficio de ciclos de pressãopositiva.
Propicia volumes correntes maiores, qo trabalho respiratório eprovavelmente q a PCO2.
VENTILAÇÃO NÃO INVASIVA (V NI)
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O o da pressão transpulmonar durante os picosinspiratórios pode recrutar áreas atelectásicasterminais.
A PEEP mantém a VA patente e os ciclos de PI q as
dessaturações e a bradicardia.A VNI não sincronizada pode ser realizada comqualquer aparelho a { da sincronizada.
Os sensores podem ser de superfície corporal ou defluxo de ar. Ambos apresentam dificuldades.
Zaconeta CEBRAN
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O conceito de Bi Level CPAP é confuso. Pode ser usado com o plateau > 1 segundo e PI menor que ashabituais.
São necessários mais estudos para avaliar os
benefícios do Bipap.Parece que a VNI sincronizada é mais eficiente que oCPAP convencional no sucesso de extubação (3
trabalhos).Ainda não está claro se a VNI é mais eficiente que oCPAP convencional na prevenção das apnéias.
Zaconeta CEBRAN
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Inicia com PEEP 6 cm H2O; PI 16 cm H2O; TI 0,4 seg;
FR 15pm
Alguns casos individuais podem requerer PEEP maiores (7-8cmH2O)
Os casos de apnéia da prematuridade sem lesão pulmonar requerem PI menores (10-12 cm H2O) e PEEP entre 4-6 cm H2O.
Contudo alguns prematuros precisam de PEEP maiores paraprevenir o colabamento da via aérea que leva a apnéias.
Zaconeta CEBRAN
USANDO AV NI
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Contudo, vale a pena lembrar que o único beneficiocomprovado da VNI sincronizada é o sucesso naextubação de recém-nascido de muito baixo peso
As complicações da VNI parecem ser apenas as do
CPAP nasal.
Zaconeta CEBRAN
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CPAP na sala de parto: faz maior sentido.
CPAP e surfactante: qual primeiro?
É necessário mesmo sincronizar a VNI?VNI como suporte inicial na doença da membranahialina
VNI na apnéia da prematuridade: perspectivainteressante
Zaconeta CEBRAN
ASPECTOS AINDA NÃO RESOLVIDOS
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Referências do artigo:
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[55] Finer N.N., Carlo W.A., Duara S., et al: Delivery room continuous positive airway pressure/positive end-expiratory pressure inextremely low birth weight infants: a feasibility trial. P ediatrics 114. 651-665.2004; Abstract[56] Aghai Z.H., Saslow J.G., Nakhla T., et al: Synchronized nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (SNIPPV) decreaseswork of breathing (WOB) in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) compared to nasal continuous positiveairway pressure (NCPAP). P ediatr Pulmonol 41. 875-881.2006; Abstract[57] Santin R., Brodsky N., Bhandari V.A.: A prospective observational pilot study of synchronized nasal intermittent positive airwaypressure (SNIPPV) as a primary mode of ventilation in infants 28 weeks with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). J P erinatol 24. 487-493.2004; Abstract[58] Yong S.-C., Chen S.-J., Boo N.-Y.: Incidence of nasal trauma associated with nasal prong versus nasal mask duringcontinuous positive airway pressure treatment in very low birthweight infants: a randomised control study. Arc h Dis C hild Fetal
Neonatal Ed 90. F480-F483.2005; Abstract[59] Garland J.S., Nelson D.B., Rice T., et al: Increased risk of gastrointestinal perforations in neonates mechanically ventilated witheither face mask or nasal prongs. P ediatrics 76. 406-410.1985; Abstract[60] Kregenow D.A., Rubenfeld G.D., Hudson L.D., et al: Hypercapnic acidosis and mortality in acute lung injury. C rit C areMed 34. 1-7.2006; Full Text[61] Gressens P., Rogido M., Paindaveine B., et al: The impact of neonatal intensive care practices on the developing brain. J P ediatr 140. 646-653.2002; Full Text[62] Tin W., Wariyar U.: Giving small babies oxygen: 50 years of uncertainty. Semin Neonatol 7. 361-367.2002; Abstract
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Consultem também:
TESE DE MESTRADO (Universidade de
Brasília): Avaliação in vitro de dois aparelhos
para CPAP nasal de uso neonatal
Autor(es): Carlos Alberto Moreno Zaconeta
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CPAP no ano de 2006: Indicação e
atualização
Autor(es): Nestor Vain (Argentina). Realizadopor Carlos Zaconeta e Paulo R. Margotto
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Zaconeta CEBRAN