course outline-law of evidence i

7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I

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AMOAF KDTAMKO BSIIK[[AM JN IA\UKGVCTGAVKJGAI KUIAOKE SGK^CTUKV[ OAIA[UKA

Buiikyyam0

AKBJI

Fcpar!c"0

Xudike Iaw Fcpartocgt

#r$%ra!!c Daemcijr jn Iaws (II.D)

E$ur&c Vkic Iaw jn Cvkcgec !

E$ur&c E$'c IA" #!!$

Uau& %jrc

Ic(ci #

Erc'k M$ur& &

E$"a) M$ur& &

#rc*rc+uk&kc

,k- a"y.

'jgc

E$*rc+uk&kc

,k- a"y.

'jgc

Vca)mk"% Ocm$'$i$%y Iceturcs utjrkais * +cokgars

Ocm$' $- C(aiuak$"

&ac /ck%ma%c $- ca)m

ypc $- a&&c&&!c"

cst ! !,-

cst !,-

utjrkai Asscssocgt !$-

/kgai C8aokgatkjg 1$-

jtai4 !$$-

K"&ru)$r& %jjrkgatjr4 Xrjn Fr 5a6k 3jm A>rao +makr 3jmaoc

3r. 3jm +mamrk<a 3jm Fkam

Assje. Xrjn. Fr Ksoaki =ugus

Assje. Xrjn. Fr 3jmaoc A>rao

Asst. Xrjn Fr. ;agk Baoarukg

Uc!c&cr J--crc' +cocstcr ! ag

E$ur&c J81c)k(c& !. mat stucgts ae0ukrc a daske >gjwic2c jn tmc iaw jn

cvkcgec.



. mat stucgts apprcekatc tmc rciatkjgsmkp dctwccg tmc iaw jn

cvkcgec ag sudstagtkvc iaw sud6cets.

&. mat stucgts 2akg c8pcrkcgec kg appi9kg2 tmc iaw jn

cvkcgec tj praetkeai prjdicos.

#. mat stucgts eag ae0ukrc ag cgmagec tragsncradic s>kiis

njr cnncetkvc icargkg2 ag tmc appikeatkjg jn tmc iaw jn

cvkcgec.

mc adjvc jd6cetkvcs ako tj c0ukp stucgts tj 2rasp tmc iaw jn

cvkcgec wmcg mc ks praetkekg2 iaw as ag avjeatc ag sjikektjr jr

as a 6u2c jr jtmcrwksc caikg2 wktm ic2ai oattcrs kg mks varkjus pjsktkjgs as a ic2ai avksjr.

Icar"k"% Ju)$!c& !. j cnkgc tmc ocagkg2 jn Cvkcgec

. j kcgtkn9 tmc varkjus ojcs jn cvkcgec

&. j copij9 tmc tmcjr9 jn cvkcgec kgtj tmc s>kiis tmat eag dc

appikc jg ejurts#. j c8aokgc tmc varkjus rcicvagt cvkcgtkai kssucs tj

ejoprcmcg rcicvage9 ag aoksskdkikt9 jn cvkcgec.,. j kgtcr2ratc tmc >gjwic2c jn cvkcgtkai ag prjecurai

iaws kgtj tmc arcas jn sudstagtkvc iaws.

1. j 6ustkn9 tmc uscnuigcss jn tmc >gjwic2c jn cvkcgec iaws

kgtj praetkeai s>kiis.

?. At tmc cg jn caem tjpkes tmc stucgts wkii dc adic tj

kcgtkn9 ag prjvkc rcicvagt ic2ai sjiutkjg jg caem tjpkes.

7. At tmc cg jn tmc scocstcr tmc stucgts wkii mavc a sjug

2rasp jn cvkcgtkai iaws. mc9 wkii dc nrcci9 appi9 tmc iaw tj

praetkeai prjdicos.

E$ur&c Uy"$p&k& ’Vmc iaw jn cvkfcgec fctcrokgcs mjw tmc partkcs

arc tj ejgvkgec tmc ejurt jn tmc cxkstcgec jn tmat statc jn naets, wmkem aeejrfkgl tj tmc prjvkskjgs jn

sudstagtkvc iaw wjuif cstadiksm tmc cxkstcgec jn tmc

rklmt jr ikadkikty tmat tmcy aiiclc tj cxkst‟.

: H./. +tcpmcg A Fk2cst jn tmc iaw jn cvkcgec #tm

cg. Ijgjg4 3aeokiiag !77! p. .

mks ejursc akos tj prjvkc a daske jutikgc jn tmc iaw jn cvkcgec kg

3aia9ska partkeuiari9 as prjvkc njr kg tmc 3aia9skag Cvkcgec

Aet !,$. mks ejursc cgadics stucgts tj apprcekatc tmc

tmcjrctkeai daskes jn tmc iaw jn cvkcgec ag tmckr rciatkjgsmkp wktmsudstagtkvc iaw. "mcrcvcr gcecssar9 tmc daske prkgekpics jn Ksiaoke

iaw jn Cvkcgec wkii dc pjkgtc jut kg sj nar as tmc9 arc kopjrtagtnjr ejoparatkvc stu9.

3akg rcncrcgecs njr tmc ejursc wkii dc jg ijeai autmjrktkcs.

Autmjrktkcs nrjo jtmcr 6urksketkjgs wkii aisj dc ektc tj dcttcr

ugcrstag tmc prkgekpics jn tmc iaw jn cvkcgec.

As tmc ejursc ks ocagt njr nkgai 9car iaw stucgts kt ks kopcratkvc

tmat daske >gjwic2c jn tmc tcemgkeaiktkcs jn tmc iaw jn cvkcgec ks



kopartc nkrst. mc nkrst ncw wcc>s jn tmc ejursc wkii dc cvjtc jg

tmc daskes jn cvkcgec suem as ojc jn cvkcgec rcicvage9 scetkjgs

ag skokiar naet cvkcgec.

mc gc8t ncw wcc>s wkii ejvcr kopjrtagt tjpkes ik>c aoksskjg ag

ejgncsskjg c8pcrt jpkgkjg ag c8ecptkjgs tj tmc ruic jn mcarsa9.

/kgaii9 tmks scocstcr wkii ejvcr tmc kopjrtagt tjpke jg njrcgske

cvkcgec ag tmc daskes jn cvkcgec tmat wkii appi9. mc iceturcr

wkii attcopt tj c8piakg mjw spceknke prjvkskjgs jn cvkcgec wkii

appi9 wmcg tmks t9pc jn cvkcgec arc usc.

EJSTUC JSVIKGCU

\CCB VJ#KEU TCNCTCGECU

\CCB 4

A5 K"r$'u)k$" $ mc Ia/ $-C(k'c")c.

+aiojg4

’Iaw ks fkvkfcf kgtj sudstagtkvc iaw

agf af`cetkvc iaw.‟

+udstagtkvc iaw cais wktm tmc rk2mts

ag utkcs jn tmc partkcs. A6cetkvc

iaw ks tj 2akg aeecss tj tmc ejurt jn

iaw tj vkgkeatc 9jur rk2mts. 'cc tj

>gjw prjecurc tj cncg 9jur

eikcgts ag tj stu9 cvkcgec tj prjvctmc easc tj tmc ejurts. A6cetkvc iaw

ks icx njrk jr iaw jn tmc njruo.

/jrck2gcrs arc trkc tj jur prjecurc

ag iaw jn cvkcgec.

+cc Dakg v \mktcmavcg Takiway

@ugetkjg !7,$E & 5 %I. !:!.

Vmc mk&$rk)ai 8a)6%r$u"' $- mcOaiay&ka" C(k'c")c A) 43><5

A5 Vmc #rk")kpic& $- K"crprcak$"

45 Dagb jn Cgliagf v ^alikagj !7!E

A% !$?

=5 [cj Mjeb Emcgl v T !&7E 3IH !$#

;5 Xabaia Garayaga wa!k v "kgl

C!#crjr !&E 3IH ,

Ijr 3aeokiiag mci tmat tmc Cvkcgec Aet

ks a ejc ag wc eaggjt ijj> at tmc

prcvkjus statc jn iaw. 5jwcvcr gj ejc ks

c8maustkvc. +joc oattcrs eag dc icnt jut. Kntmc ejc ks skicgt wc eag kopjrt ejoojg

iaw tj nkii kg tmc iaeugac.

Jtmcr eascs4

45 $jmf% ycfji &rknnkg v% [cjm 'jk

(arb . !!1E ! 3I !1,

=5 &kgag v% ycf &)u Dabar !&E 3IH

$

D5 Vmc T$ic $- mc E$!!$" Ia/

45 XX v% [uvara* !1E 3IH. 7

=5 @aya+cga v% T !?$E ! Aii C; !A% 1!7.

Fcais wktm tmc kgtcrprctatkjg jn tmc ejc.

mc ejc ks gjt oaiicadic tj tmat c8tcgt tmc

ejoojg iaw ks. mcrcnjrc tj kgtcrprct tmc

ejc oust ijj> at tmc ejc nkrst.

E5 K& mc C(k'c")c A) cmau&k(c2

Kg XX v aga++k !?$E 3IH !7 +maroa

&



H ma jg jeeaskjg oac a prjgjugecocgt

wmctmcr tmc Cvkcgec Aet ks c8maustkvc jr

gjt. mc %jc ks c8maustkvc jgi9 wmat ks

ejgtakgc kg tmc Aet ktscin. 3ag9 jtmcr

oattcrs eag dc njug kg jtmcr statutcs suem

as scetkjg !!& %X% Fag2crjus Fru2s Aet

+cktkjus Aet tmat ejgtakgc cvkcgtkai prjvkskjg. Kg tmat scgsc kt ks gjt c8maustkvc.

F5 Uk")c mc C(k'c")c A) k& "$

cmau&k(c )a" /c rc)ck(c mc

)$!!$" ia/2

mc Xrkv9 %jugeki kg XX v [uvara* !1E

3IH 7 iueki9 c8prcssc tmat gj

cgaetocgt ks c8maustkvc. mc Cvkcgec Aet

ks part jn tmc 2cgcrai ejrpus jn tmc iaw tmat

ks appikc d9 iaw9crs. Jg oattcrs wmcrc tmc

aet ks skicgt jr nakis tj dc c8pikekt eag mavc

a rcncrcgec tj tmc ejoojg iaw. mc X%tji us tmat aitmju2m tmc Cvkcgec Aet ks kg

tmc njro jn a ejc tmcrc ks gj kgtcgtkjg jg

tmc part jn tmc ic2ksiaturc tj j awa9 wktm

wcii:>gjwg ejgecpts jn tmc ejoojg iaw.

45 XX v (icgg "gklmt @cya+kgla!

!E +I; # at ,!

mc +kg2apjrcag Apc8 %jurt drju2mt jut a

2jj part jn tmc iaw. mc ejc ks a

naekiktatkvc Aet. mc ejc ks tmcrc dut kgoattcrs wmcg tmc ejc ks skicgt wc eag

rceckvc tmc ejoojg iaw.

C5 U)$pc $- mc C(k'c")c A)

D9 vkrtuc jn scetkjg tmc Cvkcgec Aet

eaggjt appi9 tj annkavkts jr tj ardktratkjgs.

,MC C^-.CG,-&/ E'GECX,

&% , MC E'GECX, '8 8&E, &G. 8&E, -G

-1C

Dcgtmao ocgtkjgc tmat tmc

cnkgktkjg jn naet ks uai kg gaturc tmatkgeiucs pm9skeai naets jr

ps9emjij2keai (ocgtai).

/aets kg kssuc ocag tmc sud6cet kg

ksputc. Kn a oag ks emar2c jn >kiikg2

a oag ag mc picas gjt 2ukit9. mc

naet tmat mc cgkcs tmc emar2c ks ag

kssuc kg tmat ksputc. Kg ekvki oattcrs

8 &E, -G -1C -G ET-$-G&/ E&C

T v k!!+ !#1E BD ,&! Ijr jar

p.,&.

"mcgcvcr tmcrc ks a pica jn gjt 2ukit9

cvcr9tmkg2 ks kg kssuc ag tmc prjsceutkjg

mas tj prjvc tmc wmjic jn tmckr easc

kgeiukg2 tmc kcgtkt9 jn tmc aeeusc tmcgaturc jn tmc aet ag tmc c8kstcgec jn ag9

gcecssar9 >gjwic2c jr kgtcgt.

8 &E, -G -1C -G E-^-/ XT'ECC.-G(

Kt ks kcgtknkadic nrjo tmc picakg2s. mc

wmjic pjkgt jn wmkem ks tj sct jut tmc

partkcs aiic2atkjgs aoksskjgs ag cgkais

sj tmat dcnjrc tmc trkai cvcr9jgc >gjws

#



tmc naets kg kssuc arc oattcrs tj dc

cekc kg picakg2s. Kg a ejgtraet

tmc tcros kopikc jr c8prcss ejui dc

cgkc jr travcrsc. 3attcrs tmat arc

gjt aokttc dcejoc ag kssuc. 3ust

prjvc tmc naets kg kssuc.

c8aeti9 wmat oattcrs arc icnt kg ksputc ag

tmcrcnjrc jpcg tj prjjn jr ksprjjn.

D% , MC E'GECX, '8 TC/C^&GE[

;cicvage9 ks a ejgecpt tmat rugs

tmrju2m tmc Cvkcgec Aet !,$.

+cetkjg , ceiarcs wmat ks rcicvagt

cvkcgec k.c. jgi9 cvkcgec tmat ks

ceiarc rcicvagt d9 tmc Aet ag Njn

gj jtmcrs. mc sk2gknkeagec jn tmks

scetkjg ks apparcgt. "matcvcr ks gjt

prjvkc njr kg tmc Aet ks krrcicvagtag tmcrcnjrc kgaoksskdic.

%jgsc0ucgti9 jgi9 cvkcgec ceiarcrcicvagt d9 tmc Aet eag dc ejgskcrc

as 6ukekai cvkcgec.

+cc aisj4

Uc)k$" 4;94 %jurt tj cekc as tj

aoksskdkikt9 jn cvkcgec.

Uc)k$" 49>4 Hu2c mas pjwcr tj put

0ucstkjgs adjut ag9 naet rcicvagt jr

krrcicvagt dut tmc 6u2cocgt oust dc dasc

upjg naets ceiarc d9 tmc Cvkcgec Aet tj

dc rcicvagt ag ui9 prjvc.

45 XX v .atj4 crk &gwar -)ramk! ('j4

&) !E 3IH !/aet kg kssuc oust dc rcicvagt tj naet kg

kssuc

=5 XX v% Ma*k "a++k! !?!E 3IH !!,

(/ccrai %jurt)

\matcvcr ks ijlkeaiiy prjdatkvc ks gjt

gcecssarkiy afoksskdic kg cvkfcgec ugicss kt

ks fceiarcf sj ugfcr tmc et.

+cetkjg , ks tmc dae>djgc jn tmc Cvkcgec

Aet. Kt 2kvcs cvkcgec jn naets kg kssuc ag

naets tmat arc rcicvagt tj tmc naets kg kssuc

as mcrckg antcr ceiarc scetkjg 1 L ,, ag

jn gj jtmcrs. Kt eag dc rca tj2ctmcr wktmscetkjg !&1 wmcrc tmc 6u2c eag as> kg

wmat wa9 ks tmc cvkcgec rcicvagt tj tmc

naets kg kssuc L as c8creksc d9 Au2ustkgc

Xaui H kg tmc Fatj +crk Agwar Kdramkoseasc. Kn tmc 6u2c as>c tmc iaw9cr adjut

rcicvage9 ugcr scetkjg !&1 9ju smjui

krcet tmc 6u2cs okg tj scetkjg ,.

+cetkjg , ceiarcs wmat ks rcicvagt

cvkcgec k.c. jgi9 cvkcgec tmat ks ceiarc

rcicvagt d9 tmc Aet ag Mjn gj jtmcrs. mc

sk2gknkeagec jn tmks scetkjg ks apparcgt."matcvcr ks gjt prjvkc njr kg tmc Aet ks

krrcicvagt ag tmcrcnjrc kgaoksskdic.

%jgsc0ucgti9 jgi9 cvkcgec ceiarc d9

tmc Cvkcgec Aet !,$ ejui dc

ejgskcrc as 6ukekai cvkcgec kg

3aia9ska. +cetkjg , oust dc rca wktm

scetkjg !&1(!) jn tmc Aet4

,



Au2ustkgc Xaui H kg !! v. "atj# $crk

gwar dkg %dramko&'j() *+- /I8 +,

+14 &56) mci4

M@ucstkjgs jn aoksskdkikt9 jn

cvkcgec arc 0ucstkjgs jn iaw ag

arc ctcrokgadic d9 tmc 6u2c. Kn kt

ks tmc ut9 jn tmc 6u2c tj aokt aiircicvagt cvkcgec kt ks gj icss mks

ut9 tj c8eiuc aii krrcicvagt

cvkcgec. +cetkjg , jn tmc

Cvkcgec Aet !,$ ceiarcs tmatcvkcgec oa9 dc 2kvcg kg ag9 sukt

jr prjecckg2s jn tmc c8kstcgec jr

gjg:c8kstcgec jn cvcr9 naet kg kssuc

ag jn suem jtmcr naets as ceiarc

tj dc rcicvagt ugcr tmc prjvkskjgs

jn tmc Cvkcgec Aet !,$. mc

6u2c ks copjwcrc tj aiijw jgi9

suem cvkcgec tj dc 2kvcg as ks kgmks jpkgkjg rcicvagt ag

aoksskdic ag kg jrcr tj asecrtakg

tmc rcicvage9 jn tmc cvkcgec

wmkem a part9 prjpjscs tj 2kvc tmc

6u2c oa9 aisj as> tmc part9

prjpjskg2 tj 2kvc cvkcgec kg wmat

oaggcr tmc aiic2c naets kn prjvc

wjui dc rcicvagt ag mc oa9 tmcg

cekc as tj kts aoksskdkikt9.

Tcej!!cgfcf Tcafkgl5

5.3. anruiiam !7#. Aoksskdkikt9

;cicvagt Cvkcgec ag jtmcr rciatc Kssucs4

+joc %joocgts /rjo tmc Fatj 3j>mtars

%asc. 3aia9ag Iaw Hjurgai 8v.

E5 Vmc )$")cp& $- i$%k)ai a"'

ic%ai rcic(a")y

Cvkcgec oust satksn9 gjt jgi9 tmc

tcst jn rcicvagec dut +pcgecr ag /ikg

gjtc4 (a) kt oust dc rcicvagt ag (d) kt

oust dc ic2aii9 aoksskdic.

%mjg2 +kcw /ak %H kg Vmavagatmag

$udraoagkao v. !! !?E & %IH !,$ mci

tmat4 Mmc iaw jn cvkcgec tmc earkgai

ruic rciatkg2 tj rcicvage9 ks tmat sud6cet tj

c8eiuskjgar9 ruics aii cvkcgec wmkem ks

sunnkekcgti9 rcicvagt tj tmc naets kg kssuc ks

aoksskdic.

Jtmcr eascs4

!! v. 3kidjurgc !?&E A% ?>

MCvkcgec ks rcicvagt kn kt ks

ij2keaii9 prjdatkvc jr ksprjdatkvc

jn sjoc oattcr wmkem rc0ukrcs

prjjn ... M(I)j2keai prjdatkvcgcss

1



... jcs gjt jn ktscin c8prcss tmc

cicocgt jn c8pckcgec wmkem ks sj

sk2gknkeagt jn kts jpcratkjg kg

iaw ... Kt ks sunnkekcgt tj sa9 ... tmat

rcicvagt cvkcgec k.c. ij2keaii9

prjdatkvc jr ksprjdatkvc cvkcgec

ks cvkcgec wmkem oa>cs tmcoattcr wmkem rc0ukrcs prjjn ojrc

jr icss prjdadic.

!! v. 5a`k 3assko (supra)

M (")matcvcr ks ij2keaii9 prjdatkvc ks gjt gcecssarki9

aoksskdic kg cvkcgec ugicss kt ks

sj ugcr tmc (Aet).

3attcrs tmat arc ij2keaii9 rcicvagt dut gjt

ic2aii9 aoksskdic kgeiuc prkvkic2cs

mcarsa9 ag emaraetcr cvkcgec.

\CCB

=? ;

AFOKUUKDKIKV[ JN C^KFCGEC

KIIC7AII[

JDVAKGCF

Ogcr tmc ejoojg iaw as ijg2 as tmc

cvkcgec ks rcicvagti9 prjeurc cvcg

kn 9ju stcai kt kt wkii dc aoksskdic. Kt

ks gjt tmc ejgecrg jn tmc ejurt. Ijr

jar copmask<c tmat as ijg2 as kt

ks rcicvagt kt ks aoksskdic.

1. XX v a!kgatmag !&?E 3IH

&

4. T v "uru!a !,,E A% !?

5. (ag &m Dcc !?,E 3IH !$1

6. <c 3am \am =kfcj !71E

3IH

3. Ta!ik )% "cekb !71E 3IH

&&

>. \abj $cremagt Dagb v /k!

/cag Mcgl $$$E # %IH &:1

Fk&)rck$" $ $!k kiic%aiiy $8ak"c'c(k'c")c

Gjjr $uma!af !#E A%

"mcrc kn tmc cvkcgec was prjeurc

ic2aii9 kn tmc prc6ukekai cnncet jutwck2mckts prjdatkvc vaiuc tmc 6u2c eag c8creksc

mks c8eiuskjgar9 kserctkjg tj jokt tmat

cvkcgec.

Kg T v agl !7$E A% #$ tmc jjr tj

c8creksc tmc c8eiuskjgar9 kserctkjg was

eijsc. Kg 3aia9ska wc njiijw tmc ejoojg

iaw. Kt ks jn mk2m pcrsuaskvc vaiuc tj us.( Ta!ik "cekb (supra) k gjt arcss tmks

kssuc.) mks kserctkjg tj c8eiuc kg

Cg2iag was rcstjrc d9 statutc kg tmc Aet

jn Xarikaocgt (Xjikec Ag %rkokgai

Cvkcgec Aet !7#).

Kg 3aia9ska kt ks gjt ecrtakg. Kt ks kserctkjg

tj dc c8creksc 6ukekjusi9. /aetjrs wkii

?



cpcg jg tmc gaturc jn kiic2aikt9.

"rk+mga Taj (uru!urtmy $$!E ! 3IH

?#

Bag2 H arcssc mks okg tmat cvkcgec

kiic2aii9 jdtakgc tmc 6u2c oust

6ukekjusi9 c8creksc mks kserctkjg tjc8eiuc kiic2aii9 jdtakgc cvkcgec kn tmc

prc6ukekai cnncet wkii jutwck2m prjdatkvc

vaiuc.

Jtmcr rciatc easc4

6mcgl $wcc Vkagl v !! (!1#) &$ 3IH

!

;cejoocgc ;cakg2s4

!. =cj. !7!. Kiic2aii9 Jdtakgc

Cvkcgec. 3cidjurgc Ogkvcrskt9 Iaw;cpjrt. !&. &!.

. %mjj !7. Koprjpcri9 Jdtakgc

Cvkcgec4 A ;cejgskcratkjg. Ic2ai

+tukcs. 1!.

&. jg2 !#. Kiic2aii9 Jdtakgc

Cvkcgec ag mc %jgecpt jn Adusc

jn Xrjecss4 A Xjsskdic ;cejgekikatkjg.

+kg2apjrc Iaw ;cpjrt. ?.

#. "kiikaos . !,,. Cvkcgec Jdtakgc

d9 Kiic2ai 3cags. %rkokgai Iaw

;cvkcw. &&.

Fcnkgktkjg jn cvkcgec

CE,-'G 65 X T'^-G( E&C D[ C^-.CGEC

• Fc-k"kk$" $- pr$$- a"' mc

'k--crc")c 8c/cc" c(k'c")c

a"' pr$$-5

mc9 arc gjt s9gjg9o. Cvkcgec kstmc ocka tj drkg2 adjut prjjn.

Cvkcgec drkg2s wktgcsscs tmc

ejugsci prjvc cvkcgec d9

jeuocgts. Cvkcgec icasG2cgcratcs prjjn. Cvkcgec ks tmc eausc wmkic

prjjn ks tmc ejgsc0ucgec. Xrjjn ks

sjoctmkg2 tmat drkg2s adjut a

pcrsuaskjg kg tmc okg jn tmc trkdugai

Iko $jm /cgl ; gjr v. 3rksmgag !1?E

!3IH 7 (/ccrai %jurt).

<jdkgs v. 'atkjgai Vrust 6j !?E A%

,!,

Xrjjn ks gjt rc0ukrc kg tmrcc sktuatkjgs.

mcsc arc (a) eascs jn 6ukekai gjtkec (d)

eascs wmcrc tmc aoksskjg jn naets d9 djtm

partkcs jr wmcrc tmc aeeusc picas 2ukit9

tj a emar2c ag (e) eascs kgvjivkg2 prcsuoptkjgs suem as tmc ejoojg iaw

prcsuoptkjgs tmat a 2ukit9 oag ks kggjecgt

ugtki prjvcg 2ukit9 jr tmat a oag ks sagc

ugtki prjvcg kgsagc jr tj prjvc naet A naet

D ks prcsuoc. mcrc ks agjtmcr t9pc jn

prcsuoptkjg rcej2gksc d9 tmc 3aia9skag

ejurt eaiic tmc statutjr9 prcsuoptkjg. Jgc

7



jn naet as tj tmc c8kstcgec jr gjg:

c8kstcgec jn naet kg kssuc. Fcnkgktkjg

d9 Aet kg & njros4

Xrjvc4

Fksprjvc4

'jt prjvc4

c8aopic ks scetkjg &?(!) jn tmc Fag2crjus

Fru2s Aet !7# wmcrc pjsscsskjg jn a

rc0ukrc aojugt jn ru2s rakscs a statutjr9

prcsuoptkjg tmat tmc aeeusc ks a trannke>cr

jn ru2s.


5. +kg2m. !?. mc Cvkcgec Aet4 A %asc

/jr ;cnjro. 3aia9ag Iaw Hjurgai. . 88v

Vypc& $- C(k'c")c ,Oc'ka $- #r$$-.

• Jrai cvkcgec.

• 5carsa9 cvkcgec.

• Fjeuocgtar9 cvkcgec.

• %kreuostagtkai cvkcgec.

• ;cai cvkcgec.

Fkstkgetkjg dctwccg "ck2mt agAoksskdkikt9 jn Cvkcgec.

Vc&k!$"kai C(k'c")c ,Jrai c(k'c")c. :

&c)k$"& >3 H 9< $ 8c rca' $%cmcr.

3aia9ska ajptc tmc avcrsarkai s9stco.

mcrc ks erjss:c8aokgatkjg tj tcst tmc

erckdkikt9 jn wktgcsscs. Kt ks tmc cg2kgc njr

tmc ksejvcr9 jn trutm. mc purpjsc jn rc:

c8aokgatkjg ks tj rcpakr tmc aoa2c.+cetkjg , statcs tmat aii naets c8ecpt tmc

ejgtcgts jn jeuocgts oa9 dc prjvc d9

jrai cvkcgec. "mat ks pcreckvc d9 jgc jr

ojrc jn tmc nkvc scgscs tj prjvc tmc trutm jn

asscrtkjgs. As jppjsc tj 2kvkg2 mcarsa9

cvkcgec tmat ks rcpcatkg2 a statcocgt kg

ejurt oac jutskc ejurt. Kt ks gjt tcstc d9erjss:c8aokgatkjg njr tmc trutmnuigcss jn

cvkcgec. Kn tmc wktgcss ks prcscgt kg ejurt

tmc ejurt eag scc mko scc mks cocagjur

mjw mc rcaets tj 0ucstkjgs tj apprcekatc tmc

cvkcgec.

Mcar&ay c(k'c")c

+cejg mag cvkcgec. mc wktgcss k gjt

scc tmc naets. mc wktgcss was tji

sjocjgc jut jn ejurt tmat wktgcss tj kt.

;cpcatkg2 jut jn ejurt statcocgt kgejurt tj cstadiksm tmc trutm jn tmc

oattcr ks mcarsa9 kt gjt sud6cet tj

erjss:c8aokgatkjg gjt tmc dcst

cvkcgec tmcrcnjrc kt ks ugrcikadic

45 ,c#cr v T !,E A% #7$ #71

Ijr 'jroag suooark<c tmc eiasske

ratkjgaic njr c8eiuskjg as dckg2 MKt ks gjt

tmc dcst cvkcgec ag kt ks gjt cikvcrc jg

jatm. mc trutmnuigcss ag aeeurae9 jn tmc

pcrsjg wmjsc wjrs arc spj>cg d9 agjtmcr

wktgcss eaggjt dc tcstc d9 erjss:

c8aokgatkjg ag tmc ik2mt wmkem mks



cocagjur wjui tmrjw jg mks tcstkojg9

ks ijst. +uem cvkcgec eag dc ejgejetc

ag tmc ejurt mas gj emagec jn

apprcekatkjg.

=5 Tattcg v T !?E A% &?7

A 0ucstkjg jn mcarsa9 wkii jgi9 arksc wmcgtmc statcocgt ks 2kvcg tcstkojgkaii9 kc

wmcg kt ks 2kvcg tj prjvc tmc trutm jn tmc

naet asscrtc. Kn tmat wktgcss ks as>c tj

tcstkn9 kt ks gjt mcarsa9 ag kn rcicvagt

ugcr tmc scetkjg jn rcicvage9 kt ks

aoksskdic.

;5 u)ra!agka! v XX !,1E ! "I;

1,

5 #arb+ v T !1#E A% 1#

Tc)cpk$" $- Mcar&ay c(k'c")c

Uc)k$" >34 "ktgcss oust 2kvc krcetcvkcgec.

Uc)k$" 9<4 Fkrcet cvkcgec ks cvkcgec

pcreckvc d9 jgc jr ojrc jn , scgscs.

45 u)ra!agka! v XX !,1E 3IH $

Fc +kiva cguocratcs tmc 6ukekai cnkgktkjg

jn mcarsa9. ;cpctktkjg jn statcocgt jut jn

ejurt tmrju2m a wktgcss kg ejurt. Ijj> at

tmc purpjsc jn tmat statcocgt. Kn tmc

purpjsc ks tj prjvc tmc trutm jn tmc naet kg

kssuc tj usc kt tcstkojgkaii9 kt ks mcarsa9.

Kn tmc purpjsc tj tcii tmc ejurt tmc naet tmat

tmc statcocgt ks oac kt ks gjt mcarsa9.

3a9 dc aoksskdic kn rcicvagt ugcr scetkjgjn rcicvage9.

. ,c#cr v T !,E A% #7$

&. Tc jj /cjt !,1E 3IH ,#

#. aima v T !,E , 3IH !!$

,. Tattcg v T !?E A% &?7

M C&T&[ E&G DC 'T&/ 'T -G \T-,-G(

45 6magfrasc0arag ; 2rs v !!

!?!E ! 3IH !,&

=5 !atci v 6jgtrjiicr jn 6ustjos

!1,E & Aii C; ,&

Mcar&ay )a" 8c k" mc -$r! $- )$"'u) $r

!$



k!pikc' a&&crk$".

;5 Emagfra+cbcra aika+

&ik+agfkrk !&E A% $

5 T v &)fuiiam !77? Aii.

Xrjvkg2 tmc jeuocgt ks sud6cet d9 tmc

mcarsa9 ruic. =ju oust eaii tmc oa>cr jntmc jeuocgt.

Emagfra+cbarag 3 'r+ v XX !?!E !

3IH !,&.

.'E1$CG,&T[ C ̂ -.CGEC

Fcnkgktkjg kg scetkjg &4 ragsaetkjg jn

tmju2mt jn sjoctmkg2 pcroagcgt. Ag9tmkg2

tmat rcprcscgt ag kca d9 aukj tcic8

ejoputcr.

Jtmcr scetkjgs rcicvagt. +cetkjgs 1!:1,.

+cetkjg 1!.

mc ejgtcgts jn jeuocgts oa9 dc prjvc

cktmcr d9 prkoar9 jr d9 scejgar9

cvkcgec.

j dc rca tj2ctmcr wktm scetkjg 1#.

Fjeuocgts oust dc prjvc d9 prkoar9

cvkcgec c8ecpt kg tmc eascs mcrckgantcr

ocgtkjgc. +cetkjg 1# statcs tmc ojc jn

prjvkg2. Fjeuocgts oust dc prjvc d9

prkoar9 cvkcgec ugicss 9ju arc pcrokttctj prjvc d9 scejgar9 cvkcgec d9 vkrtuc

jn scetkjg 1,. +cetkjg 1, ia9s jwg tmc

rcasjgs tmat 9ju eag usc tj prjvc easc d9

scejgar9 cvkcgec. Kt ks gjt c8maustkvc.

3ust dc adic tj tcii tmc ejurt tmc rcasjgs

wm9 9ju eaggjt prjvc d9 prkoar9

cvkcgec. +cetkjg !$#4 mc durcg jn

prjvkg2 ag9 naet gcecssar9 tj dc prjvc kg

jrcr tj cgadic ag9 pcrsjg tj 2kvc cvkcgec

jn ag9 jtmcr naets ks jg tmc pcrsjg wmj

wksmcs tj 2kvc tmc cvkcgec.

E -TE1$,&G,-&/ C ̂ -.CGEC

+cetkjgs rcicvagt4 scetkjgs 1 L!1

(;cicvage9 scetkjg) 4 +cetkjg #,:,!

(Jpkgkjg cvkcgec)

%kreuostagtkai cvkcgec ks kgncrcgtkai

cvkcgec wmcrc krcet cvkcgec ks gjt

avakiadic tj dc 2kvcg d9 wktgcsscs jrkgar9

jr c8pcrt.

!!



"mcg a ourcr ks ejookttc ag tmcrc ks

gj krcet cvkcgec naets dcnjrc tmc ourcr

at tmc secgc mavc njjtprkgts jr dijj jg tmc

wcapjg aii tmcsc arc ekreuostagtkai

cvkcgec tj prjvc tmat ourcr. "c eag eaii

ag c8pcrt tj 2kvc ag jpkgkjg rawkg2 ag

kgncrcgec tmc c8kstcgec jr gjg:c8kstcgec jna naet.

uggy &gl v XX !11E 3IH !,

\kii& $" Ekr)u!&a"kai c(k'c")c5

5c ks jn tmc jpkgkjg tmat kg krcet cvkcgec

a wktgcss eag ikc. %kreuostagtkai cvkcgec

ks ojrc supcrkjr. Kt cpcgs njr c8aopic a

nkg2cr:prkgt. %ag piagt sjocjgc nkg2cr

prkgt. 5c eag dc ejgvketc.

.atj $jmbtar Ma+mk! 3 &gjr v XX!7&E 3IH &

A euouiatkvc cnncet tmat krrcskstadi9 pjkgt

tj tmc aeeusc.

Tcai C(k'c")c

mc rcai sud6cet oattcr ktscin L kc tmc

kcgtkt9 jn tmc jnncgskvc ru2.

Ijeus kg 9uj.

ksktkg2 tmc secgc jn tmc erkoc.

Tcej!!cgfcf Tcafkgl+>

!. Amoa Kdramko. !?&. 'jtc Jg

%kreuostagtkai Cvkcgec. 3aia9ag

Iaw Hjurgai. !. 8ivk.

. Amoa Kdramko. !1!. %jgvketkjg jg%kreuostagtkai Cvkcgec. 3aia9ag

Iaw Hjurgai. !. 88vk.

&. 3jm A>rao. !7?. mc DcstCvkcgec ;uic. %urrcgt Iaw

Hjurgai.!. !!&.

\CCB

Tc+ (c+tac > Xar kg rck lc+tac ,#ar

$- mc ra"&a)k$")

Uc)k$" 90 Na)& -$r!k"% par $-

&a!c ra"&a)k$"5

mks scetkjg rcncrs tj tmjsc

surrjugkg2 ag aeejopag9kg2

<% "jb Mj /cgl v XX !#!E 3IH ;cp

!!

%mar2c wktm 2aodikg2. "mkic tmcautmjrktkcs rakc mks prcokscs mc tjj> jut

tmc pmjgc. mcsc tragsaetkjg wcrc rcicvagt

ugcr scetkjg 1 ag ?.

!



ekreuostagecs wmkem arc kgscparadic

nrjo naets kg kssuc ag arc gcecssar9

tj c8piakg tmc gaturc jn tmc naet ktscin.

Kt ks ag appikeatkjg jn tmc ejoojg

iaw jetrkgc jn Tc+ (c+tac k.c. tmkg2

jgc (kgeiukg2 wjrs). Kt ocags tmc

cvcgts tmat mappcgc kg tmc ejursc jna tragsaetkjg.

Ogcr tmc ejoojg iaw tmks jetrkgc

wkii aokt cvkcgec gjt ugcr ag9mca jn cvkcgec. 5jwcvcr tj c8eiuc

tmks cvkcgec wkii eausc kg6ustkec.

mks jetrkgc ugcr tmc ejoojg iaw

vcr9 rcstrketkvc ejgktkjg ag ks

strketi9 appikc.

mc cvkcgec oa9 jeeur at knncrcgt

tkocs ag piaec. Kt ks ejggcetc d9naet kg kssuc d9 prj8kokt9 jn tkoc ag

piaec ag ejgtkgukt9 jn purpjsc ag

ekreuostagecs. %jgskst jn aets

ejguet statcocgt ag statcocgt jn

d9stagcrs. A tragsaetkjg ks a 2rjup

jn naets tj wmkem 9ju 2kvc a ic2ai

gaoc erkocG tjrt.

+cetkjg 1 a vcr9 drja scetkjg. +cc

kiiustratkjg (d).

=5 ,mavagatmag a=i Daia+u)ra!agka!

v XX !?E 3IH #$!.

;5 T v Dcfkglnkcif%4 E$ EE ;45

#. Tattcg v T !?E A% &?7 tmc iawtjj> a ikdcrai tcro.

Hu2cs vcr9 ouem ocrsocrksc d9 <cs

lcstac jetrkgc. Ogcr tmc ejoojg iawtmks prkgekpic aiijws cvkcgec gjt ugcr

ag9 mca jn aoksskdkikt9. Kt oust dc

ic2aii9 ag ij2keaii9 rcicvagt. j c8eiuc

suem cvkcgec wkii oa>c tmc cvkcgec

kgtciik2kdic ag ug6ustknkadic. "c mavc

scetkjgs , 1 L ,, tmat cai wktm rcicvage9.

+cetkjg 1 jcs gjt c8piakg tmc ejgecpt jn

;.

' /. /&\

mc aetkjg oust dc ejgtcopjragcjus ag

spjgtagcjus ugcr tmc ejoojg iaw.

!. < v ?cfkglnkcif (!7?) !# %j8 %%

&#!

;attcg emag2c tmc wa9 jn tmkg>kg2.

+tatcocgt ag ejguet tmat arc gjt c8aeti9

ejgtcopjragcjus arc cgju2m tj dc

prj8koatc ag ejgtcopjragcjus. mcstatcocgt jgc jg tmc prcssurc jn tmcojocgt wmcg tmcrc ks gj tkoc tj ejgejet

ks a rcikadic statcocgt.

?cfkglnkcif was jvcrruic d9 T v &gfrcw+.

(5jI) !7?E ! Aii C; ,!&. 5crc tmc

5jusc jn Ijrs rcncrrc tj Tattcg. mc

uttcragec jn tmc statcocgt was sj

ejgtcopjragcjus. Kgekcgt jokgatc mks

okg. 'j emagec tj ejgejet mks stjr9. Kt ks

ugik>ci9 tj dc ugrcikadic ag aoksskdic

ugcr ;cs 2cstac. +tatcocgt oac urkg2tmc prcssurc jn tmc ojocgt.

=5 Ma!+a "ug*u v T !1&E 3IH 7(+kg2apjrc)

;5 $jma!cf )kg &iia#ktemay 3 'r+ v T

!,7E 3IH !?

5 /cjgl Mjgl "mkc v XX; ,ag (jgl

!&



\ak v XX !71E 3IH $1

>5 .jg Xrj#mkgkt v XX !#E , +I;

!&

95 awai .a+ v tatc AK; !?# ?.

Kiiu&rak$" ,a. &c)k$" 95 Uac!c" 8y

8y&a"'cr&5

45 Ga++cr .kg v C &-T <026 &ii 29

=5 !! v $ao Emjgl Mjcy v XX !7E

3IH

Jtmcr rcicvagt eascs4

!. ag cj> Bwag2 v. XX !#E 3IH

$& (%jurt jn Appcai 3aia9a)

"mcg tmcrc ks a krcet ejggcetkjg

dctwccg jgc naet ag agjtmcr tmcg tmc

njrocr ks aoksskdic as part jn tmc rcs2cstac.

. Haanar 5ussakg v. XX !,$E 3IH !,#

(%jurt jn Appcai /ccratkjg jn

3aia9a)

%n jgc aet njros a part jn tmc saoc

tragsaetkjg wktm agjtmcr aet tmat ks kg

kssuc, tmcg tmc njrocr ks afoksskdic

cvcg kn kt fkseijscs tmat tmc aeeuscf ks

lukity jn jtmcr jnncgecs.

;5 XX v% ^ccrag "utty !$E & 3IH#7

#. $kii+ v% T !#,E & Aii C; 71, X.%

Tcej!!cgfcf Tcafkgl+5

!. %mkg. !7?. ;cicvage9 ;cs cstac

ag 5carsa9 4 A 3aia9skag

Xcrspcetkvc.

3aia9ag Iaw Hjurgai. e88k8.

. +kdic9. +pcekaii9 Aoksskdic Cvkcgec

;cs cstac. Iaw @uartcri9 ;cvkcw.!. $&.

&. Xmkpsjg. Fjetrkgc jn ;cs cstac kg

Iaw jn Cvkcgec. Iaw @uartcri9

;cvkcw. !. 7,.

#. +kdic9. Fjetrkgc jn ;cs cstac kg Iaw

jn Cvkcgec. Iaw @uartcri9 ;cvkcw.

!#



$. #&,.

,. +tjgc. ;cs cstac ;ca2k2ata. Iaw

@uartcri9 ;cpjrt. ,,. 11.

1. %aopdcii. !?. ;cs cstac ag

5carsa9 Cvkcgec. & 3jcrg Iaw;cvkcw. &. ,#$.

\CCB

>? 9

Uc)k$" pr$(k'c&0

Na)& /mk)m arc mc $))a&k$"? )au&c

$r c--c)? k!!c'kac $r $mcr/k&c?

$- rcic(a" -a)& $r -a)& k" k&&uc? $r

/mk)m )$"&kuc mc &ac $- mk"%&

u"'cr /mk)m mcy mappc"c' $r

/mk)m a--$r'c' a" $pp$ru"ky -$r

mckr $))urrc")c $r ra"&a)k$"? arc

rcic(a"5

/jr ag9 naet kg kssuc tj jeeur tmcrc

oust dc ekreuostagecs wmcrc tmc naet

kg kssuc tj jeeur. mcrc oust dc eausc

njr tmc jeeurrcgec ag tmc

ejgsc0ucgec. +cetkjg ? oa>cs

rcicvagt naets wmkem eausc tj naet kg

kssuc tmat prjvkc tmc jeeaskjg ks a

rcicvagt naet. mcrc oust dc ag

jppjrtugkt9 njr tmc jeeurrcgec jn tmc

naet kg kssuc tj dc rcicvagt.

45 .r @akgagf v T AK; !# Aii !.

Xcr Dmar2ava H at 4

Mmc naet kg kssuc was wmctmcr

Hakgag ma ejookttc tmc

ourcr jn Barag +kg2m. mc

naets tmat Hakgag ma ta>cg

ojgc9 ag jrgaocgts nrjoBarag +kg2m ag ma jg tmc a9

jn ourcr 2jgc tj Hakgag tjcoag tmc ojgc9 ag

jrgaocgts arc rcicvagt naets

smjwkg2 jeeaskjg eausc jr

cnncet jn tmc naet kg kssuc.

. pcr "cstjg H kg kfkb u!ar v C AK;

!# +kg !!4

MCvkcgec tmat tmcrc wcrc

njjtprkgts at jr gcar a secgc jn

jnncgec jr tmat tmcsc njjtprkgts

eaoc nrjo a partkeuiar piaec jr

ic tj a partkeuiar piaec ksrcicvagt cvkcgec ugcr scetkjg

?.

/jjtprkgts ejgstktutc ag cnncet jn a naet kgkssuc tmat arc rcicvagt.

+? oa>cs ag9 naets jeeurrcgec naets kg

kssuc oust dc ag jeeaskjg ag ag

jppjrtugkt9 njr kts jeeurrcgec. A naet kg

kssuc eaggjt jeeur kg ksjiatkjg.

Uc)k$" pr$(k'c&4,4. A"y -a) k& rcic(a" /mk)m

&m$/& $r )$"&kuc& a !$k(c

$r prcparak$" -$r a"y -a) k"

k&&uc $r rcic(a" -a)5

,=. Vmc )$"'u) $- a"y pary?

$r a"y a%c" $ a"y pary? $

a"y &uk $r pr$)cc'k"% k"

rc-crc")c $ ma &uk $r

O$k(cCvcr9 aet oust mavc a ojtkvc. 3jtkvc ks

knncrcgt nrjo kgtcgtkjg. 3jtkvc ks ag

cojtkjg tmat icas tmat pcrsjg tj j tmat

aet. 3jtkvc ks tmc rcasjg wm9 a pcrsjg jcs

a partkeuiar aet.

#rc!c'kak$"

!,



pr$)cc'k"%? $r k" rc-crc")c $

a"y -a) k" k&&uc mcrck" $r

rcic(a" mcrc$? a"' mc

)$"'u) $- a"y pcr&$" a"

$--c")c a%ak"& /m$! k& mc

&u81c) $- a"y pr$)cc'k"%? k&

rcic(a" k- mc )$"'u)k"-iuc")c& $r k& k"-iuc")c' 8y

a"y -a) k" k&&uc $r rcic(a"

-a)? a"' /mcmcr k /a&

prc(k$u& $r &u8&c+uc"

mcrc$5

Ijj> at scetkjg 7 kg twj aspcets

!. 3jtkvc ag

prcparatkjg.

. %jguet rcicvagt.

Fkstkg2uksm ejguet nrjo

statcocgt.

j earr9 jut prcparatkjg. j earr9 jut prkjr

ejguet.

45 Djjta kglm v XX !&&E 3IH

!,

Cpia"ak$" 45Vmc /$r' )$"'u) k" mk& &c)k$" '$c&

"$ k")iu'c &ac!c"& u"ic&& m$&c

&ac!c"& a))$!pa"y a"' cpiak" a)&

$mcr ma" &ac!c"0 8u mk&

cpia"ak$" k& "$ $ a--c) mc rcic(a")y

$- &ac!c"& u"'cr a"y $mcr &c)k$" $-

mk& A)5

C8piagatkjg ! as ag kopjrtagt

0uaiknkeatkjg tj tmc wjr ejguet kg tmc

scetkjg. Kt jcs gjt kgeiuc statcocgt

ugicss tmjsc statcocgts aeejopag9 agc8piakg aets jtmcr tmag statcocgts.

=5 \jgl 8jm Mkg v XX !1#E 3IH !#

mc cvkcgec ejgecrgkg2 tmc kgtcrvkcw

wktm tmc Jrag2 ua smjws mjw strjg2 tmc

ojtkvc oust mavc dccg wmcg tmc wknc wcgt

jnn kg tmc gk2mt tkoc tj scc tmc Jrag2 ua

jg tmc scejg jeeaskjg. Kt smjwc tmat

"/5 was ik>ci9 tj dc vcr9 ejgecrgc tmat

tmks tkoc tmcrc wkii dc a pjikec kgvcstk2atkjg

ag tmc pjikec wjui kgtcrvkcw tmc

au2mtcr.

E$"'u)

%ag dc prcvkjus jr sudsc0ucgt ejguet.

45 Emagfra+cbarag 3 'r+ v XX !?!E !

3IH !,&

E '$X/&-G, '8 C?1&/ '88CGEC

Kiiustratkjg (6)Kn ag jnncgec mas dccg ejookttc d9 tmc

aeeusc kn tmc vketko as sjjg as rcasjgadic

oa>cs a ejopiakgt tj tmc pcrsjg kg

autmjrkt9 tmat ejopiakgt wkii dc cvkcgecjn a ejguet.

mc rcicvage9 jn a ejopiakgt kg sc8uai

eascs was ejgskcrc d9 3umaooa

Baoki H kg XX v $jma!!af ,crcgl )kg

&!kt !E ! 3IH !,#.

!1



Vmc 'k--crc")c 8c/cc" a &ac!c"

a"' a )$!piak"5

mc vaiuc jn a ocrc statcocgt jgi9 tj

ejrrjdjratc tmc cvkcgec jn a wktgcss.

A statcocgt ks sjoctmkg2 tmat ks

statc cvjk jn nccikg2s. 3crc rcia9jn kgnjroatkjg.

A ejopiakgt cvkcgec as ejguet oust

mavc & naetjrs

!. oac spjgtagcjusi9.

. oust gjt dc rcsuit jn tutjrkg2 jr

kguecocgt.

&. oac tj a pcrsjg kg autmjrkt9.

Kts ejgtcgts cojtkvc ag tmc kgtcgt pugktkvc.

Kg ?jjta $kglm tmc ojocgt tmc aeeusc

ksturdc tmc cecasc smc oac a/K; ugcr + !$? %X%. mat

ejguet aojugt tj ejopiakgt.

Aoksskdic tj smjw ojtkvc ag

ejguet ugcr s 7 (c8piagatkjg !)

45 &7k7 $uma!af .kg v XX !1E ,

3IH #?&

mc knncrcgec dctwccg a ejopiakgt ag a

ocrc statcocgt kg s 7 ks tmat tmc njrocr ksc8prcsskvc jn nccikg2s tmc iattcr jn

>gjwic2c tmc njrocr cvkcgecs ejguet

dut tmc iattcr mas gj suem tcgcge9. A

ejopiakgt ugik>c a darc statcocgt oac

wktm avkcw tj rcrcss jr pugksm ag ks

oac tj sjocjgc kg autmjrkt9 suem as tmc

pjike& dut gjt gcecssarki9 tj a pudike

jnnkecr.

=5 XX v ,cj Cgl Emag 3 'r+

!77E ! 3IH !,1

Uc)k$" 30 Na)& "c)c&&ary $

cpiak" $r k"r$'u)c rcic(a" -a)&5

3a>cs rcicvagt ? naets.

!. /aets tj c8piakg naet kg kssuc

jr rcicvagt naets.

. /aets tj kgtrjuec naet kg

kssuc jr rcicvagt naets.

&. /aets wmkem suppjrt jr rcdut

naet kg kssuc.

#. /aets wmkem su22cst ag

kgncrcgec L s !!(a).+ !! (a) /aets gjt jtmcrwksc rcicvagt

arc rcicvagt kn tmc9 arc kgejgskstcgtwktm ag9 naet kg kssuc jr rcicvagt naet.

,. /aets cstadiksmc kcgtkt9 jn

pcrsjg.

1. /aets wmkem cstadiksmc tkoc

ag piaec wmkem naet kg kssuc ks

45 "ara! kglm v XX !1?E 3IH

,? * 7.

mcsc cvkcgec ic tj tmc ejgeiuskjg

tmat tmc9 arc ojrc prjdadic ag ojrc

ejgskstcgt wktm mks kggjecgec ugcr s .

mc prjsceutkjg easc was dasc

cgtkrci9 jg ekreuostagtkai cvkcgec.

Jg2 5je> m9c /H4

MKg a easc wmcrc tmc prjsceutkjg

rcikcs jg ekreuostagtkai cvkcgec

suem cvkcgec oust dckgejgskstcgt wktm ag9 jtmcr

m9pjtmcsks tmag tmat jn tmcaeeuscs 2ukit.

!?



rcicvagt ugcr s ?.

/aets smjw rciatkjg jn partkcs kg sj nar

tmc9 arc gcecssar9 njr tmat purpjsc.

K'c"ky a"' $mcr !acr&

Vur"8uii %uk'cik"c&5

D9 Ijr "k2cr9 %H

!. "mcgcvcr tmc easc a2akgst tmc

aeeusc cpcgs wmjii9 jr

sudstagtkaii9 jg tmc

ejrrcetgcss jn jgc jr ojrc

kcgtknkeatkjg jn tmc aeeusc

wmkem tmc cncgec aiic2cs tj

dc oksta>cg tmc 6u2c smjui

warg tmc 6ur9 jn tmc spcekai

gcc njr eautkjg dcnjrc

ejgvketkg2 tmc aeeusc kg

rcikagec jg tmc ejrrcetgcss jn

tmc kcgtknkeatkjg jrkcgtknkeatkjgs. 5c smjui

kgstruet tmc 6ur9 tj tmc

pjsskdkikt9 tmat a oksta>cg

wktgcss eag dc a ejgvkgekg2

jgc.

. mc 6u2c smjui krcet tmc

6ur9 tj c8aokgc eijsci9 tmc

ekreuostagecs kg wmkem tmc

kcgtknkeatkjg d9 caem wktgcss

eaoc tj dc oac.

&. /kgaii9 tmc 6u2c smjuircokg tmc 6ur9 jn ag9

spceknke wca>gcsscs wmkem

ma appcarc kg tmc

kcgtknkeatkjg cvkcgec.

45 (krfark /aii 3 'r+ v XX !#1E

3IH 7?A ejodkgc prjnkic pmjtj2rapm ks

kgaoksskdic kg cvkcgec dceausc kt

smjws ojrc tmag kcgtkt9.

=5 XX v "jb Mcgl 3 'r+ !#7E 3IH

!?!

mc kcgtknkeatkjg jn a suspcet d9

pmjtj2rapm dcnjrc arrcst ks aeecptadic

dut jgec mc ks arrcstc tmc

kcgtknkeatkjg smjui dc d9 pcrsjgaikgspcetkjg.

&. %mag +kg v XX

K paracs oust dc mci kg tmc usuai

ag prjpcr oaggcr tmc suspcet oust dc

piaec wktm sunnkekcgt guodcr jn jtmcrs

jn tmc saoc gatkjgaikt9 ag a2c as

mkoscin.

5 XX v ,jm "cc Muat !1,E ! 3IH

?1

mc cvkcgec jn nkg2crprkgts ks

aoksskdic tj prjvc kcgtkt9.

>5 ,ayijr v Emkcn Ejg+ta)ic jn

Emc+mkrc !7?E ! Aii C; ,.

Cvkcgec jn kcgtkt9 nrjo a vkcj tapc

rcejrkg2 ta>cg wmkic tmc erkoc was kg prj2rcss ks aoksskdic.

K'c"k-k)ak$" $- ($k)c.

,cgl "u! cgl v XX !1$E 3IH ,.

Aitmju2m k jn vjkec jg tmc tcicpmjgc

ks aoksskdic kts wck2mt ks a oattcr jn

jpkgkjg.

^k&uai k'

mcrc ks a kstkgetkjg dctwccg

rcej2gktkjg ag kcgtknkeatkjg.

;cej2gktkjg ks ojrc rcikadic tmag ocrc

kcgtknkeatkjg.

.atj $jbmtar Ma+mk! v XX !7&E

3IH &.

!7



KF #ara'c5

KF parac ks aoksskdic ugcr s

@aanar &ik v XX !7E # 3IH #$1.

Ea&c& k" /mk)m k k& "c)c&&ary $ m$i'

KF para'c&5 XX v ar*cct kglm !#E 3IH $

mc gcecsskt9 jn mjikg2 ag k parac

eag jgi9 arksc wmcrc tmc aeeusc

pcrsjgs arc gjt prcvkjusi9 >gjwg tjtmc wktgcsscs. "mcrc tmc aeeusc ks

>gjwg tj tmc wktgcsscs tmc 0ucstkjg jn

k parac jcs gjt arksc.

#r$)c'urc $- KF para'c.

'gl /ak "k! v XX !!E & 3IH !!!.

mcrc ks gj wrkttcg iaw rc2arkg2

prjecurc. mc praetkec jn mjikg2 a prjpcr k parac ks suooark<c kg

3aiiais %rkokgai Xrjecurc.

'gl /ak "k! v XX !!E & 3IH !!!.

Kt ks prjpcr tj mji ag k parac d9

uskg2 a jgc:wa9 okrrjr dut oust dc

usc wktm tmc sanc2uars cguocratc kg

Aremdjis %rkokgai Xicakg2 ag

Xraetkec.

XX v Emag Emjjg "cjgl 3 'r+

!7E 3IH #?."mcrc tmcrc arc twj jr ojrc suspcets

scparatc kcgtknkeatkjg paracs oust dc

mci.

@aanar ) &ik v XX !7E # 3IH #$1.

"mcrc tmc wktgcss ma tmc jppjrtugkt9

tj scc tmc aeeusc prkjr tj tmc k

parac tmc cvkcgec jdtakgc nrjo

suem a prjecurc mas gj vaiuc.

2tmcr eascs>

7krfark Iaii ; 2rs. v. !! !#1E

3IH (/3+;) 7? (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a) ejodkgcf prjnkic pmjtjlrapm ks

kgafoksskdic kg cvkfcgec dceausc kt

smjws ojrc tmag kfcgtkty.

Ij>c +jj 5ar v. XX *+:H- /I8 +H

&5klm 6jurt, /aiaya)

%t ks koprjpcr tj usc pmjtjlrapm jn

!



0gjwg pke0pje0cts njr purpjscs jn

kfcgtknkeatkjg as tmc pmjtjlrapms

smjw ojrc tmag kfcgtkty.

!!. v. 3j0 5cgl ; 2rs. !#7E 3IH

!?! (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)

&a). Vmc kfcgtknkeatkjg jn a suspcet dy pmjtjlrapm dcnjrc arrcst ks

aeecptadic, dut jgec mc ks arrcstcf tmckfcgtknkeatkjg smjuif dc dy pcrsjgai

kgspcetkjg.

&d). Vmc kfcgtknkeatkjg agf tmc

octmjf dy wmkem kt ks mcif oust dc

nauiticss.

!! v. Vjm 3cc 5uat !1,E ! 3IH ?1

(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)

Vmc cvkfcgec jn nkglcrAprkgts ks

afoksskdic tj prjvc kfcgtkty.Vcgl 3uo $cgl v. !! !1$E 3IH

, (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)

Vmc cvkfcgec jn a vjkec jg tmc

tcicpmjgc ks afoksskdic njr tmc

purpjsc jn prjvkgl kfcgtkty.

$cc aisj>

XX. v. Aoar +kg2m !#7:#E 3IH

+upp. ,,Icjg2 Am +cg2 v. ; !,1E 3IH ,

Jg2 Iak Bko v. XX ag Jrs. !!E &3IH !!!

XX v. %mkjg2 %mcg2 "am !77E &

3IH ,1

!!. XX v. %mag %mjjg Bcjg2 * Jrs.

!7E 3IH #?

!. ;. v. urgduii * Jrs. !??E @D

#

!&. =au 5cg2 /ag2 v. XX !7,E

3IH &!,

!#. XX v. 5ussakg dkg +kkg !!E &

%IH ,?$

<cejoocgfcf <cafkgls>

!. 3jm A>rao. !7. Kcgtknkeatkjg

Cvkcgec ag urgduii ukcikgcs 4

+mjui Jur %jurts/jiijwQ.

%urrcgt Iaw Hjurgai. #,.

. "kiikaos. !1&. Kcgtkt9 Xaracs.

$



%rkokgai Iaw ;cvkcw. #?."cc> #

\CCB

Uc)k$" 4<0 C(k'c")c $- E$"&pkra)y

: Vmk"%& &ak' $r '$"c 8y

)$"&pkra$r k" rc-crc")c $ )$!!$"

'c&k%"5

mkg2s sak jr jgc d9 ejgspkratjrs

arc rcicvagt a2akgst caem jtmcr ugcr

twj ejgktkjgs4

(a). mcrc ks rcasjgadic 2rjug tj

dcikcvc tmat tmc ejgspkrae9

c8ksts. mcrc was ag

a2rccocgt dctwccg twj jr

ojrc pcrsjgs tj ejookt ag

jnncgec jr ag aetkjgadic

wrjg2. (d). Kt oust dc kg rcncrcgec tj tmc

ejoojg kgtcgtkjg c8kstkg2 at

tmc tkoc wmcg tmc tmkg2 was

sak jr wrkttcg d9 jgc jn

tmco.

Ikcw 3aikgl v. !! !1$E 3IH &$1

(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)

$tatcocgts oafc antcr tmc

ejopictkjg jn a erkoc arc gjt

afoksskdic njr tmc purpjsc jn

prjvkgl ejgspkraey.

3maikf !ag`agl ; 2rs. v. !! !1#E

3IH !$7 (/ccrai %jurt)

statcocgt oafc antcr tmc

earrykgl jut jn a ejgspkraey ks

kgafoksskdic tj prjvc tmc

ejgspkraeyD Eejoojg kgtcgtkjg#

sklgknkcs a ejoojg kgtcgtkjg

cxkstkgl at tmc tkoc wmcg tmc

statcocgt was oafc.

$cc aisj>

'k> 5assag dkg 'k> 5ussakg v. XX!#&E !# 3IH ?#

XX. v. '2 Iak 5uat !$E 3IH #?

,. 3kr<a A>mdar v. B.C. !#$E AK;

(X.%.) !?11. %magrasc>arag v. XX !?!E !

3IH !,&

?. +arui +kg2m v. +tatc jn Djoda9

!,?T AK; (+.%.) ?#?

U 440 \mc" -a)& "$ $mcr/k&c

rcic(a" 8c)$!c& rcic(a"

(a) Kn tmc9 arc kgejgskstcgt wktm

ag9 naet kg kssuc jr rcicvagt

naet.

(d) Kn d9 tmcoscivcs jr kg

ejggcetkjg wktm jtmcr naets

tmc9 oa>c tmc c8kstcgec jr

gjg: c8kstcgec jn ag9 naet kg

kssuc jr rcicvagt naet mk2mi9

prjdadic jr koprjdadic.

%ag jgi9 aokt naets ugcr s !!

wktmkg tmc ejgnkgcs jn tmc scetkjgrciatkg2 tj rcicvage9.

C8aopic4 Xrkvkic2c kgnjroatkjg

dctwccg musdag ag wkncG

sjikektjr ag eikcgt. %aggjtkseijsc cvcg kn rcicvagt.

45 -+!aki v Ma+gui= &)fui (manar v

Ma+gui !17E ! 3IH (/%)

+cetkjg !! jcs gjt aokt ejiiatcrai

naets wmkem arc gcktmcr ejgeiuskvc gjr

ejggcetc wktm tmc naet kg kssuc.

mks easc ks kopjrtagt dceausc kt ikokts tmc

arcas jn rcicvage9. 5avc tj cgsurc tmc

ejiiatcrai naets arc rcicvagt tmcg eag aokt

kt.

(a) mcrc ks aiwa9s tmc

ncar tmat ecrtakg aspcets

jn rcicvagt cvkcgec atejoojg iaw oa9 gjt dc

prjvkc njr kg tmc Aets.

5jwcvcr tmc prjvkskjgs

jn scetkjg !! oa9 dcwkc cgju2m tj ejvcr

!



ag9 sktuatkjgs gjt

prjvkc njr jr cait

wktm d9 tmc jtmcr

scetkjgs kg tmc Cvkcgec

Aet !,$. /rjo tmc

wjrkg2s jn scetkjg !!

kt oa9 scco tmatag9tmkg2 at aii oa9 dc

auec ugcr tmc

scetkjg.

;a6a A<iag +mam H (as mc was tmcg) mci

tmat scetkjg !! ejui gjt dc sj wkci9 rca

as tj kgeiuc ejiiatcrai oattcrs tmat mavc gj

dcarkg2 at aii jg tmc naet kg kssuc jr rcicvagt

naets. mcrc oust dc sjoc prj8koatc

ejggcetkjg dctwccg tmc ejiiatcrai oatcrs

ag tmc kssucs dcnjrc tmcsc oattcrs eag dc

auec ugcr scetkjg !!.

+cetkjg !! ks aisj ikoktc kg kts jpcratkjg

d9 scetkjg ,# Cvkcgec Aet !,$.

!! v. "atj# $crk gwar

%dramko('j.&) !E 3IH !

!?#:!?,

T ( #ar8mu'a& A!8ara! :<HA2 << Dj!

MET 0

ikdk

+cetkjg !! kiiustratkjg (a).+cetkjg #$ %X% tj 2kvc gjtkec wktmkg !$ a9s.

Adscgec jn ojtkvc ugcr s 7. Adscgec jn

jppjrtugkt9 ugcr s ?.

U 4<;0 Dur'c" $- pr$$- a& $ park)uiar

-a) kiiu&rak$"&.

.atj $jbmtar Ma+mk! !7,E 3IH &&,

Kn tmc aeeusc rcikcs jg tmc cncgec jn aikdk

mc smjui ercatc a judt. 5c mas tmc ic2ai

durcg tj prjvc mks cncgec.

\CCB

Uk!kiar Na) C(k'c")cFc-k"kk$"

+kokiar /aet Cvkcgec ks cvkcgec tmat

rcgcrs tmc c8kstcgec jr gjg:

c8kstcgec jn a naet kg kssuc

prjdadic d9 rcasjg jn kts

rcscodiagec tmcrctj ag gjt d9

rcasjg jn kt dckg2 ejggcetc

Tcic(a" pr$(k&k$"& : &c)k$"& 4? 4> a"'44,8.5

Uc)k$" 44 pr$(k'c&0

/aets gjt jtmcrwksc rcicvagt arc

rcicvagt :

kn tmc9 arc kgejgskstcgt wktm

ag9 aet kg kssuc jr



tmcrcwktm. cgcraii9 suem

cvkcgec ks kgaoksskdic. "mcg

a pcrsjg ks emar2c wktm ag

jnncgec tmc naet tmat mc mas a

kspjsktkjg tj ejookt ag aet

ocags tmat mc mas ejookttc

tmc skokiar aet.

rcicvagt naet

kn d9 tmcoscivcs jr kg

ejggcetkjg wktm jtmcr

naets tmc9 oa>c tmc

c8kstcgec jr gjg:

c8kstcgec jn ag9 naet kg

kssuc jr rcicvagt naetmk2mi9 prjdadic jr

koprjdadic.

(Kt ks mk2mi9 prjdadic tmat mc k kt jr

koprjdadic tmat mc k gjt j kt.)

Ea&c&0

!. Adu Da>ar dkg Ksoaki v. ; !,#E 3IH

1? (5k2m %jurt +kg2apjrc)

(a). +kokiar naet cvkcgec ks

aoksskdic tj prjvc >gjwic2c.

(d). Xrjpcgskt9 cvkcgec ks gjt

aoksskdic ugcr scetkjg !!(d).

Ksoaki v. 5asgui Adui manar v.

5asgui !17E ! 3IH !$7 (/ccrai %jurt)

$cetkjg ++ fjcs gjt afokt

ejiiatcrai naets wmkem arc gcktmcr

ejgeiuskvc gjr ejggcetcf wktm tmc

naet kg kssuc.

Xjjg +jm 5ar * Jrs. v. XX !??E

3IH !1 (%rkokgai %jurt jn Appcai

+kg2apjrc)

Vmc cvkfcgec jn past erkokgai

aetkvktkcs ks kgafoksskdic kn kt ks

ocrciy kgtcgfcf tj smjw tmat tmc

aeeuscf mas dccg lukity jn jtmcr

erkokgai aets.

cc ai+j5

#. ; v. Xardmuas (!7?#) !! Djo 5%

$

XX v. Iko %mcg Icg !7!E 3IH #!

%mcc %mkg kao v. XX !7E ! 3IH

77

;ag2apuia * Jrs. v. XX !7E ! 3IH

!

5ussakg dkg +kiikt v. XX !77E 3IH

&

45 Na)& &m$/k"% ck&c")c $-

&ac $- !k"' $r $- 8$'y $r

8$'kiy -ccik"%5

/aets smjwkg2 tmc c8kstcgec jn

+cetkjg !# oa>cs tmc statc jn okg

rcicvagt. (scc u)ra!agka! v XX )

Aisj statc jn dj9 jr djki9 nccikg2

rcicvagt.

&



ag9 statc jn okg suem as

kgtcgtkjg >gjwic2c 2jj

naktm gc2ik2cgec rasmgcss kii:

wkii jr 2jj:wkii tjwars ag9

partkeuiar pcrsjg jr smjwkg2

tmc c8kstcgec jn ag9 statc jn

dj9 jr djki9 nccikg2 arcrcicvagt wmcg tmc c8kstcgec jn

ag9 suem statc jn okg jr dj9

jr djki9 nccikg2 ks kg kssuc jr

rcicvagt.

Uc)k$" 4> $ rc8u &k!kiar

-a)5 Na)& 8cark"% $"

+uc&k$" /mcmcr a) /a&

a))k'c"ai $r k"c"k$"ai5

\mc" mcrc k& a +uc&k$" /mcmcr

a" a) /a& a))k'c"ai $r k"c"k$"ai

$r '$"c /km a park)uiar6"$/ic'%c $r k"c"k$"? mc -a)

ma mc a) -$r!c' par $- a &crkc&

$- &k!kiar $))urrc")c&? k" ca)m $-

/mk)m mc pcr&$" '$k"% mc a) /a&

)$")cr"c'? k& rcic(a"5

+cetkjg !, ks appikeatkjg jn 2cgcrai

ruic as iak jwg ugcr scetkjg !#.

%ascs4

!. 3akkg Xktema9 * Jrs. v. XX !17E !

3IH 7 (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)

(a). +cetkjg !, jn tmc Cvkcgec

Aet was csk2gc tj cgadic

tmc prjsceutkjg tj jnncrcvkcgec kg avagec tj

rcdut a cncgec wmkem

wjui jtmcrwksc dc jpcg

tj tmc aeeusc.(d). mc ocrc naet tmat tmc

cvkcgec auec tcgs tj

smjw tmc ejooksskjg jn

jtmcr jnncgecs jcs gjt

rcgcr kt kgaoksskdic kn kt

dc rcicvagt tj ag kssuc

dcnjrc tmc 6ur9.

. Fatu> 5a6k 5arug dkg 5a6k Krks v. XX!??E 3IH !,, (/ccrai %jurt)

Fvkfcgec jn Esystco# oay dc

affuecf tj rcdut a fcncgec wmkem

ks jpcg tj tmc aeeuscf.

+cetkjg ,# prjvkcs tmat da emaraetcr

ks gjt aoksskdic ugicss kt ks rcicvagt.

"mcg tmc aeeusc ks emar2c jn agjnncgec tmc prjsceutkjg oust tr9 mko

wktm cvkcgec. Kn tmcrc ks sunnkekcgt

cvkcgec mc wkii dc ejgvketc. mc

aeeusc wkii gjt dc trkc d9 mks damkstjr9 da kspjsktkjg jr prjpcgskt9

tj ejookt tmc da aet tj prjvc a

emar2c a2akgst mko dceausc cvkcgec

jn da emaraetcr ks prc6ukekai ag

mavc gj ejggcetkjg wktm tmc naet kg

kssuc. mc da emaraetcr ks krrcicvagt.

;cs aikjs aeta. (Ikod ! jn 3a>kg)

;uic as iak jwg kg Ijr 5crsemciis

prjpjsktkjg 'j. ! kg 3a>kg v. A njr '+"

!7#E A% ,? at 1?4’ %t ks ugfjudtcfiy gjt

ejopctcgt njr tmc

prjsceutkjg tj affuec

cvkfcgec tcgfkgl tj smjwtmat tmc aeeuscf mas dccg

lukity jn erkokgai aets

jtmcr tmag tmjsc ejvcrcf

dy tmc kgfketocgt, njr tmc

purpjsc jn icafkgl tj tmc

ejgeiuskjg tmat tmc

aeeuscf ks a pcrsjg ik0ciy

nrjo mks erkokgai ejgfuetjr emaraetcr tj mavc

ejookttcf tmc jnncgec njr

wmkem mc ks dckgl trkcf.‟

Cvkcgec jn skokiar naets ks gjt aoksskdic

kn kt smjws gjtmkg2 ojrc tmat da

kspjsktkjg jr prjpcgskt9. mc ruic ks

#



ejgnkgc tj oksejguet jg jtmcr jeeaskjgs.

%ascs4

!. =jg2 +ag2 v. XX !,,E 3IH !&!

(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)

Fvkfcgec smjwkgl tmat tmc aeeuscf

ks tmc sjrt jn pcrsjg wmj ks ik0ciy

tj mavc ejookttcf tmc jnncgec njrwmkem mc ks emarlcf ks

kgafoksskdic.

. %mcw 3kg2 v. XX !1$E 3IH !!

(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)

!rjpcgskty cvkfcgec ks

kgafoksskdic njr tmc purpjsc jn prjvkgl

kfcgtkty.

&. Bag +k> /jg2 v. XX !1!E 3IH !1&

(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)

$kokiar jr gjgAskokiar naet

cvkfcgec ks gjt afoksskdic kn kts prc`ufkekai cnncet jutwcklms kts

prjdatkvc njrec.

H. 'amar $kglm v. !magl 5jg 6mug

*+CN- /I8 +H+ &5klm 6jurt, /aiaya)

Fvkfcgec jn skokiar nraufs jg tmc

part jn tmc fcncgfagt ks afoksskdic

tj rcdut a fcncgec rakscf.

mc naet tmat tmc aeeusc mas a

kspjsktkjg tj ejookt tmc aet ks

krrcicvagt dceausc kt ks prc6ukekai (scc

scetkjg ,#). j smjw tmat mc mas a

kspjsktkjg tj j sj jr ejookt a

skokiar aet gcc gjt gcecssarki9 dc

kgaoksskdic kn wc eag oa>c kt

rcicvagt tj rcdut a cncgec tj smjwaet was aeekcgtai jr tj rcdut ocgs

rca. /jr emaraetcr cvkcgec tj dc

aoksskdic kt oust dc rcicvagt. 5jw

eag wc smjw emaraetcr cvkcgec ksrcicvagt. %ag kn wc eag smjw

emaraetcr cvkcgec tj smjw ocgs rca

statc jn okg. %maraetcr cvkcgec ks

rcicvagt kn tmc prjsceutkjg tj rcdut a

cncgec jpcg tj tmc aeeusc cncgec

jn aeekcgt ejoojg csk2g jr

purpjsc jr tmc aeeusc cncgec jn gjt

2ukit9. (Ikod jn 3a>kg)

Fxecptkjg as iakf fjwg kg Ijrf 5crsemcii#s prjpjsktkjg 'j. >

’2g tmc jtmcr magf, tmc ocrc naet tmat tmc

cvkfcgec affuecf tcgfs tj smjw tmc

ejooksskjg jn jtmcr erkocs fjcs gjt

rcgfcr kt kgafoksskdic kn kt dc

&a). rcicvagt tj ag kssuc dcnjrc tmc

`ury, agf kt oay dc sj rcicvagt, kn

&d). kt dcars upjg tmc 9ucstkjg wmctmcr

tmc aets aiiclcf tj ejgstktutc tmc

erkoc emarlcf kg tmc kgfketocgt

wcrc fcsklgcf jr aeekfcgtai, jr

&e). tj rcdut a fcncgec wmkem wjuif

jtmcrwksc dc jpcgcf tj tmc aeeuscf.‟

,



Vmc Oa6k"& appr$a)m /a& appikc'

k" mc Oaiay&ka" )a&c& 8ci$/0

+. L v. !! *+:+- /I8 +4 &6jurt jn

ppcai, ncfcratkjg jn /aiaya)

Fvkfcgec wmkem ks kgfkeatkvc jn tmc

statc jn okgf ks afoksskdic ugfcr

scetkjgs ++&d) agf +H.

. ;. v. ;a6u * Jrs. !,&E 3IH ! (5k2m%jurt 3aia9a)

&a). $kokiar naet cvkfcgec

smjuif jgiy dc afokttcf knkt mas a rcai oatcrkai

dcarkgl tj tmc kssucs as kt

wjuif dc ug`ust tj afokt

mklmiy prc`ufkekai cvkfcgec

ocrciy dceausc kt ks

tcemgkeaiiy afoksskdic.

(d). +cetkjgs !! !# ag !, jn

tmc Cvkcgec Aet pcroktskokiar naet cvkcgec tj dc

aokttc njr tmc purpjscs

kgtcr aika jn gc2atkvkg2

aeekcgt prjvkg2 kcgtkt9

prjvkg2 ocgs rca ag

rcduttkg2 a cncgec.

&. XX. v. Ag2 Ag Ag XX. v. Cg2 5je>

!?$E ! 3IH !? (5k2m %jurt

3aia9a)

!ast aets arc afoksskdic kn &a) kt ks

smjwg tmat suem past aets arc jn

tmc saoc spceknke 0kgf agf &d) tmcy

njro part jn a scrkcs jn

jeeurrcgecs.

H. 3ag $k0 Mjgl v !! *+N+-

/I8 +N(

:. <aun 5` moaf v !! *+:4- /I8

+4.

Tc&ac!c" $- mc ia/ k"

D$ar'!a" 43> AE =4

Kn tmc cvkcgec ks gjroaii9 iawnuii9

jdtakgc kt oust satksn9 tmc tcst jn

rcicvage9 tj dc aoksskdic. Kn a pcrsjg ks

emar2c wktm ag jnncgec tmc prjsceutkjg

oust mavc cvkcgec ag gjt d9 mks daemaraetcr. Cvcg kn kt ks ij2keaii9 ag

rcicvagt dut kn tmc prc6ukekai cnncet

jutwck2mc kts prjdatkvc vaiuc tmcg a traki

6u2c mas kserctkjg tj c8eiuc suemcvkcgec. mks ks >gjwg as c8eiuskjgar9

kserctkjg. mks ketuo was rckgnjrec d9

Ijr Fu Xar0 kg tmc X% easc jn Gjjr

$uma!af !#E A% wmcrc kn tmc

1



cvkcgec was prjeurc ic2aii9 kn tmc

prc6ukekai cnncet jutwck2mc kts prjdatkvc

vaiuc tmc 6u2c eag c8creksc mks

c8eiuskjgar9 kserctkjg tj jokt tmat

cvkcgec.

mc cekskjg jn Gjjr $jma!af kgniucgecstmc tmkg>kg2 jn tmc ejoojg iaw 6u2cs ag

tmks kg turg kgniucgecs tmc jutejoc jn

Djarf!ag wmctmcr tmc cvkcgec ks jn

prjdatkvc vaiuc tj smut jut prc6ukekaicnncet tmat wjui ercatc kg6ustkec tj aokt

tmat cvkcgec jn prcvkjus aet. mc prkgekpic

jn Djarf!ag was tmat tmc skokiar naet

cvkcgec jn jtmcr jnncgecs oust dc

strk>kg2i9 skokiar wktm tmat cvkcgec 2kvcg

kg. Dceausc jn mk2m prjdatkvc vaiuc 9ju eag

2ct kt aokttc. Kn tmks skokiar naet cvkcgec

was gjt aiijwc kt wjui dc ag kgsuit tjejoojg scgsc.

Kg tmc 5jusc jn Ijrs Ijr 5akismao

aokttc skokiar naet cvkcgec prjvkc tmc

wa9 tmc jnncgec was ejookttc was

strk>kg2i9 skokiar djug tj mavc mk2m

prjdatkvc vaiuc cspktcs kts kgcvktadic

prc6ukec. Kn tmcrc ks gj strjg2 cvkcgec

aikugc eaggjt aokt skokiar naet cvkcgec.

3aia9skag eascs ajptkg2 Djaroags

prkgekpic45 XX v ^ccrag "utty !$E & 3IH

#7.

=5 @ugakfk )kg &)fuiiam v XX !&E

& 3IH !?.

Vmc appr$a)m k" F## ( #

Kg .XX v X !!E & "I; !1! tmc

aeeusc ejookttc kgecst wktm mks

au2mtcrs. mc ojtmcr oac a pjikec

rcpjrt ag tmc aeeusc was emar2c

wktm statutjr9 rapc. Kg tmks easc tmcskokiarkt9 was gjt strk>kg2 dut tmc

s9stco was tmcrc. mc trkai ejurt

aokttc tmc skokiar naet cvkcgec.

J' appcai kt was mci tmat aeejrkg2

tj Djaroag njr skokiar naet cvkcgec

tj dc aoksskdic kt oust dc strk>kg2i9

skokiar. Kg tmks easc tmc cvkcgec wcrc

%ascs tmat njiijwc FXX v X

XX v ,cj &k Gcc 3 &gjr !,E +I; 1

/cc "wagl Xcgl !?E & +I; ?7 $

,ag $cgl @cc v XX !1E +I; #

#&#:#&,

Kg XX v ,cj &k Gk 3 &gjr =jg2 Xug25jw %H mci4

’\ktm tmc adagfjgkgl jn

tmc rc9ukrcocgt tmat suem

cvkfcgec smjuif mavc

Estrk0kgl skokiarkty# kg tmc

ojfcrg tcst sct jut kg "!!

v !, tmc tcst njr afoksskdic

Eskokiar naet# cvkfcgec ks

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gjt strk>kg2i9 skokiar.

mc 5jusc jn Ijrs rcvkcwc jvcr ?$

eascs ag ejgeiuc tmat kt ks gjt

gcecssar9 njr skokiar naet cvkcgec tj

dc strk>kg2i9 skokiar prjvkc tmat tmc

prjdatkvc vaiuc jn suem cvkcgecjutwck2ms kts prc6ukekai vaiuc. 'j

rcasjg tj c8eiuc skokiar naet

cvkcgec 2jcs tj wck2mt gjt

aoksskdkikt9.

tmat kts prjdatkvc njrec kg

suppjrt jn tmc aiiclatkjg

tmat ag aeeuscf pcrsjg

ejookttcf a erkoc oust dc

sunnkekcgtiy lrcat tj oa0c

kt `ust tj afokt tmc

cvkfcgec, agf sunnkekcgtiy lrcat tj jutwcklm agy

prc`ufkec tj tmc aeeuscf kg

tcgfkgl tj smjw tmat mc ks

lukity jn agjtmcr erkoc.‟

'jtc tmat +kg2apjrc Cvkcgec Aet mas

scetkjg () tmat rceckvcs prkgekpics jn

Cg2iksm %joojg Iaw wmkem ks adscgt kg

tmc 3aia9skag Jrkgagec. Kn wc aeecpt tmat

tmc 3aia9skag Cvkcgec Aet ks a naekiktatkvc

Aet tmc ejurts eag rcaki9 rceckvcs gcw

prkgekpics at %joojg Iaw. At tmc ojocgtjur ejurts arc stue> at ccrag Butt9 agHugakk. 3a9dc wc eag rceckvc tmc

+kg2apjrc cekskjgs tmat cgjrsc FXX v X

kg tmc nuturc. Jur iaw9crs mavc tj oa>c jur

6ukekar9 awarc jn tmcsc gcw cvcijpocgts.

Uk!kiar -a) c(k'c")c ai&$ appikc& $

)k(ki )a&c&

+. /jjf /uske

!udiksmkgl 6j Itf v "c \jinc

Itf *+1N- + ii F< 1N(.

. 5aics v 3crr *+4C-

3? N4+

&. 'amar $kglm v !agl

5jg 6mkg *+CN- /I8 !#!

Tc)$!!c"'c' Tca'k"%&0

!. Hcnnrc9 Xkgsicr. !7. +kokiar /aet

Cvkcgec4 mc Xrkgekpics jn

Aoksskdkikt9. 3aia9ag Iaw

Hjurgai. . i888k.

. %mu /ak. !7?. Apprjaemcs tj tmc

Aoksskdkikt9 jn +kokiar /aet

Cvkcgec. +kg2apjrc Iaw ;cvkcw.$1.

&. Xckrks. !7#. Cvkcgec jn +9stco

kg %joojgwcaitm Iaw. 3aia9a

Iaw ;cvkcw. 1. &#.

#. Amoa Kdramko. !??. Cvkcgec jn

+9stco. Hjurgai jn 3aia9skag

%joparatkvc Iaw. Xart !. !?,

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,. Amoa Kdramko. !?7. Cvkcgec jn

+9stco. Hjurgai jn 3aia9skag

%joparatkvc Iaw. Xart KK. !

1. +tjgc !&. mc ;uic jn +kokiar

/aet Cvkcgec. 5avar Iaw ;cvkcw. #1.

,#

?. 5jnnoag !?,. +kokiar /aets antcr

Djaroag. Iaw @uartcri9 ;cvkcw.

!. !&

7. A.D. 3ugkr. !#. +kokiar naet

Cvkcgec4 Xrjdatkvc aiuc vs

Xrc6ukekai Cnncet. 3aia9ag Iaw

Hjurgai. &. 888k.

\CCB

3? 4< UCEVKJGU 4 VJ ;40 AFOKUUKJG HEJGNCUUKJG

Xrjvkskjgs njr Aoksskjg4 +cetkjgs

!?(!) !7:! &!.

Xrjvkskjgs njr %jgncsskjg4 +cetkjgs

!?() #,1?7 *&$.

Aoksskjg ks kgnjroai aoksskjg

ugcr scetkjgs !? tj &!. Kt ks c8tra:

6ukekai aoksskjg jr aoksskjg oac

jut jn ejurt. /jroai aoksskjg kg s ,7

L jgi9 appikeadic kg ekvki eascs.Aitmju2m tmc 3aia9skag Cvkcgec Aet

jwcs kts kgspkratkjg nrjo Kgka kt ks

sik2mti9 knncrcgt. Kgka jcs gjt mavc

s !?(). Jurs ks skokiar kg +rk Iag>a+kg2apjrc * Drugck.

Uc)k$" 40

A" a'!k&&k$" k& a &ac!c"? $rai $r

'$)u!c"ary? /mk)m &u%%c&& a"y

k"-crc")c a& $ a"y -a) k" k&&uc $r

rcic(a" -a)? a"' /mk)m k& !a'c 8y

a"y $- mc pcr&$"& a"' u"'cr mc)kr)u!&a")c& mcrck"a-cr

!c"k$"c'5

+ !?(!) rcas wktm !7 * !. + !?(!) 2kvcs partkai cnkgktkjg jn aoksskjg. Kt ks

ejopictc d9 s !7. Ogcr s !?(!) ag

aoksskjg ks a statcocgt jrai jr

jeuocgtar9 statkg2 jr su22cst a naet kg

kssuc jr rcicvagt naet oac d9 pcjpic ugcr

tmc ekreuostagecs njug kg s !74

!. d9 partkcs tj a prjecckg2

. d9 autmjrk<c a2cgts

&. d9 rcprcscgtatkjg

#. pcrsjgs wmj mavc ag9 prjprkctar9

jr pceugkar9 kgtcrcst

,. pcrsjgs nrjo wmjo tmc partkcs tjtmc sukt mavc crkvc tmckr kgtcrcst

kg tmc sud6cet oattcr jn tmc sukt.

45 .atub crk &gwar -)ramk!

('j &) Xaui H.

Xrjecckg2s kgeiuc erkokgai

prjecckg2.

. $ary Eiyfc v \jgl &m

$ck (!?$) 3IH !1&

$ C&G-G( &G. XT-GE-X/C '8 E'G8C-'G

Aeejrkg2 tj +tcpmcg ejgncsskjg ks

ag aoksskjg oac at ag9 tkoc d9 a

Ea&c&0

45 cyafu v "kgl !,!E ,& 'I;

,!.

Fkrcet aoksskjg jn staddkg2.



pcrsjg emar2c wktm a erkoc statkg2

jr su22cstkg2 ag kgncrcgec tmat mc

ejookttc tmc erkoc.

4,=.0 A )$"-c&&k$" k& a" a'!k&&k$"

!a'c a a"y k!c 8y a pcr&$"

a))u&c' $- a" $--c")c? &ak"% $r&u%%c&k"% mc k"-crc")c ma mc

)$!!kc' ma $--c")c5 K ma& "$

appik)ak$" k" Uara/a65

mks cnkgktkjg jn ejgncsskjg mas

parts.

!. "mcrc mc oa>cs ag

aoksskjg statkg2 tmc naet kg

kssuc. A krcet aoksskjg ks

rcicvagt.

. +u22cstkg2 tmc kgncrcgec.

;ca aii tmc statcocgts tj2ctmcr. Fjcs tmks

2kvc rksc tj kgncrcgec tmat mc aetuaii9 k

tmc jnncgec. Osc tmc jd6cetkvc tcst. +cetkjg

!?() ks ouem drjacr tmag tmc Kgkag iaw.

=5 Xabaia Garayaga wa!k v T

!&E 3IH #7.+kr Hjmg4 Ag aoksskjg jn ag kgerkokgatkg2

naet ks gjt a ejgncsskjg. j aojugt tj

aoksskjg kt oust dc picgar9 kg gaturc.

&. gagfaljfa v < !1E !

"I; 7!?. mc jd6cetkvc

tcst.

Kg tmc pjikec statkjg mc tji cvcr9tmkg2.

mcsc arc pkcecs jn euouiatkvc cvkcgec.

'j:wmcrc kg tmc statcocgt su22csts mc ma

rug jvcr mcr wktm tmc ear. Jgi9 rca at tmc

tjtaikt9 jn tmc cvkcgec. At tmc trkai ejurt

tmcsc statcocgts wcrc aokttc ag mc was

ejgvketc. 5ks appcai was rc6cetc.

At tmc Xrkv9 %jugeki tmc oa6jr pica jn

cncgec was tmat tmc ejurt ma crrc kg iaw

(s , * 1). %rjwg ejugsci ar2uc tmat

wmat tmc icargc drjtmcr ma sak ks truc. Kntmc statcocgt ks a ejgncsskjg kt smjui gjt

dc aokttc.

DO

"as tmat a ejgncsskjgQ Ijj> at tmc

cnkgktkjg jn ejgncsskjg. + !?() statkg2 jr

su22cstkg2 L was tmcrc a krcet aoksskjgQ

%ag 9ju raw ag kgncrcgecQ Kt ks gjt a

ejgncsskjg dut stkii aoksskdic as ag

aoksskjg ugcr s !?(!) !7 * !. 5ks

appcai was ksokssc.

Ijr ucst4

M"mctmcr a statcocgt

aojugts tj a ejgncsskjg jr

gjt oust dc cekc

jd6cetkvci9 ta>kg2 tmc

statcocgt as a wmjic ag

wktmjut rcncrcgec tj

&$



c8trkgske naets.

Ijr ucst sak tmat tmc tcst wmctmcr a

statcocgt ks a ejgncsskjg ks ag jd6cetkvc

jgc wmctmcr tj tmc okg jn rcasjgadic

pcrsjg rcakg2 tmc statcocgt at tmc tkoc

ag kg tmc ekreuostagec kg wmkem kt wasoac kt eag dc sak tj aojugt tj a

statcocgt tmat tmc aeeusc ejookttc tmc

jnncgec jr wmkem su22cstc tmc kgncrcgec

tmat mc ejookttc tmc jnncgec.

Ea&c&0

!. Icoagkt v. XX !1,E 3IH 1

(/ccrai %jurt +kg2apjrc)

. Iao %mjjg v. Iko =jg 5jg2

(!&!) ++I; 1

. +kokram v. %mua 5je> Icc !1&E

3IH &

&. Ikg2 '2au Icg2 v. XX !1#E 3IH$

#. ;c +ugsmkgc +ceurktkcs !?7E !

3IH ,?

%jgncsskjg tj dc ag aoksskjg

!. 3ust dc a ejgncsskjg s !?().

. 3ac vjiugtarki9 s #.

mc jd6cetkvc tcst kg Agaga2ja L

tmc kgncrcgtkai aoksskjg jn 2ukit d9

tmc aeeusc emar2c L tjj> at tmc

statcocgt kg tjtaikt9. mks was appikc

kg /c!agkt v XX !1,E 3IH 1. Aejgncsskjg ks a statcocgt ta>cg as a

wmjic wktmjut rcncrcgec tj c8trkgske

naets wmkem statcs jr su22csts tmc

kgncrcgec tmat tmc oa>cr ejookttctmc jnncgec. Kn tmc kgncrcgtkai

statcocgt was a ejgncsskjg oac

kgvjiugtar9 kt ks kgaoksskdic. Jgec a

statcocgt a ejgncsskjg d9 appi9kg2

tmc &gagfaljfa jd6cetkvc tcst tmc g

sta2c oust dc ejvcrc Ltj dc

aoksskdic kt oust dc rcicvagt ag

vjiugtar9. (s #).

A ejgncsskjg kg a eautkjgc statcocgt

tcgcrc d9 tmc prjsceutkjg tmc

cncgec oust strak2mt awa9 jd6cet kt

ks gjt vjiugtar9. Kn tmc ejugsci k gjt

jd6cet tmc eautkjgc statcocgt ks

prcsuoc tj dc vjiugtar9. 5jw ouem

cvkcgec oust dc tcgcrc tj sa9 tmat

!. .atj $jbmtar Ma+mk! 3 &gjr

v XX !7&E 3IH &).

. Ma+k)uiiam )kg $jmf (ma7aik v

XX 433; ; OIL ;=4

&. &7k7 $jma!cf .kg v XX 4339

> OIL ;

#. T v ,mj!#+jg !7&E @D !

!7 ketuo jn %avc H

,. -)ramk! v T !!#E A% ,

1$ pcr Ijr +uogcr.

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tmc cvkcgec ks kgvjiugtar9 Kt ks gjt

gcecssar9 tj mavc a ijt jn cvkcgec tj

aetkvatc vjkr fkrc. 3crc dai

statcocgt wkii gjt sunnkec. mc

cncgec oust sudokt a wcii rcasjg

prcoksc prjdadic tmat tmc statcocgt

was oac kgvjiugtarki9. 'cc gjt dccvkcgec ugcr scetkjg &. 5crc tmc

prjsceutkjg mas tj prjvc statcocgt

was vjiugtar9 dc9jg rcasjgadic

judt.

Uc)k$" = K- a )$"-c&&k$" k& a rc&ui

$- k"'u)c!c"? mrca? pr$!k&c

mci' $u 8y a pcr&$" k"

aum$rky ,&$!c$"c /m$ )a"

k"-iuc")c mc $u)$!c $- mc

rkai.? /mk)m %k(c rk&c $ a

8cikc(c k" mc !k"' $- mca))u&c' a"' /mk)m k" mc

$pk"k$" $- mc )$ur mc /kii %c

a" a'(a"a%c $r &u--cr a" c(ki

$- a c!p$rai "aurc? ma

)$"-c&&k$" k& "$ ($iu"ary5

mc vjiugtarkgcss jn statcocgt rcikcs

jg scetkjg #.

!. Fatj 3j>mtar 5asmko v XX

!7&E 3IH &

'j statcocgt d9 tmc aeeusc ks

aoksskdic kg cvkcgec a2akgst

mko ugicss kt ks smjwg d9 tmc prjsceutkjg tj mavc dccg a

vjiugtar9 statcocgt.. .XX v Xkgl /kg !?,E & Aii

C; !?,.

&. 3jst rcecgti9 njiijwc d9

.atj crk &gwar -)ramk! 3

&gjr v XX $$!E & %IH &!&

jpkgkjg jn Arknnkg Ha>a.

mat kguecocgt eausc tmc ejgncsskjg.

mc ejurt wkii ctcrokgc tmat kguecocgt.

Aisj aeecpts tmc cicocgt jn jpprcsskjg.

#. Fatj 3j>mtar 5asmko v XX

!7&E 3IH &

,. .XX v Xkgl /kg !?,E & Aii

C; !?,

1. &7k7 $jma!cf .kg !1E ,

3IH #?&

?. Ma+k)uiiam $jmf (ma7aik v

XX !&E & 3IH &!.

7. XX v /aw ay ceb 3 'r+

!?!E ! 3IH !

pcr +maroa H4 A sik2mt

kguecocgt wkii sunnkec tj rcgcr

tmc ejgncsskjg kgvjiugtar9.

Jtmcr eascs4.

T v Xrkc+tiy (!1,) ,! %r App ; !

T v Xralcr !?E ! "I; 1$.

T v \ki+jg !7!E ! 'I; &!1

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Kg Fatu> 3j>mtar 5asmko

Adjjieacr /H sak at p ? tmat kt

appcars nrjo .XX v Xkg /kg ?1E

A% ,?# tmat tmc eiasske tcst jn

aoksskdkikt9 jn tmc aeeuscs

ejgncsskjg smjui dc part jd6cetkvcag part sud6cetkvc. mc jd6cetkvc

ikod ks satksnkc kn tmcrc ks a tmrcat

kguecocgt jr prjoksc L kg tmc

jpkgkjg jn tmc ejurt tmat tmc gaturc jnkguecocgt eausc tmc ejgncsskjg.

mc sud6cetkvc ikod wmcg tmc tmrcat

kguecocgt jr prjoksc jpcratcs jg

tmc okg jn tmc aeeusc tmrju2m tmc

mjpc jn cseapc jr ncar jn pugksmocgt

ejggcetc wktm emar2c L Kn tmc

kguecocgt icas tj ejgncsskjg.

;cejoocgc rcakg2s.

!. "kgsijw. !??. mc Aoksskdkikt9 jn

cstkojg9 at a rkai "ktmkg a rkai

4 'jt mc "mjic rutm. 3aia9a

Iaw ;cvkcw. !. &!

. "kgsijw. !77. /akr rakis 4 'cwDuttrcsscs njr Aeeusc Xcrsjg.

3aia9a Iaw ;cvkcw. &?7

EJGNCUUKJGU OAFC VJ VMC

#JIKEC0 UCEVKJGU => AGF =9

+ # oa>cs a ejgncsskjg oac d9 ag

aeeusc tj a pcrsjg kg autmjrkt9

krrcicvagt kn kt was oac d9

kguecocgt tmrcat prjoksc jr

jpprcsskjg.

.

!. Fatu> 3j>mtar 5asmko *

Agjr !7&E 3IH &

. Kdramko v ; !!#E A% ,

1$ pcr Ijr +uogcr

&. FXX v Xkg2 Ikg !?,E & Aii

C; !?,)

#. %mua Dcjw 5uat v XX !?$E

3IH &!

,. Xa>aia 'ara9a +wao9 v C AK;

!&# X% #?

1. %mua Dcjw 5uat v XX !?$E 3IH

mc wjr pjikec jnnkecr ks gjt cnkgc kg

tmc CA jr %X%. mc Xjikec Aet !1?

cnkgcs mko as a ocodcr jn tmc ;j9ai3aia9skag /jrec

?. Darrct v XX !7E 3IH 7#

7,.

A prjdatkjgar9 Kgspcetjr ks a pcrsjg dcijw

tmc rag> jn ag Kgspcetjr.

Uac!c" $- a))u&c' /mkic k"

)u&$'y $- p$ik)c0 &c)k$" =95+ 1 ks tj prcvcgt tmc pjikec nrjo

aduskg2 tmckr pjwcrs. Kt prjvkcs

nurtmcr sanc2uar tj tmc aeeusc. 'j

ejgncsskjg oac d9 a pcrsjg kg pjikec

eustj9 smaii dc aoksskdic ugicss

oac tj a +csskjg %jurt Hu2c jr

oa2kstratc. /jr s 1 tj appi9 kt ks gjt

gcecssar9 tj smjw njroai arrcst. Kn mc

45 Cgl kg v XX !?#E 3IH

!17=5 a!)u v T !#?E 3IH !1

;5 Ga7kr &m!af v "C AK; !&1

X% ,&

5 %mjg2 cg2 v XX (!1$) 1

3IH !,&

"mcg ag aeeusc oa>cs a ejgncsskjg ugcr

&&



eaggjt cpart at mks jwg nrcc wkii

sunnkec tj ejgstktutc eustj9.

s 1 tmc +csskjg %jurt Hu2c jr oa2kstratc

ks rc0ukrc tj ejopi9 wktm tmc prjecurc kg

s !!, %X% wmcg rcejrkg2 jwg suem a

ejgncsskjg.) j cgsurc tmc aeeusc 2kvcs

mks statcocgt nrcci9 wktmjut ag9

kguecocgt jr prcssurc. mks ks tj

2uaragtcc tmckr vjiugtar9 gaturc.

Uc)k$"& => a"' =9 )$!parc'.

+ , appikcs tj ejgncsskjgs oac tj

tmc pjikec.

+ 1 2jvcrgs ejgncsskjgs wmkic tmc

aeeusc was kg pjikec eustj9 oac

tj ag9 pcrsjgs jtmcr tmag tmc pjikec.

mc9 arc gjt kcgtkeai. mcrc arc eicar ag cnkgktc ruics.

+ , prjmkdkts a ejgncsskjg oac tj a pjikec jnnkecr wmctmcr tmc ejgncssjr ks

kg pjikec eustj9 jn pjikec jr gjt.

+ 1 2jcs nurtmcr. %jgncsskjg oac tj

ag9 pcrsjg c2 nciijw prksjgcr nrkcg

jr jetjr wmkic mc ks kg pjikec eustj9

ks kgaoksskdic ugicss oac kg tmc

prcscgec jn +csskjg %jurt 6u2c jr

oa2kstratc.

Ogcr s , tmc rcicvagt 0ucstkjg ks

Mj wmjo was tmc 0ucstkjg oacQ

Kn tmc agswcr ks tmat kt was oac tj a pjikec jnnkecr dcijw tmc rag> jn ag

Kgspcetjr kt ks c8eiuc. Ogcr s 1

tmc 0ucstkjg ks MOgcr wmat

ekreuostagecs was tmc ejgncsskjgoacQ Kn tmc agswcr ks tmat tmc

ejgncsskjg was oac wmkic tmc

aeeusc was kg pjikec eustj9 suem a

ejgncsskjg smaii dc c8eiuc ugicss kt

was oac kg tmc koockatc prcscgec

jn tmc +csskjg %jurt Hu2c jr

oa2kstratc. mcsc scetkjgs mavc

knncrcgt rjics tj prjtcet tmc aeeusc.;cejoocgc ;cakg24

"kgsijw. !7. %jgncsskjgs %jgnkroatkjg

ag ;csurrcetkjg4 mc ;cseuc jn

Kgaoksskdic Kgnjroatkjg tj tmc Xjikec.

3aia9a Iaw ;cvkcw. 7. 77.

%ascs4

!. Cg2 +kg v. XX !?#E 3IH !17

(/ccrai %jurt)Vmc tcro Eeustjfy# kg scetkjg N

fjcs gjt gcecssarkiy ocag njroaiarrcstD kt ks sunnkekcgt tmat tmc

aeeuscf eaggjt lj as mc wksmcs.

. XX. v. '2 jm "cg2 !?E ! 3IH

!? (nccrai ejurt)

$cetkjg N fjcs gjt kgvaikfatc statcocgts afoksskdic ugfcr

scetkjg ++( jn tmc 6rkokgai

!rjecfurc 6jfc.

(. 3jm 8j0 $ko v. !! *+NN- /I8

:4 &5klm 6jurt, /aiaya)

$cetkjgs : agf N jn tmc Fvkfcgec

et agf scetkjg ++( jn tmc

6rkokgai !rjecfurc 6jfc fj gjt

appiy tj statcocgts oafc tj ag

cxeksc jnnkecr jr a eustjos jnnkecr.

H. 6mjgl Vcgl v. !! *+N4- /I8

+:( &5klm 6jurt, /aiaya) ejgncsskjg oafc tmrjulm ag

kgtcrprctcr ks afoksskdic ugfcr scetkjg N.

$cc aisj>

,. Aduiiam d. Awag2 Djg2>j>

(!,1) 3IH $

1. Iko +kg2 5kaw v. XX !1,E !

3IH 7,

?. XX v. ag Bcj 5je> !7E 3IH

&#



!$

7. 3u>a dkg 3usa v. XX !1#E &$

3IH ?,

. "ak %mag Icjg2 v. XX !7E &

3IH &,1

!$. Adui magk v. XX !7!E ! 3IH

,!!. XX v. 'jr<kiag dkg =aa>jd * Agjr

!7E ! 3IH ##


%mkg. !77. +tatcocgts d9 Aeeusc

Xcrsjgs kg %ustj9. 3aia9ag Iaw Hjurgai.

&. eikk.

Uc)k$" =0 Fk&)$(cry &ac!c"5M$/ !u)m $- k"-$r!ak$" rc)ck(c'

-r$! a))u&c' !ay 8c pr$(c'5

\mc" a"y -a) k& 'cp$&c' $ a&

'k&)$(crc' k" )$"&c+uc")c $-

k"-$r!ak$" rc)ck(c' -r$! a pcr&$"

a))u&c' $- a"y $--c")c k" mc

)u&$'y $- a p$ik)c $--k)cr? &$ !u)m

$- ma k"-$r!ak$"? /mcmcr mc

k"-$r!ak$" a!$u"& $ a

)$"-c&&k$" $r "$? a& rciac&

'k&k")iy $ mc -a) mcrc8y

'k&)$(crc' !ay 8c pr$(c'5

"mcg tmc aeeusc kg tmc eustj9 jn

tmc pjikec 2kvcs kgnjroatkjg tj tmc

pjikec ag tmat kgnjroatkjg icas tj

tmc ksejvcr9 jn naet (wcapjg) eag

2kvc cvkcgec jn naet sj ouem jn tmat

kgnjroatkjg. Kn tmc kgnjroatkjg icas

tj tmc ksejvcr9 jnn tmc naet tmc tmkg2

was mkcg (pm9skeai naet) tmc

aeeusc >gcw kt was tmcrc

(ps9emjij2keai naet) tj mks >gjwic2c

mc >gcw kt was tmcrc kt ks rcicvagt

naet (s ,) L tmc naet tmc >gknc wasejggcetc tj tmc staddkg2.

!. Xuiuburk "jtayya 3 'r+ v C AK;!#? X% 1?

=5 Emagfra+cbarag 3 'r+ v XX

!?!E ! 3IH !,& (5%)

;a6a A<iag +mam4

M+cetkjg ? appcars tj dc a

ejgecsskjg tj tmc prjsceutkjg. Kn tmc aeeusc

was kg tmc eustj9 jn tmc

pjikec ag 2kvcs

kgnjroatkjg tj tmc pjikec

tmat icas tj tmc ksejvcr9

jn mc naet sj ouem jn tmat

kgnjroatkjg tmat kstkgeti9

rciatcs tj tmc ksejvcr9 jn

tmc naet eag 2kvc cvkcgec

jn tmat kgnjroatkjg. Kt ks ag

c8ecptkjg tj s # , *

1.

Fksejvcr9 L ejgsc0ucgec

Kgnjroatkjg L eausc.

;5 XX v "rk+mga Taj a=i (uru!urtmk

3 'r+ $$$E ! 3IH ?#

Oca"k"% $- mc /$r' k"-$r!ak$"5

45 [cc [a $agl v XX !?E ! 3IH

!$ )5%)

kcas4

&,



!. +jocdj9 crkvcs >gjwic2c.

Fcrkvatkjg jn >gjwic2c nrjo tmc

aeeusc tj a pcrsjg kg autmjrkt9.

. Kopartkg2 jn >gjwic2c.

. "ak %mag Icjg2 v XX !7E &

3IH &,1 &,7.MKt oust aisj dc jdscrvc

tmat tmc ic2ksiaturc ma

suc tmc c8prcsskjg

Nkgnjroatkjg kg s ? agtmcrcnjrc k gjt kgtcg kt

tj mavc tmc saoc ocagkg2

as a statcocgt. Aitmju2m

tmat c8prcsskjg ks gjt

cnkgc kg tmc Aet ugik>c a

statcocgt kt kgeiucs

>gjwic2c crkvc d9 tmc

pcrsjg kgnjroc d9 tmcaeeusc as wcii as tmc

ocags ta>cg tj kopart tmat

>gjwic2c. Xcr ugg

%mkt uag +%H

Oca"k"% $- 'k&)$(cry

%jggjtcs tmc kca jn ejgecaiocgt.

"ktm tmc asskstagec jn tmc aeeusc kt

ks ksejvcrc. Kn tmc pjikec airca9

>gjw jn tmc naets kt ks gjt ksejvcr9.Kt ks rcejvcr9.

XX v /kcw a! cjgl !7E ! 3IH &

+ ? eaggjt dc usc tj turg ag jrkgar9

rcejvcr9 kgtj a ksejvcr9 jn naet.

A 'k&)$(cry &ac!c" 8ck"% a6c"

!u& 8c rc)$r'c'

)$"c!p$ra"c$u&iy ,!acr $- -a)

(cry 'k--k)ui.

XX v Da+rk )kg aikmkg !&E ! A3; !!!.

+kggaurak H was jn tmc jpkgkjg tmc

statcocgt dc tapc rcejrc ag vkcjtapc

(kn pjsskdic). /jiijw Xjikec A %rkokgai

Cvkcgec Aet !7# kg Cg2iag

.

Ou& mc k"-$r!ak$" %k(c" k" & =

%k(c" ($iu"arkiy2

+ ? appcars tj dc ag c8ecptkjg tj s

# , * 1. +cc statcocgt jn ;A+ kgEmagfra+cbarag apprjvc kg (jk

Emkgl &gl v XX !E ! 3IH ,$?.

;a6a A<iag +mam H kg XX v Cr &m "kat

!11E ! 3IH !$ mci tmat cvcg kn tmc

kgnjroatkjg was 2kvcg kgvjiugtarki9 kt ks

stkii aoksskdic ugcr s ?. %ktc ,murtmcii

agf Mugt tmat was rcncrrc tj wktmapprjvai d9 ksejugt ;aeiknnc kg Fuccg v

$urulag Ta!a+a!y !1#E & "I; 1&

1&1 (X%)4

MKt ks wjrtmwmkic tj oa>c

tmc jdscrvatkjg at tmks

pjkgt tmat tmc rcasjg 2kvcg

njr aiijwkg2 kt tj dc prjvc

&1



tmat aeeusc pcrsjg 2avc

kgnjroatkjg tmat ic tj tmc

ksejvcr9 jn a rcicvagt naet

ks gjt rciatc kg ag9 spcekai

wa9 tj tmc oa>kg2 jn a

ejgncsskjg. Kt 0uaiknkcs njr

aoksskjg ag9 suemstatcocgt jr kgnjroatkjg

tmat ok2mt jtmcrwksc dc

suspcetc jg tmc 2rjug jn

a 2cgcrai jd6cetkjg tj tmcrcikadkikt9 jn cvkcgec jn

tmat t9pc.

;a6a A<iag +mam kg Emagfra+cbcarag

(5%)

+ ? ks a ejgecsskjg tj tmc prjsceutkjg. Kt ks

tmc c8prcss kgtcgtkjg jn tmc ic2ksiaturc tmat

cvcg tmju2m suem a statcocgt ks jtmcrwkscmkt d9 scetkjg #:1 ag9 pjrtkjg tmcrcjn ks

gcvcrtmcicss aoksskdic kg cvkcgec kn kt

icas tj tmc ksejvcr9 jn a rcicvagt naet.

mc rcasjg ks tmat skgec tmc ksejvcr9 ktscin

prjvkcs tmc aek tcst tmc trutm jn tmc

statcocgt tmat ic tj tmc ksejvcr9 ks

tmcrcd9 2uaragtcc. Aoksskdkikt9 jn

cvkcgec ugcr s ? ks kg gj wa9 rciatc tj

tmc oa>kg2 jn tmc ejgncsskjg ratmcr suem

cvkcgec ks aokttc jg eicar 2rjugs jnrcicvage9 jr krceti9 ejggcetkg2 tmc

aeeusc wktm tmc jd6cet rcejvcrc.

$jma!cf .c+a Ma+mk! v XX !,E &

3IH &,$ (/%)

+rk ;ao wjrc tmc ic2ksiaturc rjdc L ic2ai

nketkjg. + ? ks sud6cet tj s #. (gjgc jn tmc

eascs sa9). Kt oust dc vjiugtar9. Kt smjui

dc tmc pjike9 jn tmc iaw wmcg suem

ksejvcr9 statcocgt oust dc vjiugtar9.

M kg a guodcr jn Kgkag

eascs kt mas dccg mci tmat

tmc ruic pcrokttkg2

aoksskdkikt9 kg s ? ksag c8ecptkjg (tj scetkjg

, *1) dut kt jcs gjt

0uaikn9 tmc aii pcrvakg2

0uaiknkeatkjg cgaetc kg s#. (^k*ay "u!ar !?7E

%rko IH !1!.) kg jrcr

njr a ejgncsskjg jr jtmcr

statcocgt jr kgnjroatkjg tj

&?



0uaikn9 njr aoksskjg

ugcr scetkjg ? kt oust

mavc dccg oac

vjiugtarki9.

Kg (jk Emkgl &gl v XX (supra) a knncrcgt

pagci jn tmc /% rckgstatc s ? as agkgcpcgcgt prjvkskjg. %mjg2 +kcw /ak %H

at ,#

M wc arc kg ejopictc

a2rccocgt as a oattcr jn pjike9 wktm tmc vkcw

c8prcssc kg tmc 6u2cocgt

jn tmks ejurt kg 3 Fcsa

jn tmc cskradkikt9 as tj tmc

vjiugtarkgcss jn s ?

kgnjroatkjg. 5jwcvcr uc

tj tmc iae> jn iag2ua2c

gc8us dctwccg s ? ag s# . Ag9 cparturc nrjo

tmc cgtrcgemc 6ukekai

kgtcrprctatkjg iak jwg

wjui dc a pjike9 kssuc

dc icnt tj tmc

ic2ksiaturc.

mc /ccrai %jurt sa9 tmat d9 ijj>kg2 at

autmjrkt9 ;A+ kg %magrasc>arag jg s ?

dckg2 a ejgecsskjg tj tmc prjsceutkjg agag c8ecptkjg tj s #:1 kt mas dccg cekc

d9 ijeai eascs tmat tmc statcocgt ks gjtsud6cet tj s #. 'j gc8us dctwccg # ag

?. + ? gjt sud6cet tj s #. mc /% k gjt

wagt tj ksa2rcc wktm +rk ;ao wmj

ejgtcopiatc tmat tmc statcocgt dc

vjiugtccrc. "c mavc s & * s , jn tmc %kvki

Iaw Aet4

M . mcrc ks a vcstc

kserctkjg kg tmc trkai 6u2c

tj c8eiuc cvkcgec wmkem

ks prc6ukekai tj ag aeeusc

cvcg tmju2m tmc sak

cvkcgec oa9 dcMtcemgkeaii9 aoksskdic.

@urak!k Mu+kg v XX !7E ! 3IH ,&?

(%A)

Kg XX v "rk+mga Taj a=i (uru!urtmk 3

'r+ $$$E ! 3IH ?# Bag2 H sak wmkic

tmc /% was okgc tj icavc kt tj tmc

&7



kserctkjg jn tmc trkai 6u2c wmctmcr tj

c8eiuc ag9 cvkcgec tmat oa9 mavc dccg

jdtakgc koprjpcri9 nrjo tmc aeeusc gj

9arstke> was prcserkdc tj cgadic tmc

6u2c tj cekc wmcg suem cvkcgec smjui

dc c8eiuc. Kt ks tmcrcnjrc eicar tmat tmc

tcst jn aoksskdkikt9 jn cvkcgec ugcr s ?wmcg vjiugtarkgcss ks kg kssuc ks wmctmcr

tmc prc6ukekai cnncet jn kts aoksskjg

wjui jutwck2m kts prjdatkvc vaiuc.

!. Xuiu>urk Bjtta9a v. Bkg2 Copcrjr

(!#?) AK; X% 1?

Vmc naet fksejvcrcf codraecs tmc

piaec nrjo wmkem tmc jd`cet ks

prjfuecf agf tmc 0gjwicflc jn tmc

aeeuscf as tj tmks. 2gec tmc naetsfksejvcrcf arc kfcgtknkcf, tmcg

kgnjroatkjg rciatkgl spceknkeaiiy tj suem naets oay dc affuecf.

. Vag 5ugl $jgl v. < *+:+- /I8

+C+ &6jurt jn 6rkokgai ppcai,

$kglapjrc)

$cetkjg 1 ks gjt kgtcgfcf tj afokt

a ejgncsskjg lcgcraiiy, jgiy sjouem jn tmc kgnjroatkjg as

fkstkgetiy rciatcs tj tmc naet

fksejvcrcf.

(. !! v. $agfra /arlarct ?krem

*+11- + /I8 + &5klm 6jurt, /aiaya)

$cetkjg 1 stagfs dy ktscin agf ks

gjt adrjlatcf dy scetkjg ++( jn tmc6rkokgai !rjecfurc 6jfc.

H. !!. v. Ikcw $ao $cjgl *+C- +

/I8 ( &5klm 6jurt, /aiaya)

$cetkjg 1 eaggjt dc uscf tj turg

ag jrfkgary rcejvcry kgtj a fksejvcry jn

naet.

:. 3rksmgag v. !! *+C1- + /I8

&$uprcoc 6jurt)

statcocgt ks gjt afoksskdic

ugfcr scetkjg 1 kn kt smjws ojrc

tmag kgnjroatkjg wmkem fkstkgetiy

rciatcs tj tmc naets fksejvcrcf.

N. \ak 6mag Icjgl v. !! *+C- (

/I8 (:N &$uprcoc 6jurt)

&



Mjr scetkjg 1 tj appiy, tmc

kgnjroatkjg oust dc suem as mas

eauscf fksejvcry jn naet.

$cc aisj>

?. @uccg v. 3uru2ag ;aoasao9 !1,E

A. %. !7. +uo Buo +cg2 v. XX !7!E !

3IH ##

. Xae>kao * Agjr v. XX !?E !3IH #?

!$. ag 5ug2 +ug2 v. ;. !,!E !?

3IH !7!

!!. 5asmko * Agjr v. XX !,1E 3IH

&&

!. XX v. Haoaik d. Agag !7,E

3IH &

!&. %mjg2 +jjg Bj9 v. XX !??E

3IH ?7!#. XX. v . 'jr<kiag =aa>jd * Agjr

!7E ! 3IH ##

!,. +atksm %magra +cai * Jrs. v.

Copcrjr !#,E AK; %ai. !&?

!1. XX v. ag Bcj 5je> !7E 3IH

!$

!?. Iag Bcc 5j v. XX !7#E ! 3IH

!!$

!7. Iuo Buo +cg2 v. XX !7!E !3IH ## %mjj =j>c %mj9 v. XX

!E 3IH 1&

!. XX. v. +markn +aa !E 3IH??$

$. XX. v. Dasrk +aikmkg !&E ! %IH

#$

!. Xag2 %mcc 3cg2 v. XX !E !

3IH !&?

Tcej!!cgfcf Tcafkgl+5

!. 3jm A>rao. !$. mc +ejpc jn

+cetkjg ? jn tmc Cvkcgec Aet.

%urrcgt Iaw Hjurgai. !. Xart !. 88.

. 3jm A>rao. !$. mc +ejpc jn

+cetkjg ? jn tmc Cvkcgec Aet.

%urrcgt Iaw Hjurgai. !. Xart KK.

888kkk.

\CCB

44 AFOKUUKJG H EJGNCUUKJG0

#ATV =%asc iaw4

Xcr Duma2kar H kg 'jjr

3jmaoc v Xaiagkvciu *

#$



"mcg a pcrsjg ks emar2c wktm

rce>icss rkvkg2 ag mc oa>cs ag

aoksskjg ag mc was njug 2ukit9 mc

ks ejgvketc d9 mks aoksskjg. Kn

jeeurs a oa6jr kg6ur9 ag tmc piakgtknn

drkg2s a ekvki sukt njr ag aetkjg jg

gc2ik2cgec tmc piakgtknn wagts tjaokt tmc pica jn 2ukit9 as cvkcgec.

mc pica ks kg a knncrcgt ejurt. mc

ejgvketkjg ks gjt rcicvagt. Kn tmc pica

ks dasc jg tmc aoksskjg kt ksrcicvagt jg naet kg kssuc jr rcicvagt

naet ugcr s !?(!) !7 , * !.

Agjr !,1E 3IH !!# !!14

5jiikg2tjg v / 5cwtmjrg *

%j It !#&E BD ,7?

1$$.

mc Cgl (cb v .& .c kiva

!,?E 3IH ,,

mc ejgvketkjg jn jgc jn tmc cncgagts njr

earcicss rkvkg2 was mci tj dc

kgaoksskdic as cvkcgec jn mks gc2ik2cgec

kg prjecckg2s njr aoa2cs jg tmat 2rjuga2akgst mko ag mks copij9cr. mc oakg

rcasjg njr tmc cekskjg was tmat tmc

ejgvketkjg ocrci9 prjvc tmat agjtmcr

ejurt aetkg2 jg cvkcgec tmat was

ug>gjwg tj tmc trkdugai tr9kg2 tmc ekvki

prjecckg2s was jn jpkgkjg tmat tmc

cncgagt was 2ukit9 jn earcicss rkvkg2.

(/jr ojrc rcncrcgec scc %rjss * appcr at pp. ,:1.)

Uc)k$" =0 E$"-c&&k$" !a'c a-cr

mc k!prc&&k$" )au&c' 8y

k"'u)c!c"? mrca $r pr$!k&c ma&

8cc" -uiiy rc!$(c'5

6asc>

Aduiiam dkg Awag2 Djg2>j> v. XX

!,1E 3IH $ (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)

ejgncsskjg ks afoksskdic kn kt ks oafcantcr tmc kgfuecocgt ks rcojvcf.

%mjg2 cg v. XX !1$E 1 3IH !,&

Uc)k$" =30 E$"-c&&k$" $mcr/k&crcic(a" '$c& "$ 8c)$!c krrcic(a"

k- k k& !a'c0

• Ogcr prjoksc jn scerce9

• Ogcr cecptkjg

• "mcg aeeusc was rug> wmctmcr

vjiugtarki9 jr kgvjiugtarki9

• Kg agswcr tj 0ucstkjg wmkem mcgcc gjt mavc agswcrc ag

"ktmjut wargkg2 tmat mc was gjt

djug tj oa>c kt ag mks cvkcgec

ok2mt dc usc a2akgst mko.

!. XX v. ag +caw %muag !7,E ! 3IH

&!7. XX v. 'cj "ag Bcc !7,E ! 3IH &17

&. 'a<kr Amoa v. Bkg2 Copcrjr !&1E

AK; X% ,&

\KVMJSV #TCLSFKEC

EJOOSGKEAVKJG

A >kg jn prkvkic2c tmat ks kopjrtagt

tj >gjw. Kt mas a spcekai ocagkg2 njriaw9crs. Kg tmc pudike kgtcrcst kn tmcrc

ks a rcai ksputc dctwccg tmc partkcs

tr9 tj scttic jut jn ejurt. "mcg tmcrc

Tu+m 3 ,j!bkg+ /tf v (rcatcr /jgfjg

Ejugeki 3 &gjr !77E & Aii C; ?&? ?#$.Mmc wktmjut prc6ukec

ruic ks a ruic 2jvcrgkg2 tmc

aoksskdkikt9 jn cvkcgec

ag ks njugc jg tmc

pudike pjike9 jn

cgejura2kg2 iktk2agts tj

#!



ks aetuai iktk2atkjg ejgtcopiatc

dctwccg tmc partkcs ejguet tj

gc2jtkatc a sctticocgt. Furkg2

gc2jtkatkjgs partkcs oac a ijt jn

aoa2kg2 aoksskjg wktm a vkcw tj

scttic jut jn ejurt. Kn tmat gc2jtkatkjg

nakis ag tmcg 2j tj ejurt kn wagt tjaokt aoa2kg2 statcocgts oac

urkg2 gc2jtkatkjg tmcsc statcocgts

arc prjtcetc d9 scetkjg & wktmjut

prc6ukec statcocgts. "ktmjut prc6ukec tj tmc rk2mts jn tmc partkcs

ejgeurrc. mc ejurt ks gjt awarc jn

tmcsc statcocgts at tmc tkoc.

+cetkjg &4 Aoksskjg kg ekvki eascs

wmcg rcicvagt

Kg ekvki eascs gj aoksskjg ks rcicvagt

kn kt ks oac cktmcr upjg ag c8prcssejgktkjg tmat cvkcgec jn kt ks gjt tj

dc 2kvcg jr ugcr ekreuostagecs

nrjo wmkem tmc ejurt eag kgncr tmat

tmc partkcs a2rcc tj2ctmcr tmat

cvkcgec jn kt smjui gjt dc 2kvcg.

C8piagatkjg L 'jtmkg2 kg tmks scetkjg

smaii dc ta>cg tj c8copt ag9 avjeatc

nrjo 2kvkg2 cvkcgec jn ag9 oattcr jn

wmkem mc oa9 dc ejopciic tj 2kvc

cvkcgec ugcr scetkjg !1.

scttic tmckr knncrcgecs

ratmcr tmag iktk2atc tmco tj

a nkgksm.

ejgktkjgs4

!. Iktk2atkjg ejgtcopiatcG ksputc

. Kgtcgtkjg tj scttic.

Jgec gc2jtkatkjg sueecssnui tj cekc tmc

tcros jr tmc ejst jeeurrc eag 2kvc

cvkcgec jn suem tcros.+ & wkii appi9 wmcg tmcrc ks gc2jtkatkjg

dctwccg ksputkg2 partkcs wktm tmc ako jn

2cgukgc scttikg2 tmc ksputc.

/jr s & tj appi9 tmcrc oust dc a ksputc

ag a ejoougkeatkjg tj scttic tmat smjui

su22cst tcros njr tmc scttikg2 tmc ksputc.

mc usc jn tmc wjr wktmjut prc6ukec ks

gjt ejgeiuskvc. 3a9 usc kt as a tmrcat wktmgj scrkjus attcopt tj scttic. mks wkii

cpcg jg tmc kgtcgtkjg jn gc2jtkatkjgs.

Xcr %mag2 3kg at /H kg $aiayag

Dagbkgl Dmf v 8jj cc $jk !7!E

3IH !? !7.

Xcr Adui 3aik> Ksma> H kg 'm "uagl

/kagl v &++jekatcf \jjf -gfu+trkc+ fg

Dmf !,E # 3IH &$ &#4

Xcr Adui 3aik> Ksma> H kg .u+ug .c+aru

fg Dmf v \agl &m [u !E , 3IH

## #,#:#,7.

/k! ,*jcg "jgl v &D Emcw -gvc+t!cgt+

Xtc /tf !!E & 3IH #.

Tu+m 3 ,j!bkg+ /tf v (rcatcr /jgfjg

Ejugeki 3 &gjr !77E & Aii C; ?&? ?#$.

\ak(cr $- mc prk(kic%c

Xcr %jjoaraswao9 H kg &D Emcw

-gvc+t!cgt+ Xtc /tf v /k! ,*jcg "jgl

!7E & 3IH &7 &&!:&&.

$e,allart v $e,allart !#E X #.Mmc prkvkic2c oa9 dc wakvc d9 tmc

pcrsjg cgtktic tj eiako kt cktmcr c8prcssi9

jr d9 aiijwkg2 cvkcgec tj dc 2kvcg jn

oattcrs kg rcspcet jn wmkem prkvkic2c ok2mtmavc dccg eiakoc4 !? 5aisdur9s Iaws jn

Cg2iag (#tm c) para &,

#



Uc)k$" ;<5 E$"-c&&k$" a%ak"& )$*

a))u&c'

%jgncsskjg d9 jgc pcrsjg ks ta>cg

kgtj ejgskcratkjg a2akgst

agjtmcr kn4

djtm arc trkc 6jkgti9

• tmc9 arc trkc njr tmc saocjnncgec

• ejgncsskjg ks ic2aii9 prjvc ag

• ejgncsskjg jn tmc 2ukit anncets tmc

oa>cr ag tmc jtmcrs.

mc eurrcgt pjsktkjg4

As a2akgst ag aeeusc pcrsjg tmc

ejgncsskjg jn a ej:aeeusc ejui pia9

a suppjrtkvc rjic ag eag njro a dasks

jn a ejgvketkjg. Kt was mci tmat tmc

gaturai kgtcrprctatkjg jn scetkjg &$ sks

tmat kt aiijws tmc ejgvketkjg jn ag

aeeusc tj dc sustakgc sjici9 jg tmc

dasks jn a ejgncsskjg d9 mks ej:

aeeusc prjvkc tmc cvkcgec

coagatkg2 nrjo tmc ejgncsskjgsatksnkcs tmc ejurt dc9jg rcasjgadic

judt jn tmc aeeuscs 2ukit. Kg

scetkjg & jn tmc Cvkcgec Aet !,$

wmkem uscs tmc wjr kgeiucs oa>cs

tmc cnkgktkjg jn cvkcgec ag

c8tcgskvc jgc. Kg ejgtrast tj tmc

sktuatkjg kg Kgka kg 3aia9ska

ejgncsskjgs d9 ej:aeeusc pcrsjgsoa9 dc kgeiuc kg tmc wmjic dj9 jn

wmat ks ugcrstjj tj dc cvkcgec

wktmkg tmc pcrkoctcrs sct d9 jur

Cvkcgec Aet. ( XX v Fatj +crk

Agwar Kdramko * Agjr $$!E & %IH

&!& &??:&7,.)

!. 'jikaga dtc +uiakoag v XX $$$E !

%IH &1

. XX v Fatj +crk Agwar Kdramko *

Agjr $$!E & %IH &!& &??:&7,.

&. +mag>arka v +tatc jn ;a6astmag AK;

!?7E +uprcoc %jurt !#7 !,.

#. Adui ;asmk * Agjr v XX !#E !+I; !!

,. Icc =uag Bwag2 * Jrs v XX !,E

+I; &#

1. XX v ;j<oaag dkg Husjm * Agjr!E +I; !7!

?. Fatj 3j>mtar masmko * Agjr v XX

!7&E 3IH & 11.

7. Iko %mjw =jjg v XX !?E ! 3IH

$,

. Dmudjgk +amu v mc Bkg2 AK; !#E

X% ,?

!$. 5cremug +kg2m * Jrs v XX !1E 3IH $

!!. Hurakok 5uskg v XX !7E %IH &7&

!. =ap %mak %mak * Agjr v XX !?&E !

3IH !

!&. %mkg +cjw 'jk * Jrs v XX !#E !

+I; !&,

!#. ;aoaemagrag aGi +uppkam * Agjr v

XX !&E +I; 1?!

XX. v. 'jrkg Hjmag !7&E 3IH

! (/ccrai %jurt)

!,. Basmokra +kg2m v. statc jn 3amva

Xracsm (!,) AK; +%. !,

#. XX. v. =cjm cem %m9c ag Iko 5jg2

* Agjr. !7!E 3IH !?1

,. 3atassag 56. +crukg * Jrs. v. XX

!7?E ! 3IH ,#

1. Xarao 5ags =aas v. +tatc jn Dkmar

!7?E +%% $!?. XX. v. 3ustark +urk !7E 3IH ??

7. +ko Am %mcjm * Jrs. v. XX !!E

3IH &,&

. Iko Bmcg2 Djjg * Jrs. v. XX. !!E

3IH ?7

;cejoocgc ;cakg24

3jm A>rao. !7. mc Cvkcgtkai aiuc

jn a ;ctraetc %jgncsskjg ag %jgncsskjg

jn a %j: Aeeusc Ogcr +cetkjg &$ jn mc

Cvkcgec Aet. %urrcgt Iaw Hjurgai. .

&&,.

#&



Tcra)c' E$"-c&&k$"5

;ctraetkjg jn ejgncsskjg jcs gjt

kgvaikatc tmc jrk2kgai ejgncsskjg. Kt

puts tmc ejurt jg kg0ukr9 as tj tmc

vaiuc ag wck2mt jn tmc jrk2kgai

ejgncsskjg kts vjiugtar9 emaraetcr

ag prjdadkikt9 jn kts dckg2 truc.

!. =ap +jw Bcjg2 v. XX !#?E 3IH $

. Jsoag * Agjr. v XX !1?E ! 3IH

!&?

&. +agtmkaas v. XX !?$E 3IH #!

#. Adui magk v. +tatc jn OX !?&E

AK; +% 1#

,. XX. v. 3ustark +urk !7E 3IH ??

;cejoocgc ;cakg2s4

!. 3jm A>rao. !7. mc Cvkcgtkai

aiuc jn a ;ctraetc %jgncsskjg

ag %jgncsskjg jn a %j: Aeeusc

Ogcr +cetkjg &$ jn mc Cvkcgec

Aet. %urrcgt Iaw Hjurgai. . &&,.

. 5cjg2. !7!. Aoksskdkikt9 ag Cnncet

jn C8euipatjr9 +tatcocgts kg

%rkokgai %ascs. 3aia9ag Iaw

Hjurgai. . 88k.

&. 5. +kg2m. !?#. Agaojikcs kg tmc

Iaw jg %jgncsskjg. 3aia9ag Iaw Hjurgai.

. 8iv

Uc)k$" ;40 A'!k&&k$"& "$

)$")iu&k(c pr$$- 8u !ay c&$p5

Aoksskjgs arc gjt ejgeiuskvc prjjn

jn tmc oattcrs aokttc dut tmc9 oa9

jpcratc as cstjppcis ugcr tmc prjvkskjgs mcrckgantcr ejgtakgc.

Aoksskjgs arc gjt ejgeiuskvc dut eag

rcdut. Xartkcs rcikc jg tmat aoksskjg

emag2c mks pjsktkjg oa9 cstjp tmat pcrsjg

nrjo cg9kg2 tmc ejgtrar9. =ju arc

cstjppc nrjo cg9kg2 tmat naet kn jtmcr part9 sunncr a ctrkocgt.

Ogcr scetkjg &! aoksskjgs arc gjt

ejgeiuskvc prjjn jn tmc oattcr aokttc dut

oa9 jpcratc as cstjppcis ugcr scetkjgs

!!, ag !!? jn tmc Cvkcgec Aet !,$.

\CCB

4= Vmc Tuic A%ak"& Mcar&ay5

• 3cagkg2 ag ;atkjgaic njr

C8eiuskjg.

mc ;uic A2akgst 5carsa9 c8eiucs

jut:jn:ejurt asscrtkjgs wmcrc suem

cvkcgec ks usc tj annkro tmc trutm jn

naets ejgtakgc kg tmco ag wmcrc tmc

oa>crs arc gjt wktgcsscs. mc

jd6cetkjg tj mcarsa9 ks tmat tmc

cvkcgec eaggjt dc tcstc kg ejurt tmc

oa>crs gjt dckg2 avakiadic tj 2kvc

Kt ks kopjrtagt tj ctcrokgc wmctmcr ag jut:

jn:ejurt statcocgt ks mcarsa9 jr gjt as

cojgstratc kg $udraoagkao v. !! !,1E

! "I; 1,

Kg tmks easc tmc statcocgts kg kssuc wcrctmrcats aiic2ci9 oac d9 tcrrjrksts tj tmc

aeeusc wmj picac urcss tj tmc emar2c

jn ugiawnui pjsscsskjg jn nkrcaros. mc

trkai 6u2c c8eiuc tmc tmrcats as dckg2 ag

jut:jn:ejurt asscrtkjg ag tmus mcarsa9.mc Xrkv9 %jugeki ceiarc tmat tmc tmrcats

wcrc wrjg2i9 c8eiuc njr tmc9 wcrc gjt

##



cvkcgec. 5jwcvcr tmc ruic ks sud6cet

tj a guodcr jn c8ecptkjgs.

mc Cvkcgec Aet !,$ jcs gjt

cnkgc mcarsa9 aitmju2m +tcpmcg

eicari9 kgtcgc tj c8eiuc suem

cvkcgec. Kgstca tmc Aet stkpuiatcstmc ekreuostagecs wmcrc jut:jn:ejurt

statcocgts arc aoksskdic tmat ks kt

ceiarcs Nrcicvagt ecrtakg t9pcs jn

jut:jn:ejurt statcocgts suem asaoksskjgs ejgncsskjgs 9kg2

ceiaratkjgs ag duskgcss rcejrs.

+kgec jgi9 Nrcicvagt naets arc

aoksskdic kt njiijws tmat ag jut:jn:

ejurt statcocgt tmat jcs gjt naii kgtj

ag9 jn tmjsc eatc2jrkcs ks Nkrrcicvagt

ag kgaoksskdic. (+cc aisj scetkjg 1$

jn tmc Cvkcgec Aet !,$.)

mcarsa9. mc9 ruic4

MCvkcgec jn a statcocgt oac tj a

wktgcss d9 a pcrsjg wmj ks gjt mkoscin

eaiic as a wktgcss oa9 jr oa9 gjt dc

mcarsa9. Kt ks mcarsa9 ag kgaoksskdic

wmcg tmc jd6cet jn tmc cvkcgec ks tj

cstadiksm tmc trutm jn wmat ks ejgtakgckg tmc statcocgt. Kt ks gjt mcarsa9 ag

aoksskdic wmcg kt ks prjpjsc tj

cstadiksmc d9 tmc cvkcgec gjt tmc trutm

jn tmc statcocgt dut tmc naet tmat kt wasoac.

K k& a'!k&&k8ic pr$(k'c' ma k k&

rcic(a"5

%ascs4

!. ;c +jj Icjt !,1E 3IH ,# (5k2m

%jurt 3aia9a). Icjg2 5jg2 Bmkc v. XX ag jg2

"ak v. XX !71E 3IH $1

(/ccrai %jurt)

$cc aisj>

&. '2 Iak 5uat v. XX !$E 3IH

#?

#. ;attcg v. ; !?E A% &?7

,. "aitjg v. @uccg !7E 1& AIH;

1

1. cpcr v. ; !,E A% #7$

?. 'amar +kg2m v. Xag2 5jg %mkg

!71E 3IH !#!


!. %mag2 3kg at. !??. mc 5carsa9

;uic. 3aia9ag Iaw Hjurgai. . k

. %. +kg2m. !7!. 5carsa9 Cvkcgec.

3aia9ag Iaw Hjurgai. . ei888vkkk.

&. 3jm A>rao. !$. 5carsa9

Cvkcgec. %urrcgt Iaw Hjurgai. . kkk.

#. J2crs mc 5carsa9 ;uic4 A jetrkgc

kg ;ctrcatQ A ;cappraksai jn tmc5carsa9 ;uic kg +kg2apjrc (!$)

& 3aia9a Iaw ;cvkcw &

,. 3jm A>rao. !$.5carsa9 ;uic agtmc Cvkcgec Aet !,$. %urrcgt

Iaw Hjurgai . !. k.

1. %aopdcii. !?!. 'jtc 5carsa9

Cvkcgec jn %jgspkrae9. 3aia9a

Iaw ;cvkcw. &#. !?

#,



C)cpk$"&0

Uc)k$" ;=5 Uac!c"& $- #cr&$"&

\m$ Ea""$ Dc Eaiic' a&

\k"c&&c&.

Dcnjrc wc eag aokt mcarsa9

cvkcgec ugcr scetkjg & oust ia9 a

njugatkjg.

# rcasjgs tj aokt mcarsa9 cvkcgec.

!. 3a>cr wmj mas skgec kc.

(j prjvc catm L tj drkg2 tmc

catm ecrtknkeatc jr tmc

wktgcss mas sccg mko kc jr

ugcr s !$7 kn tmc pcrsjg ma

gjt dccg mcar jn kg gjt icsstmag ? 9cars d9 tmc pcjpic

wmjo mc wjui mavc

ejoougkeatc tmc ejurt eag

raw a prcsuoptkjg).

. 3a>cr eaggjt dc njug antcr

kik2cgt scarem.

&. 5c mas dccg kgeapadic jn

2kvkg2 cvkcgec dceausc jn

mks kiigcss jn dj9 ag okg.

#. 5c ks jut jn 6urksketkjg ag

tj eaii mko wjui eausc

ugui9 cia9 ag c8pcgsc.

+tatcocgts oac d9 suem pcrsjgs arc

rcicvagt kg tmc eascs jutikgc kg paras

(a) tj (m) jn tmc Aet. Dcnjrc a

statcocgt eag dc auec ugcr ag9

jn tmc sak paras (a) tj (m) jgc tmcnjur prcejgktkjgs ocgtkjgc adjvc

oust nkrst dc satksnkc. Kn tmks ks gjt

satksnkc tmcg tmc jut:jn:ejurt

statcocgt eaggjt dc auec.

k! ,kcw Dcc v XX !?&E 3IH $$.)

Dcnjrc cvkcgec eag dc auec ugcr

scetkjg & tmc ic2ai njugatkjg oust dc

iak.

Jtmcr rcicvagt easc4 atk+m Emagfra cai v

C!#crjr (!##) %ai ?1.

Uc)k$" ;=,a. Fyk"% 'c)iarak$"

mc ejgecpt ugcr tmc ejc ks wkc

tmag kg ejoojg iaw. Kt kgeiucsstatcocgts oac d9 tmc cecasc as tj

eausc jn catm jr ekreuostagecs jn

tragsaetkjg rciatkg2 tj mks catm. Kt

aisj appikcs tj ekvki ag erkokgai

eascs.

!. =cj 5je> %mcg2 v ; !&E

3IH !4. Xabaia Garayaga wa!k v

"kgl C!#crjr . !&E 3IH

,

Xcr Adui 3aik> Ksma> H kg [jgl "jgl ,ak

v aik! )kg @aiai 3 &gjr !?E 3IH

&7$ &77:&7 a ejoojg scgtkocgt was

#1



mc ijeai iaw ks drjacr kg & wa9s.

!. Ogcr ejoojg iaw 9kg2

ceiaratkjg rciatcs tj

mjokekc

. %kreuostagecs jn tragsaetkjg

tmat rciatcs tj eausc jn catmks gjt ejvcrc ugcr ejoojg

iaw.

&. Ogcr ejoojg iaw njr 9kg2

ceiaratkjg tj dc aokttctmc statcocgt oust dc oac

tmc ceiaratkjg iadjurkg2

ugcr mjpcicss kookgcgt jn

catm. Dut kn cgtcrtakg a ikttic

dct jn mjpc tmat ks gjt a

9kg2 ceiaratkjg.

c8prcssc wmcrc tmc 6u2c pjkgtc jut tmc

knncrcgec dctwccg tmc ejoojg iaw ag

tmc Cvkcgec Aet wktm rcspcet tj 9kg2

ceiaratkjg. Ogcr tmc ejoojg iaw tmc

9kg2 ceiaratkjg jgi9 kg mjokekc easc

ag kn tmc vketko ks iadjurkg2 ugcr a

scttic mjpcicssgcss jn catm ag kn tmcvketko cgtcrtakg ag kjta jn judt jn mks

catm tmat wjui gjt dc a 9kg2

ceiaratkjg. mc knncrcgec jgi9 2jcs tj

wck2mt. Kiiustratkjg (a) smjws tmat kt ksrceckvadic kg ekvki as wcii as kg erkokgai

eascs.

+cetkjg &(a) ks drjai9 wjrc vks:U:vks

tmc ejoojg iaw. Kn tmc statcocgt rciatcs tj

tmc eausc jn mks catm jr rciatcs tj tmc

ekreuostagecs jn tmc catm ks aisj

ejgskcrc oa>kg2 a 9kg2 ceiaratkjg.

Kg [c$ M$)6 Emc"% ( T !&E

3IH ! tmc aoksskdkikt9 jn tmc

statcocgts aiic2c tj mavc dccg

oac d9 tmc cecasc was kg kssuc.

Jgc was oac !! a9s dcnjrc mcr

catm tj mcr natmcr ag tmc jtmcr jg

tmc cvcgkg2 jn mcr catm tj mcr

skstcr.mc nkrst statcocgt was

ccoc tj dc kgaoksskdic dceausckt ks tjj rcojtc ag gjt ejggcetc

wktm tmc catm. Kt ks gjt prj8koatci9rciatc. mc ejggcetkjg ks tjj nar

ag krrcicvagt. mc statcocgt jg tmc

cvc jn mcr catm njro tmc

tragsaetkjg tmat rciatcs tj tmc

ekreuostagecs jn mcr catm. mc

statcocgt was prj8koatci9 rciatc

tj mcr catm ag rcicvagt tj tmc naet

kg kssuc ag rcicvagt ugcr scetkjg

&(a).

;ci9kg2 jg a icakg2 Kgkag easc jn Xabaia

Garayaga wa!k v "kgl C!#crjr !&E3IH , kt was mci tmat tmc ekreuostagecs

jn tmc tragsaetkjg wcrc prj8koatci9

ejggcetc kc tmc naet kg kssuc wcrc rcicvagt

ugcr scetkjg & wmcrc tmc ekreuostagecsejgstktutkg2 tmc tragsaetkjg jn tmc eausc jn

catm ks rcicvagt tj tmc aoksskdkikt9 jn tmc

9kg2 ceiaratkjg. mc sejpc ks wkcr tmag

tmc ejoojg iaw.

#?



Kg Djjta kglm v XX !&&E 3IH !, antcr

tmc aeeusc ma ksturdc 5B tmc wknc

oac a pjikec rcpjrt ojgtms dcnjrc mcr

catm. mc prjsceutkjg tcgcrc tmat tmc

cvkcgec ks rcicvagt ugcr scetkjg &

dceausc kt was a tragsaetkjg tmat rciatcs tjtmc eausc jn catm. 5jwcvcr kt was mci

tmat tmc statcocgt oac ojgtms dcnjrc

was tcrrkdi9 rcojtc sj kg wmat wa9 ks tmc

statcocgt ejggcetcQ

A 'yk"% 'c)iarak$" )a" 8c !a'c k"

a"y -$r!5 K )a" 8c k" mc -$r! $-

)$"'u) $r k!pikc' a&&crk$".

45 Emagfra+cbcra aika+

&ik+agfkrk !&E A% $

=5 T v &)fuiiam !77? Aii

A 'yk"% 'c)iarak$" $ 8c k"

/rkk"%? mc a)uai /$r'& $- mc

'c)ca&c' !u& 8c rc)$r'c'.

"mcrc a 9kg2 ceiaratkjg ks oac kg

agswcr tj 0ucstkjgs tmcg tmc 0ucstkjgs

smjui dc rcejrc. Kn tmc statcocgt ks

ta>cg jwg kg wrktkg2 d9 pcrsjg suem as

tmc pjikec jr a gursc as nar as pjsskdic

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kgtrjuec mks jwg jpkgkjg wmkem ks

mcarsa9.

Xcr Drk22s A2 H kg Garag*ag kglm v XX

!#E 3IH ! !&4

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ojrc tmat kt ks cskradictmat wmcrc a cpjsktkjg ks

oac kg agswcr tj

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smjui smjw tmc 0ucstkjgs

as>c ag tmc agswcrs

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aitmju2m a ctakic rcejr

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45 T v agtjbm kglm !&&E

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jn tmc cecasc tmcrc ks gj rcasjg wm9 wc

eaggjt aokt tmjsc 9kg2 ceiaratkjg. Kt

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!. ,jm /ak Mcgl v T !1!E 3IH

,&

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3IH #,

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statcocgt gjt oac jg jatm ag wmkem ma

gjt dccg sudokttc tj tmc tcst jn erjss:

c8aokgatkjg.

45 $jma!cf )kg &iia#ktemay 3

'r+ v T !,7E 3IH !? !.

=5 Gc!)marf v T !7E ! Aii

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scgtkocgt.

"mcg a 9kg2 ceiaratkjg was put kg

cvkcgec tmc 6u2c oust dc awarc jn tmc

pcrtkgcgt naet tmat a 9kg2 ceiaratkjg ks gjt

oac jg jatm ag ks gjt sud6cet tj erjss:

c8aokgatkjg. mc 6u2c oust dc ejgsekjus

jn tmks naet tmat tmc erckdkikt9 jn tmc

cecasc ks gjt tcstc ag dceausc jn tmks kt

ks aisj a rc0ukrcocgt tmat tmc 9kg2ceiaratkjg oust dc erckdic.

K k& c&&c"kai ma mc )$ur a&&c&&

mc )rc'k8kiky $- mc 'c)ca&c'

8c-$rc rciyk"% $" mc &ac!c"

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aokttc oust dc oac d9 a erckdicwktgcss. Kn tmc wktgcss ks gjt ejopctcgt tmc

ejurt eaggjt rceckvc suem 9kg2

ceiaratkjg.

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45 &)fui attar v tatc AK; !,1

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AK; !1 !,.

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dc ejrrjdjratc.

!. Gc!)marf v T !7E ! Aii

C; !7& (X%)

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Ta! 3 'r+ !$E ! %IH !$?

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tmat wc gcc tj ejrrjdjratc a 9kg2

ceiaratkjg. Kt wkii cpcg jg tmc

ekreuostagecs jn tmc easc.

!. Djjta +kg2m v. XX !&&E3IH !, (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)

Vmc jutAjnAejurt asscrtkjg oust

mavc prjxkokty tj tmc eausc jn tmc

oa0cr#s fcatm, jr tj agy jn tmc

ekreuostagecs tmat rcsuitcf kg mks

fcatm.

. 3ar9 +mko v. XX !1E

3IH !& (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)Vmc mkstjry jn mcr kiigcss as rciatcf

dy tmc fcecascf tj tmc fjetjr

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scetkjg (.

&. Jg2 5cr 5je> v. XX

!7?E 3IH #, (%jurt jn

%rkokgai Appcai +kg2apjrc)

Vmc rcejiicetkjg jn tmc iast wjrfsjn a fykgl oag dy a wktgcss wmj

mcarf tmc aetuai wjrfs at tmc

secgc oay prjpcriy dc rceckvcf kg

cvkfcgec.

#. %mag Xmuat Bmjjg v. XX

!1E 7 3IH !& (5k2m %jurt

3aia9a)

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,. jm Iak 5cg2 v. ; (!1!)

? 3IH !$# (%jurt jn %rkokgaiAppcai +kg2apjrc)

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&$. !?7.

+cetkjg &(d)4 +tatcocgts oac kg

jrkgar9 ejursc jn duskgcss ag

ejgskstkg2 jn tmc njiijwkg24

a) Cgtr9 kg djj>s wmkem arc >cpt

kg jrkgar9 ejursc jn duskgcss

jr kg ksemar2c jn

prjncsskjgai ut9

d) Ae>gjwic2cocgt jn rceckpt

jn ojgc9 2jjs sceurktkcs jr

prjpcrt9 jn ag9 >kg wrkttcg

jr sk2gc d9 mko.

e) Fjeuocgts usc kg ejoocrec

usuaii9 atc wrkttcg jr

sk2gc d9 mko.

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(d) (e) () (2) ag (6).

6ascs>

1. +ko kcw Dcc v. XX !?&E 3IH $$

(/ccrai %jurt)

g jutAjnAejurt statcocgt oafc kg

tmc ejursc jn duskgcss ks

afoksskdic kn kt ks prjvcf tmat tmc

oa0cr jn kt ks fcaf, jr eaggjt dc

njugf, jr mas dcejoc kgeapadic,jr wmjsc attcgfagec eaggjt dc

prjeurcf.

4. +9ark>at Hcg2>a v. Adui ;asmk

!7!E ! 3IH $! (/ccrai %jurt)

?cnjrc a statcocgt eag dc

afoksskdic ugfcr scetkjg (&d), kt

oust dc prjvcg tj mavc dccg oafc

kg tmc jrfkgary ejursc jn duskgcss.

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5. X; v. Ikg Am 5jk !E %IH !&?,

#. '2 =ku Bwj> * Jrs. v. XX !7E&3IH !11

+cetkjg & (e) : +tatcocgts a2akgst

tmc kgtcrcst jn tmc oa>cr.

+cin:kgtcrcst kguecs a oag tj dceautkjus ag mc ks gjt ik>ci9 tj oa>c a

statcocgt tj mks jwg ctrkocgt

ugicss kt ks truc.

Kgtcrcst a2akgst wmkem ceiaratkjgs arc

oac4

(a) Xceugkar9 kgtcrcstc

(d) Xrjprkctar9 kgtcrcst

(e) Kgtcrcst kg cseapkg2 erkokgai

prjsceutkjg c.2. ejgncsskjg jn

aeeusc wmj ks ca kopikeatkg2

mkoscin ag ag aeejopikec kg a

%ascs4

!. ; v. JVDrkcg !?7E ! +.%. ,!

. 5k2mao v. ;k2wa9 !7$7E !$

Cast !$7

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Aii C; ,,

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() Kgtcrcst kg cseapkg2 sukt njr

aoa2cs.

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agf &n).

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jpkgkjg as tj4

(a) pudike rk2mt

(d) eustjo

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kgtcrcst.

%jgktkjgs njr rcicvage9 arc4

(a) tmc ceiaragt was awarc jn tmcc8kstcgec jn suem rk2mt

(d) statcocgt was oac dcnjrc ag9

ejgtrjvcrs9 as tj rk2mt jr eustjo

arjsc.

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+cetkjg & (c)4 +tatcocgt rciatcs tj

c8kstcgec jn 4

(a) rciatkjgsmkp d9 dijj

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%jgktkjgs njr rcicvage9 arc4

(a) pcrsjg oa>kg2 tmc statcocgt ma

spcekai ocags jn >gjwic2c

adjut tmc rciatkjgsmkp

(d) statcocgts oust mavc dccg oac

dcnjrc tmc 0ucstkjg kg ksputcwas raksc.

Mjr cxaopic, scc kiiustratkjgs &0) agf&i)

+cetkjg & (n)4 +tatcocgt kg wkii jr

cc rciatkg2 tj naoki9 annakrs.

Mjr cxaopic, scc kiiustratkjg &o).

!. 3jmaoc +9cji Arknnkg v. =cjm Jjk

ar> !!1E ! 3.%. !1, (Xrkv9

%jugeki)

(a). mc appikeatkjg jn scetkjg

&(c) ag (n) ks gjt ikoktc

,



d9 tmc ejoojg iaw

rcstrketkjgs.

(d). mc kiiustratkjg 2kvcg kg

tmc statutc jcs gjt kg naet kiiustratc tmc

scetkjg.

. Kg ;c Cstatc jn %mag %mkg 5cc !#7E

+%; 1 (+uprcoc %jurt Djrgcj)Vmc cgtry jn a sjg#s gaoc jg a

tjodstjgc jn tmc fcecascf ks

afoksskdic cvkfcgec jn pcfklrcc

rciatkjgsmkp.

(. Icc 3ko Iuagl v. Icc $mkam Kcc

*+CC- + /I8 +( &5klm 6jurt,

/aiaya)

Vmc kgserkptkjg kg 6mkgcsc

emaraetcrs jg tmc tjodstjgc jn tmc

fcecascf was afoksskdic as kt

smjwcf a natmcrAsjg rciatkjgsmkpjn twj fcecascf pcrsjgs wktmkg tmcocagkgl jn scetkjg (&n) jn tmc

Fvkfcgec et +:4.

+cetkjg & (2)4 +tatcocgts ejgtakgc

kg ag9 jeuocgt rciatkg2 tj a

tragsaetkjg ocgtkjgc kg scetkjg

!&(a).

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pcrsjgs c8prcsskg2 nccikg2.

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!. XX v. /jrstcr !77E 3IH ,#. Iko Bko Iuag2 v. /cc +mkam =cc

!77E ! 3IH !&

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amkr !$E ! 3IH 1

#. XX v. Adui ;amko !$E & 3IH

!77

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1,

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3IH #

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BD &!?

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!!. Fu Djst v. Dcgcsnjr !7!$E %aop ,!!

!. XX v. 3jm /akrus d. Joar !?E

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1u'k)kai pr$)cc'k"%&5

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aoksskdic wmcg tmc wktgcss4

(a) ks ca jr

(d) eaggjt dc njug jr

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cvkcgec jr

() ks >cpt jut jn tmc wa9 d9 tmc

avcrsc part9 jr

(c) eaggjt dc prjuec wktmjut ag

aojugt jn cia9 jr c8pcgscs

wmkem ejurt ejgskcrs

ugrcasjgadic.

Fcpjsktkjgs d9 suem wktgcsscs4

(a) kg a 6ukekai prjecckg2 jr

(d) dcnjrc ag9 pcrsjg autmjrksc d9

iaw tj ta>c tmco.

Arc rcicvagt kg a4

(a) sudsc0ucgt 6ukekai prjecckg24

jr

(d) iatcr sta2c jn tmc saoc

prjecckg2.

%jgktkjgs jn rcicvage9 jn suemcvkcgec arc4

(a) kn tmc prjecckg2 was dctwccg

tmc saoc partkcs jr

rcprcscgtatkvcs

(d) kn tmc avcrsc part9 kg tmc nkrst prjecckg2 ma rk2mt ag

jppjrtugkt9 tj erjss c8aokgc

ag

(e) kn tmc 0ucstkjg kg kssuc wcrc tmc

saoc kg tmc nkrst ag

sudsc0ucgt prjecckg2s.

Cvkcgec 2kvcg jg a knncrcgt

jeeaskjg ks aisj aoksskdic tj

ejgtraket a wktgcss ugcr scetkjg

!,, jr tj ejrrjdjratc a wktgcss ugcr

scetkjg !,?.

!. Bcc +ak> Bjjk * Agjr .v.

;c2kga!,,E 3IH ,? (5k2m %jurt

3aia9a)

?cnjrc agy cvkfcgec eag dc

affuecf ugfcr scetkjg ((, kt ks

kgeuodcgt jg tmc party affuekgl

suem cvkfcgec tj prjvc tmc

prcrc9uksktc tmat tmc wktgcss ks

fcaf jr eaggjt dc njugf jr ks

kgeapadic jn lkvkgl cvkfcgec.

. 3jmaoc Bug6u v. X.X !11E !

3IH ?! (/ccrai %jurt)

Fvkfcgec ks afoksskdic ugfcr

scetkjg (( wmcg tmc ejurt ks satksnkcf tmat tmc ekreuostagecs

ejgtcopiatcf kg tmat scetkjg mavc

dccg prjvcf.

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3IH &&?

,. Ogkjg Aiij9 (3) +g. Dm. v.

+9>t. Xcodcgaag =cjm kjg2

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1

7. +cc =cw Xjj v. XX !#E !, 3IH

!&!

<cejoocgfcf <cafkgl>

3jm A>rao. !!. Aoksskdkikt9 jn

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+cetkjg && jn tmc Cvkcgec Aet !,$.%urrcgt Iaw Hjurgai. . 88i.

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4;

J#KGKJG C^KFCGEC

;cicvagt prjvkskjgs4 scetkjgs #,:,!.

7c"crai prk")kpic

"mcg a wktgcss ks eaiic tj 2kvc

cvkcgec mc oust 2kvc cvkcgec jn

naet jn wmat mc mas pcreckvc. mc

wktgcss eaggjt 2kvc jpkgkjg jn tmc

naets. Jgi9 tmc ejurt jr tmc 6u2c eag

2kvc ag kgncrcgec jn tmc naets. Kg

oag9 oattcrs suem as sekcgtknke jr

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prjpcr 6u2ocgt. mc ejurt eag eaii pcrsjgs tj 2kvc jpkgkjg tj asskst tmc

ejurt kg kgnjrokg2 tmc 6u2c.

3a6jr scetkjg scetkjg #,4

!. "mcg tmc ejurt mas tj njroag jpkgkjg upjg a pjkgt jn

njrck2g iaw jr jn sekcgec jr

art jr as tj kcgtkt9 jr

2cgukgcgcss jn magwrktkg2

jr nkg2cr koprcsskjgs tmc

jpkgkjgs upjg tmat pjkgt jn

pcrsjgs spcekaii9 s>kiic kg

tmat njrck2g iaw sekcgec jr

art jr kg 0ucstkjgs as tj

kcgtkt9 jr 2cgukgcgcss jn

magwrktkg2 jr nkg2cr

koprcsskjgs arc rcicvagtnaets.

. +uem pcrsjgs arc eaiic

c8pcrts.

@ucstkjg jn kcgtkt9 rcicvagt ugcr

scetkjg .

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rcicvagt upjg a pjkgt jn4

• /jrck2g iaw

•+ekcgec

• Art

• Kcgtkt9 jn magwrktkg2 jr

• /kg2cr koprcsskjgs.

Ag c8pcrt ks cspcekaii9 s>kiic jg tmjsc

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c8pcrt kg oattcrs jn sekcgec jr art. "mat ks

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mas 2kvcg tmco a wkc ocagkg2. Kg

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ocagkg2. (supra at p !,)4

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jr art ks ciastke cgju2m tj dc 2kvcg a ikdcrai

kgtcrprctatkjg

Icakg2 eascs4

45 @ugakfk v XX !&E & 3IH

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!?7.

5 "mjj Mk Emkagl v XX !#E

! 3IH 1, ?$:

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kgnjroatkjg wmkem ks ugik>ci9 tj dc jutskc

,,



tmc c8pcrkcgec ag >gjwic2c jn a 6u2c.

45 ycf &)u Dabar v XX

!7#E 3IH ! &

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. @? v Vak $jjg6jgstruetkjg $fg ?mf *+(- +

/I8 +C, +C1A+CC

"mcg tmc wktgcss 2kvcs cvkcgec jn tmcnaet tmc ejurt wkii raw ag kgncrcgec

wmctmcr tmc naet ks prjvcg jr gjt. Kt ks gjt

aoksskdic njr a wktgcss tj 2kvc ag jpkgkjg

dceausc jpkgkjg cvkcgec ks icss prjdatkvc

ag gjt rcicvagt. +cejgi9 kn tmc wktgcss ks

aiijwc tj 2kvc jpkgkjg cvkcgec kt wkii

usurp tmc nugetkjg jn tmc ejurt. kvkg2

jpkgkjg ks jgi9 tmc rjic jn tmc 6u2c.

mcrc arc c8ecptkjgs.

!. "mcg tmc wktgcss jdscrvcs tmc

naets sjoctkocs tmcrc ks a tjtai

ok8:up dctwccg jpkgkjg ag naets.

/aets ag jpkgkjg dcejocs

kgtcrtwkgc. Iaw kg kts wksjo wkii

aiijw jpkgkjg cvkcgec. /jr

c8aopic wmcg tmc wktgcss ks tj

2kvc ag jpkgkjg jg tmc spcc jn avcmkeic tmc wktgcss smaii pcreckvc

tmat kt ks nast jr gjt. Kg tmks kgstagectmc jpkgkjg jn a ia9pcrsjg eag dc

rceckvc. Jtmcr c8aopics wjui dc

tmc statc jn tmc wcatmcr jr statc jn

rug>cggcss. Kg tmcsc sktuatkjgs

naets ag jpkgkjg kgtcrtwkgc. 'jt

nakr tj ej2cgt 6ustkec tj prceiuc

suem jpkgkjg cvkcgec jn a

ia9pcrsjg. Kg tmcsc ekreuostagecs

tmc ejurt eag rceckvc gjg:c8pcrt

cvkcgec. mc 0ucstkjg wkii dc jg

mjw ouem wck2m jcs suem

cvkcgec mavc ag kt wkii cpcgjg ekreuostagecs.

. Jpkgkjg jn ag c8pcrt. +cetkjg #? ks

ag c8aopic jn a gjg:c8pcrt

jpkgkjg. Kt cais wktm magwrktkg2jpkgkjg.

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Vmc 1u'%c ma& $ c"+ukrc mc

pcr&$"& +uaik-k)ak$" a& a" cpcr

k" ma park)uiar -kci'5

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s9stcoatke aeacoke stu9 jr mas ag

c8ecptkjg kg tmat nkci. 5c ejurt eag

ctcrokgc d9 mks >gjwic2c ag mjw mc

ae0ukrc kt. mc ratkjgaic ks tmat wmcg tmc

ejurt jcs gjt mavc tmc c8pcetatkjg jg tmcsud6cet oattcr jn tmat cg0ukr9 ag tmc ejurt

eaggjt njro ag jpkgkjg wktmjut ag c8pcrt

tmc ejurt eag as> ag c8pcrt tj asskst tmc

ejurt.

%asc iaw

N$i6c& ( Ema'' F< :C

&g cx#crt !ay )a+c mk+ j#kgkjg jg a

fc+erk#tkjg lkvcg tj mk!%

A ockeai wktgcss wmj ma gjt sccg

tmc dj9 jn a cecasc pcrsjg ok2mt

dc as>c wmctmcr kg mks jpkgkjg

assuokg2 tmat tmc naets cserkdc d9

agjtmcr wktgcss wmj ma sccg tmc

dj9 arc truc tmc wjugs ejui mavc

dccg scin:kgniketc.

%asc iaw4

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jg !attcr+ tmat arc c!kgcgtiy

!attcr+ njr tmc ejurt tj fcekfc%

T v ,urgcr N<0A6L < &ii CT A

mc knnkeuit9 ks wmctmcr tmc jpkgkjg ks

gcecssar9 jr gjt gcecssar9. Kn tmc ejurt eag

njro ag jpkgkjg kt ks gjt gcecssar9 njr tmcejurt tj eaii ag c8pcrt. Dasc jg tmc ejurt

jwg c8pcrkcgec tmcrc ks gj gcc tj rci9 jg

c8pcrt jpkgkjg. mc ejurt wjui mavc

pcreckvc tmc naets wktmjut tmc asskstagec

jn ag c8pcrt.

T v $a+km !71E %rko I; &,

T v \cklmt!ag (!$) %r App ;cp !

/k! ,kgl Mjgl v XX !11E 3IH !!

@ayara!ag 3 'r+ v XX !7E 3IH &$1

.atj $jbmtar Ma+mk! v XX !7&E 3IH&

Kg tmc /ccrai %jurt tmc /% statc tmat oust

oa>c a kstkgetkjg dctwccg ag jpkgkjg jn

ag c8pcrt ag ag jpkgkjg jn a gjg:c8pcrt.

Kg tmks easc tmc ejurt eag njro kts jwg

jpkgkjg ag kt ks gjt gcecssar9 tj eaii ag

c8pcrt. Kt was eicar tmat tmc kg6urkcs wcrc

eausc d9 diugt jr smarp kgstruocgts.

,?



45 $ary mk! v XX !1E 3IH !&

=5 XX v. 3jmaoc +uiakoag !7E !

3IH &$ !7E 3IH &$

(/ccrai %jurt)

mc c8pcrt oust dc Ns>kiic mc

gcc gjt dc sj d9 spcekai stu9 mcoa9 dc sj d9 c8pcrkcgec.

. XX. v. 3jmaoc Bassko dkg =atko

!?!E ! 3IH 1# (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)

C8pcrt cvkcgec cspcekaii9 jn

magwrktkg2 ks ocrci9 jpkgkjg

cvkcgec ag ks gjt ejgeiuskvc.

&. +9c Adu Da>ar dkg Amoa v. XX

!7#E 3IH ! (/ccrai %jurt)

Kt wjui dc crrjgcjus njr a 6u2c

tj njro mks ejgeiuskjg jg a oattcr

suem as ksputc magwrktkg2

wktmjut tmc ak jn c8pcrt cvkcgec.#. Bjg2 'cg +kcw v. Iko +kcw 5jg2

!?!E ! 3IH 1 (5k2m %jurt

Djrgcj)

A scok:s>kiic jr a scok:

prjncsskjgai oa9 dc aeecptc as ag

c8pcrt wktgcss ugcr ecrtakg

ekreuostagecs.

,. 3ugusao9 v. XX !7?E ! 3IH #

(+uprcoc %jurt)

mc ejurt ks cgtktic tj aeecpt

c8pcrt jpkgkjg jg cvkcgec tmat ks

jn ag cicocgtar9 gaturc.1. %magrasc>arag v. XX !?!E ! 3IH

!,& (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)

C8pcrt jpkgkjg jg t9pcwrktkg2 ks as

ouem a oattcr jn sekcgec stu9 as

magwrktkg2 ag nkg2crprkgtcvkcgec ag ks tmcrcnjrc

aoksskdic.

?. +mrkrj (%mkga) It * Jrs. v. mak

Akrwa9s Kgtcrgatkjgai It !1?E

3IH ! (/.%.)

Kt ks tmc ut9 jn ejugsci wmj

wksmcs tj sudokt tmat tmc ocagkg2jn wjrs kg a njrck2g iag2ua2c ks

aodk2ujus tj eaii c8pcrt cvkcgec

jg tmc part.

7. +kva2aok Aemk v. X ;3 ;aoagatmag

%mcttkar * Agjr. !,E 3IH !

(5. %.)

C8pcrt cvkcgec ks gccc tj prjvc a

,7



njrck2g iaw.

;. O. kswaikg2ao v. kswaikg2ao

!7$E ! 3IH !$. Cg2iksm ejurt ma tj mavc c8pcrt

cvkcgec 2kvcg jg ecrtakg 0ucstkjgs

rc2arkg2 3usiko naoki9 iaw kg3aia9ska.

!$. cg2 Buo +cg2 v. XX !1$E 3IH ,

(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)

mc cvkcgec jn ag c8pcrt jg magwrktkg2cspcekaii9 %mkgcsc emaraetcrs oust dc

trcatc wktm eautkjg.

Uc)k$" 9 Na)& 8cark"% up$"

$pk"k$"& $- cpcr

Na)& "$ $mcr/k&c rcic(a" arc

rcic(a" k- mcy &upp$r $r arc

k")$"&k&c" /km mc $pk"k$"& $-

cpcr& /mc" &u)m $pk"k$"& arcrcic(a"5

/aets gjt jtmcrwksc rcicvagt arc

rcicvagt4

kn tmc9 suppjrt jpkgkjgs jn

c8pcrts jr

kn tmc9 arc kgejgskstcgt wktm

jpkgkjgs jn c8pcrts.

mks ks d9 jpkgkjg jn ag c8pcrt a2akgst

ag c8pcrt.

/jr c8aopic scc kiiustratkjgs (a) ag (d).

%jiicetjr jn Iag ;cvcguc v. Aiiapa

%mcttkar !?!E ! 3IH #&+kg2apjrc /kgagec It. . Iko Bam

'2ao !7#E 3IH $+9ark>at Xcr>apaiag kojr v. O3D%

!7E 3IH !&

J#KGKJG JN MAGF\TKVKG7

C#CTV

Kg !! v /jmaocf 3assko !??E ! 3IH1# 11 tmc icargc 6u2c mci tmat

magwrktkg2 jpkgkjg jn a magwrktkg2

c8pcrt ks gjt ejgeiuskvc pjjr ag rc0ukrcs

ejrrjdjratkjg.

K" .aik# "aur v Xclawak Xjik+ .acram;

Dubkt $crta*a! !E ! 3IH tmc jpkgkjg

jn a magwrktkg2 c8pcrt oust dc vkcwc

wktm eautkjg. mc ejurt ks cgtktic tj 2kvc kt

prjpcr erckt. Kt 2jcs tj wck2mt.

.r mag!ulagatmag v Xcrka+a!y +=j ktma!)ara! Xkiiak !?E & 3IH 1!

njiijwc tmc icakg2 +% easc jn $urarkiai

v tatc jn $X AK; !7$ +% ,&! ,&#5 mks

easc kgvjivcs njr2cr9 jn a jeuocgt. mc

ejurt gccc a magwrktkg2 c8pcrt tj asskst

tmc ejurt dceausc kt was gjt wktmkg tmc

c8pcrtksc jn tmc 6u2c. mc 6u2c rcikc jg

tmc jpkgkjg jn a magwrktkg2 c8pcrt ag

,



njug tmat tmc jeuocgts wcrc njr2c. Jg

appcai jn tmc oa6jr 2rjug was tmc 6u2c

ma crrc kg iaw dceausc mc ma rcikc jg

tmc jpkgkjg jn a magwrktkg2 c8pcrt. Kt ks

gjt ejgeiuskvc ag oust dc ejrrjdjratc.

$ 1, ,MC 'X-G-'G '8 & M&G.\T-,-G(

C?XCT, DC E'TT'D'T&,C.Aitmju2m a magwrktkg2 c8pcrt ks tmkr

eiass jn vcr9 ijw c8pcrtksc dcnjrc tmc easc

jn $urarkiai v tatc jn $X tmc jpkgkjg jn

magwrktkg2 c8pcrt gcc tj dc ejrrjdjratc.

$urarkiai v tatc jn $X rcvkcwc tmks

pjsktkjg ag statc tmat kt ks gcktmcr a ruic

jn iaw jr prjoksc tmat tmc jpkgkjg jn a

magwrktkg2 c8pcrt ks sud6cet tj a spcekai

eatc2jr9.

Ma"'/rkk"% )a" 8c pr$(c" 8y a

"$"*cpcr5

8abmruffkg v tatc jn $afmya Xrafc+m

AK; !1? +% !&1 mci tmat tmcrc ks

gjtmkg2 tcemgkeai adjut prjvkg2magwrktkg2.

Uc)k$" 90 #r$$- $- &k%"aurc a"'

ma"'/rkk"% $- pcr&$" aiic%c' $

ma(c &k%"c' $r /rkc" '$)u!c"

pr$'u)c'5

K- a '$)u!c" k& aiic%c' $ 8c

&k%"c' $r $ ma(c 8cc" /rkc"

/m$iiy $r k" par 8y a"y pcr&$"? mc

&k%"aurc $r mc ma"'/rkk"% $- &$

!u)m $- mc '$)u!c" a& k& aiic%c'

$ 8c k" ma pcr&$"& ma"'/rkk"%

&maii 8c pr$(c' $ 8c k" mk&ma"'/rkk"%5

,j #rjvc magfwrktkgl 4

!. D9 eaiikg2 tmc oa>cr L krcet cvkcgec

!. Jr d9 mks aoksskjg L gj gcc tj

eaii mko (scetkjgs !?!7 * !).

. D9 kgkrcet jr ekreuostagtkai

cvkcgec L .atub Marug -frk+ v

XX 43 = OIL 4>>4 Cusjn

Adjjieacr mci tmat kt ejui dc

prjvc d9 ekreuostagtkai cvkcgec.

&. D9 tmc jpkgkjg jn ag c8pcrt Lscetkjg #, #1 ( .r

mag!ulagatmag v Xcrka+a!y +=j

ktma!)ara! Xkiiak !?E & 3IH

1!) * scetkjg ,!4 rjugs jn

jpkgkjg wmcg rcicvagt4: ("mcgcvcr

tmc jpkgkjg jn ag9 ikvkg2 pcrsjg ks

rcicvagt tmc 2rjugs jg wmkem mks

jpkgkjg ks dasc arc aisj rcicvagt.)

Jpkgkjg jn a gjg:c8pcrt.

Uc)k$" k& a" ca!pic $- a "$"*

cpcr $pk"k$"5 K 'cai& /km$pk"k$" a& $ ma"'/rkk"% /mc"

rcic(a"

\mcg tmc ejurt mas tj njro ag jpkgkjg as

tj tmc pcrsjg dy wmjo agy fjeuocgt was

wrkttcg jr sklgcf, tmc jpkgkjg jn agy pcrsjg ae9uakgtcf wktm tmc magfwrktkgl jn

tmc pcrsjg dy wmjo kt ks suppjscf tj mavc

dccg wrkttcg jr sklgcf, tmat kt was jr was

gj wrkttcg jr sklgcf dy tmat pcrsjg, ks a

rcicvagt naet.

/jr c8aopic tmc scerctar9 jn tmc pcrsjg

1$



oa9 dc naokikar wktm mks magwrktkg2 ag

smc eag dc eaiic tj 2kvc jpkgkjg jg tmc

magwrktkg2. 5jwcvcr kg tmks rcspcet K

jgt a2rcc tmat tmc scerctar9 2kvcs ag

jpkgkjg jn a gjg:c8pcrt. Kn tmc pcrsjg ks

airca9 naokikar wktm mcr djsss

magwrktkg2 smc ks ag c8pcrt ag tjctcrokgc wmctmcr smc ks ag c8pcrt ks a

prcikokgar9 0ucstkjg. Kt ks tmc 0ucstkjg njr

tmc 6u2c tj cekc wmctmcr smc ks pcrktus.

(ag c8pcrt). 5jw ouem wck2mt tj 2kvc jgsuem cvkcgec cpcgs jn tmc stagkg2 jn

tmc wktgcss.

Uc)k$" ;0 E$!park&$" $-

&k%"aurc? /rkk"% $r &cai /km

$mcr& a'!kc' $r pr$(c'5

Jtmcr ojc4

Kn tmc magwrktkg2 ks kg kssuc eag as> tmc

wrktcr tj wrktc a spcekocg ag tmc ejurt

wkii ejoparc. Kg tmks sktuatkjg stkii uscscetkjg #, njr c8pcrt jpkgkjg. Kt ks 0uktc

koprucgt gjt tj usc scetkjg #,. Kt ks uscnuitj rc0ukrc ag c8pcrt. Ks tmc 6u2c eicvcr

cgju2m tj ejoparc tmc spcekocgQ (scc

8abmruffkg v tatc jn $afmya Xrafc+m.

Jpkgkjg jn pcrsjg as tj magwrktkg2 ks

rcicvagt kn mc ks ae0uakgtc wktm tmc

magwrktkg2. A pcrsjg ks ae0uakgtc wktm

tmc magwrktkg2 kn4

a. mc mas sccg tmc pcrsjg wrktcs

d. mc mas rceckvc jeuocgts kg agswcr

e. jeuocgts arc madktuaii9 sudokttc tjmko kg tmc jrkgar9 ejursc jn

duskgcss.

!. ;. v. Iko %mkg +mag2 !,?E 3IH!, (5k2m %jurt +kg2apjrc)

C8pcrkcgec oa9 dc a dasks njr

aeecptkg2 a wktgcss as ag c8pcrt.

. Iko kg2 5jg2 v. XX !11E

3IH !!

Kg oattcrs rciatkg2 tj scerct

sjekctkcs tmc ejurts arc prcparc tjaeecpt a wktgcsss pcrsjgai

c8pcrkcgec as tmc dasks jn mks

c8pcrt >gjwic2c.

Sik!ac k&&uc ruic

"mcg a wktgcss ejocs tj ejurt mc

2kvcs cvkcgec jn naet rcicvagt tj naet

kg kssuc. "ktgcss eaggjt 2kvc jpkgkjg

N$r ca!pic4

A ejookts ourcr ag eiakos tmat mc mas

gjg ejopjs ocgtcs mc k gjt >gjw tmc

gaturc jn tmc aet. mc 6u2c eaggjt njro ag

1!



jn uitkoatc kssuc. /jr c8aopic wmcg

tmc prjsceutkjg wagts tj prjvc a

gc2ik2cgt aet tmc prjsceutkjg jgi9

2kvcs cvkcgec tj prjvc tmcsc kssucs.

+cetkjg , ag !&1 oa>cs jgi9

rcicvagt naet jr rcicvagt naet kg kssuc

ag jn gj jtmcr. mc ejurt ks tj njroag jpkgkjg jr tj raw ag kgncrcgec as

tj tmc uitkoatc kssuc. mks ks tmc rjic

jn tmc ejurt. Jgi9 tmc ejurt cekcs.

Jpkgkjg cvkcgec gcvcr cekcs tmcuitkoatc kssuc.

jpkgkjg. j prjvc kt a ps9emkatrkst ks

eaiic. "mcg mc 2kvcs cvkcgec mc eaggjt

sa9 Mmc aeeusc mas gjg ejopjs

ocgtcs. 5c smjui sa9 /rjo o9

jdscrvatkjg K gjtc tmat mc dcmavc kg tmc

wa9 ojrc ejgskstcgt wktm mks kgsagkt9.

/rjo tmks tmc ejurt wkii a2rcc jr ksa2rcc.mc ejurt wkii raw ag kgncrcgec tmat tmc

aeeusc ks kgsagc. mc 6u2c wkii 2kvc ag

jpkgkjg nrjo tmc c8pcrts jdscrvatkjg. mc

6u2c ks tj cekc wmctmcr tmc aeeusc kskgsagc.

mc uitkoatc kssuc ruic ks airca9

cgtrcgemc kg tmc ic2ai s9stco. mc ruic ks

sccg ojrc kg drcaem tmag kg pcrnjroagec.

mc 6u2c ks sccg tj ocrci9 ajptkg2 tmc

c8pcrts jpkgkjg kg tmc gjtcs jn cvkcgec.

pcr ;a6a A<iag +mam %H kg \jgl wcc

Emkg v XX !7!E ! 3IH ! !#4

MDut c8ecpt jg purci9

sekcgtknke kssucs c8pcrt

cvkcgec ks tj dc usc d9

tmc ejurt njr tmc purpjsc jn

asskstkg2 ratmcr tmag

ejopciikg2 tmc njrouiatkjg

jn tmc uitkoatc 6u2ocgts.

Kg tmc uitkoatc agai9sks kt kstmc trkdugai jn naet wmctmcr

kt dc a 6u2c jr 6ur9 wmkemks rc0ukrc tj wck2m aii tmc

cvkcgec ag ctcrokgc tmc

prjdadkiktkcs. Kt eaggjt

tragsncr tmks tas> tj tmc

c8pcrt wktgcss tmc ejurt

oust ejoc tj kts jwg

jpkgkjg.

1&D v ,ak jjg Mcgl Ejg+truetkjg fg

Dmf !&E ! 3IH !7

a>arka =atko H mci tmat kg tmc iaw jn

jpkgkjg ag c8pcrt jgi9 tj asskst ag eaggjtcekc tmc uitkoatc kssuc jg tmc njr2c

emc0uc.

"mcg tmc wktgcss 2kvcs cvkcgec jn tmcnaet tmc ejurt wkii raw ag kgncrcgec

wmctmcr tmc naet ks prjvcg jr gjt. Kt ks gjt

aoksskdic njr a wktgcss tj 2kvc ag jpkgkjg

dceausc jpkgkjg cvkcgec ks icss prjdatkvc

1



ag gjt rcicvagt. +cejgi9 kn tmc wktgcss ks

aiijwc tj 2kvc jpkgkjg cvkcgec kt wkii

usurp tmc nugetkjg jn tmc ejurt. kvkg2

jpkgkjg ks jgi9 tmc rjic jn tmc 6u2c.

+cc aisj4

!1. +9c Adu Da>ar dkg Amoa !7#E 3IH !

!?. XX v. 3jmaoc Bassko =atko !??E

! 3IH 1#

!7. %magrasc>arag * Jrs. v. XX !?!E !3IH !,&

!. cg2 Bug +cg2 v. XX !1$E 1 3IH

,

$. ;. v. Iko %mkg +mcg2 !,?E & 3IH

!,

!. XX v. Icc Cc cjg2 !,&E ! 3IH

##

. %mkg +cg "am v. XX !,7E # 3IH!,#

"jg2 +wcc %mkg v. XX !7!E ! 3IH !

JVMCT TCIC^AGV OAVVCTU5 ,a.5 Vmc r$ic $- mc cpcr /k"c&&5

Jg2 %mag jw v. ; !1&E 3IH !1$

(5k2m %jurt +kg2apjrc)

C8pcrts smjui gjt dc as>c tj 2kvc

ejgeiuskjg jg oattcrs wmkem arc

cokgcgti9 oattcrs njr tmc ejurt tj

cekc.

%mkg +cg "am v. XX !,7E 3IH !,#

(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)mc uitkoatc cekskjg jg ag9 kssuc

ks wktm tmc ejurt.

"jg2 +wcc %mkg v. XX !7!E ! 3IH! (/ccrai %jurt)

Kt ks tmc trkdugai jn naet tmat cekcs

jg tmc Nuitkoatc kssuc ag tmc

vaiuc jn ag9 cvkcgec kgeiukg2

tmc c8pcrts.

"jg2 %mjp +ajw v. XX !1,E 3IH

#? (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)+tkpuiatcs tmc prjecurc tj dc

njiijwc wmcg ag c8pcrt 2kvcs

cvkcgec.

+cc aisj4

XX v. %mjg2 "ck Bmag !$E & 3IH

!1,

XX v. Ikg Ikag %mcg !!E ! 3IH &!1

1&



,8.5 E$"-ik)k"% $pk"k$" c(k'c")c5

!. %jiicetjr jn Iag ;cvcguc v.

Aia2appa %mcttkar !?!E ! 3IH

#& (Xrkv9 %jugeki)

"mcrc tmcrc ks a ejgniket dctwccg

tmc jpkgkjgs 2kvcg d9 ojrc tmcgjgc c8pcrt tmc 6u2c mas a rk2mt tj

prcncr jgc jpkgkjg tj tmc jtmcrs.

. +kg2apjrc /kgagec It v. Iko Bam '2ao (+pjrc) Xtc It * Cu2cgc

5I %mag Assjekatcs !7#E 3IH

$ (5k2m %jurt +kg2apjrc)

Kg cvaiuatkg2 tmc ejgniketkg2 c8pcrt

cvkcgec tmc ejurt oa9 c8aokgc

tmc sekcgtknke 2rjugs ag dascs jg

wmkem tmc9 rci9.

&. Xavjgc v. XX ('j.) !71E ! 3IH #&

(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)

"mcg tmcrc ks a knncrcgec kg tmc

cvkcgec dctwccg twj wktgcsscs jg

sekcgtknke oattcrs suem as ru2s

tmcg kt ks kgeuodcgt jg tmc part9

ejgecrgc tj mavc c8pcrt tcstkojg9

tj c8piakg tmc knncrcgec.

#. Fatj 3j>mtar 5asmko * Agjr v. XX

!7&E 3IH &.mc ejurt prcncrrc tmc cvkcgec jn

jgc c8pcrt tj tmat jn agjtmcr jg

0ucstkjgs rc2arkg2 tmc aiic2c

ourcr wcapjg.


!. agcsjg. !7#. "mat Dijj %ag

cii Ag 5jwQ. %urrcgt Iaw

Hjurgai. . 1.

. anruiiam. !7$. C8pcrt cstkojg9

L +joc ;cnicetkjgs /rjo

3aia9ska. Hjurgai jn 3aia9skag

%joparatkvc Iaw. #&.

&. ;a6a. !?7. Jg Fksprjvkg2 /kg2cr:

Xrkgt Cvkcgec. 3aia9ag Iaw

Hjurgai. !. 888k8.

1#



#. Fj9ic @%. Aoksskdkikt9 jn

Jpkgkjg Cvkcgec. Austraikag Iaw Hjurgai.

1!. 17?

,. Hae>sjg. !7#. mc Oitkoatc Kssuc

;uic. %rkokgai Iaw ;cvkcw. ?,.

1. Xctcr kiikcs. !71. Jpkgkjg

Cvkcgec. Austraikag Iaw Hjurgai. 1$. ,?.

?. anruiiam. !$. C8pcrt cstkojg9.

Hjurgai jn 3aia9skag %joparatkvc Iaw.

#&

7. C9 @.%. !,,. mc Kgnaiikdkikt9

jn /kg2crprkgts. %rkokgai Iaw ;cvkcw. &#

. "kisjg. !,7. Fctcetkjg jn /kg2crprkgtjg Fjeuocgts. %rkokgai Iaw

;cvkcw. ,!

Uc)k$" 0 Jpk"k$" a& $ %c"crai

)u&$! $r rk%m5

Mcgcrai eustjos jr rk2mts kgeiuc

tmjsc ejoojg tj ag9 ejgskcradic

eiass jn pcrsjgs.

Uc)k$" 30 Jpk"k$" a& $ u&a%c&

a"' c"c&5

Jpkgkjgs jn pcrsjgs arc rcicvagt kn

tmc9 arc wktm spcekai ocags jn

>gjwic2c as tj4

• usa2cs ag tcgcts jn ag9 dj9 jn

ocg jr naoki9

• ejgstktutkjg ag 2jvcrgocgt jn

ag9 rcik2kjus jr emarktadic

njugatkjg jr

• ocagkg2 jn wjrs jr tcros usc

kg partkeuiar kstrkets jr d9 partkeuiar eiasscs jn pcrsjgs.

Uc)k$" ><0 Jpk"k$" $" rciak$"&mkp5

%asc4

Fji2jdkga Xarkema v. 'koak %marag

1,



3ksra ag Jrs (!,) AK; +% !#.

Uc)k$" >40 7r$u"'& $- $pk"k$"5

mc jpkgkjg jn ag c8pcrt oa9 dc

suppjrtc d9 a eicar statcocgt jn

wmat mc gjtkec ag jg wmat dasks mc

mas njroc mks jpkgkjg.

+cc aisj scetkjg 1$ (!) ()

!. +ko Am Jm v. XX !1E 7 3IH #

(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)

Ag c8pcrt oust 2kvc tmc rcasjgs kg

suppjrt jn mks cvkcgec.

. Xaeknke kg %jgsjikatc %jrp. v. 5jjg

"cc mko !1?E 3IH &, (/ccrai

%jurt)

(a). "mcrc tmc jpkgkjg jn

c8pcrts ks dasc jg rcpjrts

jn naets tmjsc naets ugicss

wktmkg tmc c8pcrts jwg

>gjwic2c oust dc

prjvcg kgcpcgcgti9.

(d). Kg aii eascs jn jpkgkjg

cvkcgec tmc 2rjugs jr

rcasjgkg2 upjg wmkem suem

jpkgkjg ks dasc oa9 dc

kg0ukrc kgtj.

+cc aisj4

&. Iak =jg2 Bjjg v. XX !1E 3IH &?

\CCB

4

C^KFCGEC JN DAF EMATAEVCT .

+cc scetkjgs , tj ,,. !#1 !#1A

Cvkcgec Aet !,$+cc aisj scetkjg !?$ %rkokgai

Xrjecurc %jc

!. 3jgl v. !! *+N- /I8 +: &5klm

6jurt, /aiaya)

Vmc naet tmat a pcrsjg ks ugadic njr

tmc tkoc dckgl tj satksny mksercfktjrs ks gjt cvkfcgec jn daf

emaraetcr.

. 23 'akr v. < *+:H- /I8 4N

&5klm 6jurt, $kglapjrc)

6maraetcr cvkfcgec jn tmc aeeuscfks lcgcraiiy kgafoksskdic.

(. 5adcc ?ur <amoag v. !! *+1+-

/I8 +H &5klm 6jurt, ?jrgcj)

6maraetcr cvkfcgec ks lcgcraiiy

kgafoksskdic dceausc jn kts prc`ufkekai gaturc.

11



H. \jgl Mjm 5kg v. !! *+NH- /I8 +H

&Mcfcrai 6jurt)

$cetkjg :H fjcs gjt oa0c

kgafoksskdic agy emaraetcr

cvkfcgec wmkem ks jtmcrwksc

afoksskdic ugfcr sjoc jtmcr

scetkjgs jn tmc et.

:. Iko ?ada v. !! *+N- /I8 4+&5klm 6jurt, /aiaya)

6maraetcr cvkfcgec ks afoksskdic kn

kt rciatcs tj a naet kg kssuc jr tmc

ercfkdkikty jn a wktgcss.

$cc aisj>

1. ; v. Duttcrwasscr !#7E ! BD #

?. ; v. "kgnkci !&E # Aii C; !1#

7. Hjgcs v. FXX !1E A.%. 1&,. 3a8wcii v. FXX !&,E A.%. &$

!$. 3urjem v. a9ijr !1,E A.%.

,?#

!!. +civc9 v. FXX !?$E A% &$#!. Ij>c +jj 5ar v. XX (!,#) 3IH

!#

!&. krark Iaii v. XX !#1E 3IH 7?

!#. XX v. ccragButt9 !$E & 3IH

#7!,. XX v. %mjj %muag "ag2 !E

%IH !#

@ufkekai Gjtkec agf 8jr!ai

&f!k++kjg+

+cc scetkjgs ,1 ,? ag ,7.

cgcrai ;uic4 Aii naets kg kssuc ag

rcicvagt naets oust dc prjvc.

C8ecptkjgs4 +cetkjgs ,1 ag ,?.

+cetkjg ,14 /aets 6ukekaii9 gjtkecadic

gcc gjt dc prjvc. mc ejurt nkgs

tmat tmc naet c8ksts aitmju2m gj

cvkcgec jn kt ks 2kvcg. %crtakg

oattcrs arc sj gjtjrkjus jr eicari9

cstadiksmc tmat cvkcgec jn tmckrc8kstcgec ks ccoc uggcecssar9. Kt ks

dasc upjg ejgvcgkcgec ag

%ascs4

!. ;aoam v. Iatjg !&!E 1 /3+I;

!7 (+% /3+)

%siaoke Iaw ks gjt njrcklg dut

ijeai iaw agf tmcrcnjrc, tmc ejurts

oust ta0c ̀ ufkekai gjtkec.

. +aokvciu v. XX !?E ! 3IH 7

(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a) ejurt ks jgiy djugf tj ta0c

`ufkekai gjtkec jn agy rcluiatkjgs

wmcg tmc rcicvagt 7aBcttc

gjtknkeatkjg ks cktmcr 9ujtcf kg tmc

emarlc jr affuecf kg cvkfcgec.

(. Kjgl !a0 Kjgl v. !! *+:- /I8

+1N &5klm 6jurt, /aiaya)

1?



c8pckcge9. Kt c8pcktcs mcarkg2 jn

oag9 eascs ag prjuecs ugknjrokt9

jn cekskjg jg oattcrs jn naet.

+cetkjg ,?4 /aets jn wmkem ejurt

oust ta>c 6ukekai gjtkec.

Uc)k$" >0 Na)& a'!kc' "cc' "$

8c pr$(c'5

%g passkgl a scgtcgec, tmc ejurt

oay ta0c ùfkekai gjtkec jn wmat ks

gjtjrkjus agf wmat cvcrydjfy

0gjws.

H. Icc 6mjw /cgl v. !! *+1N- +

/I8 C1 *+1N- + /I8 C1 &5klm6jurt, /aiaya)

Vmc ejurt oay ta0c ùfkekai gjtkec

tmat tmcrc mas dccg ag kgercasc kg

tmc ejooksskjg jn jnncgecs kg

3uaia Iuopur kgvjivkgl nkrcaros.

,. Xcodag2ugag 3ama 3urgk v.

Hururus Iaag2 !71E 3IH &$

(+% 3aia9ska)

Vmc payocgt jn a ejooksskjg

tj a drj0cr mas gjt fcvcijpcf kgtj

a rcejlgkscf eustjo jr usalc sj

as tj cgtktic kt tj dc ùfkekaiiygjtkecf.

1. Xia<a +kg2apura (Xtc) It v.

%jsci (+) Xtc It * Agjr. !$E

& 3IH ! (%JA +kg2apjrc)

\mcg a ejurt oay ta0c ùfkekai

gjtkec jn a trafc eustjo jr usalc.

$cc aisj>

?. '. 3amavag 'akr v. jvt. jn

3aia9ska !?,E 3IH 71

7. ;c BJ (ag kgnagt) !$E ! 3IH

##. Daia>rksmgag v +wagtkgc !!E !

%IH ,$&

!$. ;c ug +jjg mko !?E 3IH

&,!!!. XX. v. Ikg Ikag %mcg !!E ! 3IH

&!1.


/jmf 0rao 44. 8ufkekai 'jtkec agf

tmc 8uflc#s !crsjgai 3gjwicflc> 6urrcgt

Iaw 8jurgai H. ikkk.3jm A>rao. !71. Hukekai 'jtkec ks:

A:ks Xcrsjgai Bgjwic2c4 3aia9skag

C8pcrkcgec. %urrcgt Iaw Hjurgai. . 77.

OJFCTG NJTCGUKE

VCEMGJIJ7[ AGF VMC IA\

JN C^KFCGEC

mc ejopjgcgt jn njrcgske sekcgec ks

kgejrpjratc kg tmc ejursc jn Cvkcgec

djtm kg tmc nkrst ag scejg scocstcr

ejurscs

17



!. Fcvcijpocgt jn njrcgske

tcemgjij29

/jrcgske sekcgec ag

tcemgk0ucs

. /jrcgske Cvkcgec a eiass jn

;cai Cvkcgeca. /kg2crprkgt

d. Dijj saopics dijj

aiejmji icvcis

2rjupkg2 jn dijjstakgs.

e. Djki9 saopics

. F'A prjnkikg2

c. /jjtprkgt

n. Daiikstke tcst

2. Kgvcstk2atkjg jn arsjg

m. ksuai koa2cs jn

suspcets L njtjnktsud6cet tj urgduii

wargkg2.

&. Ic2aii9 ag kiic2aii9 jdtakgc

njrcgske cvkcgec

a. %jgscgt tj ta>c gjg:

kgtkoatc saopics

d. %jgscgt tj ta>c

kgtkoatc saopics

e. Xjikec prjecurcs kgta>kg2 saopics.

#. /kg2crprkgt

a. Drcaem jn sanc2uar

d. ;cnusai jn ejgscgtG

wktmjut ejgscgt

e. Fcstruetkjg jn

saopics

. C8pcrt cvkcgec

c. Kcgtknkeatkjg

n. +tagar njr oatem

2. Avakiadkikt9 jn

atadasc jn

nkg2crprkgt saopics.

,. F'A prjnkikg2

F'A prjnkikg2 tcemgk0uc

;cstrketkjg /ra2ocgt Icg2tmXji9ojrpmksjg (;/IX)

Xji9ocrasc %makg ;caetkjg (X%;)

Agai9sks

Kg tmc nkrst scocstcr L wmcg caikg2

wktm scetkjgs !! ag #,:,! L kcgtkt9

jn tmkg2s pcrsjgs piaecs cte nk8kg2

tkoc ag piaec jn jeeurrcgec jn tmc

sud6cet oattcr jn trkai jpkgkjg tmcrctj

d9 F'A prjnkikg2 nkg2crprkgt ag paiokcgtknkeatkjg L tmc tcsts kgvjivc kg

kcgtknkeatkjg jn ru2s mjw tj prjvc

magwrktkg2 ag oag9 rciatc oattcrs

L ugcr scetkjgs ? L eausc cnncet jnnaet kg kssuc scetkjg !$ L cvkcgec jn

ejgspkrae9 L arc cait kg scocstcr ! kg

Cvkcgec !. Kg Cvkcgec KK partkeuiari9

wmcg kseusskg2 jeuocgtar9

ejoputcr 2cgcratc jeuocgts tapc

ag vkcj rcejrkg2 cvkcgec L wmcrc

tmc prjvcgec prkgekpic ks kopjrtagt L

csscgtkais jn njrcgske cvkcgec ks tau2mtkg tmc ejgtc8t.

"mcg kseusskg2 tmc iaw rciatkg2 tj

cncgecs ugcr tmc Cvkcgec Aet Lc2.

Aikdk prjvjeatkjg scin cncgec

rug>cggcss L ag 0uagtuo jn

cvkcgec rc0ukrc. At tmc vcr9

dc2kggkg2 jn tmc ejursc wmcg caikg2

t9pcs jn cvkcgec cicocgts jn njrcgske

sekcgec arc tjuemc upjg L cspcekaii9kg tmc arca jn Nrcai cvkcgec c2.

;cscodicgec erkoc sekcgec vkskts djrcr ksputc jg sca jr iag ojtjr

vcmkeic aeekcgt arsjg Lkcgtknkeatkjg

jn tmc eausc.

cgcraii9 njrcgske iaw L kgvjivcs

jdtakgkg2 jpkgkjg jn c8pcrt ag gjg:

c8pcrts L ugcr scetkjgs ? #,:,! jn

tmc Cvkcgec Aet. mks wkii dc tmc

eaiikg2 jn tmc c8pcrts.

;C/C;C'%C+4

Xmkpsjg jg Cvkcgec L !,tm

CktkjgIjgjg4 +wcct * 3a8wcii $$$

%maptcr !# L C8pcrt Cvkcgec Iaw ag

Xraetkec d9 rkstao 5j2>kgsjgIjgjg4 +wcct * 3a8wcii !$.

%maptcr !& p. #&1 mc iaw jn c8pcrt

cvkcgec L Kag /rce>citjg 5u2m +cid9

1



Fcvcijpocgt jn /jrcgske

F'A prjnkikg2

Appikeatkjg jn F'A prjnkikg2

tj tmc iaw

Ikoktatkjg jn F'A prjnkikg2.

a. C8pcrt cvkcgec d. ukcikgc tj cai

wktm F'A cvkcgec

e. Kcgtknkeatkjg jn

F'A. %jiicetkjg jn saopics

c. Ik>cikmjj jn stakgs

dckg2 icnt at tmc erkoc

secgc

n. 3atemcs

2. mc emaiicg2c jn

prcscgtatkjg jn F'A

cvkcgec.m. Xrjsceutkjg naiiae9

k. ;agjo jeeurrcgec

ratkj

6. +tatkstkeai cvkcgec

>. "ck2mt jn cvkcgec

i. mc nuturc jn tmc

aoksskdkikt9 jn F'A

prjnkikg2 cvkcgec

1. Dijj saopicsa. Kgncrcgecs tj dc

rawg njr rcnusai tjejgscgt

d. Kgtkoatc saopics

e. Xrjuetkjg jn

cvkcgec

. Dijj tcsts: c8pcrt

cvkcgec

c. Dijj ag jtmcr

sekcgtknke tcst jn

patcrgkt9

?. Djki9 +aopics

a. Dijj ag dj9tkssucs

d. Fcgtai Koprcsskjg

e. 5akr

. Kgtkoatc saopicsc. Jrcr njr ta>kg2 jn

saopics

n. +aopics ta>cg at

pjikec statkjg

ID% Kgnjroatkjg +crvkecs !.

%A+C IA"4

XX v Amoa 'a6kd Arks $$# %IH !

(mc %agg9 Jg2s %asc)

XX v 5agkn Dasrcc Adui ;amoag$$# & %IH &#

(mc 'jrktta %asc)

XX v 3jm Addas Dkg Fagus Da>sag$$#E 3IH !1$

?$



2. Fcstruetkjg jn

saopics

7. Fru2s

octmjs jn kcgtkn9kg2

eaggadks 2ag6a mcrjkg c8mkdkt

/kg2crgakis L emkppkg2 c8mkdkt

C&&c"kai Tca'k"%&

Da&k) Vc D$$6&0

!. Xkgsicr H. !. Cvkcgec Avjeae9 ag tmc Ic2ai Xrjecss.

+kg2apjrc4 Duttcrwjrtms.

. %mkg ct =ug2. !77. Cvkcgec. +kg2apjrc4 Duttcrwjrtms.

&. +. Au2ustkgc Xaui. $$&. Cvkcgec4 Xraetkec * Xrjecurc.

Buaia Iuopur4 Xciagu> Xudikeatkjg.

#. ;ankam +aiko. !#. Cvkcgec kg 3aia9ska ag +kg2apjrc4

%ascs 3atcrkais ag %joocgtar9. g cktkjg. BuaiaIuopur4 Duttcrwjrtms.

,. +ar>ar. !. mc Iaw jn Cvkcgec. !,tm cktkjg. Kgka4

"amwa * %j.

1. ;atagiai * Fmkra6ai. !7?. mc Iaw jn Cvkcgec. Kgka4

"amwa ag %j.

?. %rjss ag appcr. $$$. Cvkcgec. 1tm cktkjg. Ijgjg 4

Duttcrwjrtms.

7. Xmkpsjg. Cvkcgec. $$$. Cvkcgec. !tm cktkjg. Ijgjg4+wcct ag 3a8wcii.

. 5aok +uitag. !#. mc Iaw jn Cvkcgec kg 3aia9ska ag+kg2apjrc. Buaia Iuopur4 Hagad.

!$. /jmf 0rao, 44H. Vmc Iaw jn 6jgncsskjgs. 3uaia

Iuopur>

Tc)$!!c"'c' D$$6&

N$r Nurmcr Tca'k"%&0

!. 5aok Kdramko !&. mc Iaw jn Cvkcgec. BuaiaIuopur4 %cgtrai Iaw Djj> %jrpjratkjg +g. Dm.

. +tcpmcg H./. !$#. A Fk2cst jn tmc Iaw jn Cvkcgec. 'cw=jr>4 3ae3kiiag * %j. It.

&. ;.B. 'atmag. !&. A Xraetkeai Apprjaem tj Cvkcgec kg

3aia9ska ag +kg2apjrc. Buaia Iuopur4 3aia9a Iaw

Hjurgai.

#. H.F. 5c9jg. !1. %rjss jg Cvkcgec. ,tm cktkjg.

?!



Austraika4 Duttcrwjrtms.

Uauc&0 !. mc Cvkcgec Aet !,$ (rcvksc ($$&)

. mc Jatms ag Annkroatkjg Aet !#.

&. %rkokgai Xrjecurc %jc.

#r$p$&c' UarFac ,Uc!c&cr.

+cocstcr ! $$1G$$?

Da)m $- Uu'c"& $ 8c

A--c)c'

+cocstcr ! $$1G$$?

!rcparcf dy>

Xrjn. Fr. 56. 3jm. A>rao +makr 3jmaoa

3r. 3jm +mamrk<a 3jm Fkam

?

course outline-law of evidence i

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