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Coupling Relationships of Land UseBenefits in Shenzhen ChinaHongmei Lianga

a College of Public Administration, Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310029, China. Tel: 86 571 8697 1329. Fax: 86 5718697 1272. Email:Published online: 10 Feb 2014.

To cite this article: Hongmei Liang (2009) Coupling Relationships of Land Use Benefitsin Shenzhen China, International Journal of Construction Management, 9:2, 33-43, DOI:10.1080/15623599.2009.10773127

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Coupling Relationships of Land Use Benefits in ShenThe International Journal of Construction Management (2009) 33 - 43

COUPLING RELATIONSHIPS OF LAND USE BENEFITS IN SHENZHEN CHINAHongmei LIANG

College of Public Administration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China. Tel: 86 571 8697 1329. Fax: 86 571 8697 1272. Email: lhm0225@yahoo.cn

AbstractThis study examines a certain coupling relationship between the socioeconomic and the eco-environmental benefits of land use in Shenzhen. This coupling relationship reflects the balanced state between land use benefits. A dynamic coupling model was set up in terms of the qualitative analysis of land use benefits. It was found that from 1981 to 2007, the land use benefits improved. The socioeconomic benefits rose stably and the eco-environmental benefits developed in a fluctuating manner. Land use benefits were at a low-grade symbiosis for the first two years and were coordinated for the next 25 years. The evolving processes of the coupling relationships of land use benefits can be divided into four stages. From 1981 to 1986, the land use benefits jumped from low-grade symbiosis into relative coordination. During this time, the coupling degrees increased from −84.95° to 53.40°. From 1987 to 1993, the land use benefits were optimum, continuous and stable and the coupling degrees were close to 45°. From 1994 to 1999, the extent of coordination decreased and the coupling degrees rapidly approached 75°. In the last eight years, land use benefits have not been very coordinated because of a high coupling degree of 80°.

KeywordsLand use benefit, coupling relationship, coordinated development, sustainable development, Shenzhen

INTRODUCTION

The Chinese economy has developed rapidly since the reforms of 1978, and the socioeconomic benefits of land use have been obvious (Qu et al., 1995; Wang and Zhang, 2001; Long et al., 2007). Problems such as less available land, degradation of land quality, tension among the numerous populations, rapid expansion of urban areas into farmland and hinterland leading to the envelopment of villages and towns, and negative impacts on air and water quality, have been documented (Tan et al., 2005; Gao et al., 2006; Whitehead et al., 2006; Deng et al., 2008; Tan et al., 2009).

Although land use benefits are well documented in literature (Peng et al., 2005; Zhou et al., 2006), the coupling relationships between the socioeconomic and the eco-environmental benefits of land use, and the interaction mechanism, are less understood. “Coupling” is a Physics term that refers to the interplay between two or more systems. Different systems influence, limit and enhance each other. In this paper, coupling refers to a balanced state between the socioeconomic benefits subsystem of land use and the eco-environmental benefits subsystem of land use. These coupling relationships are an important aspect of sustainable land use (Zinck and Farshad, 1995; Cooper et al., 2006; Walter and Stützel, 2009). Dynamic numerical modeling and simulation are valuable tools for explaining how these systems work. These tools help decision makers identify the most appropriate policy. Current research in this field is still in its infancy (Zhang et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2005), and most of the research is either qualitative or static and lacks quantitative and dynamic analysis.

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The objectives of this study are: One, to calculate and analyze the socioeconomic benefits and the eco-environmental benefits of land use in Shenzhen, from the perspective of the coupling relationships of land use benefits; two, to set up the coupling model that is based on qualitative analysis of land use benefits; three, to study, in quantitative fashion, the coupling relationships between the socioeconomic and the eco-environmental benefits of land use in Shenzhen, and to study how such relationships have changed over time; and four, to provide information and suggestions about sustainable land use to policy makers.

STUDY AREA

Shenzhen is a coastal city that has experienced rapid economic development. It is located in the middle-south region of the province of Guangdong and in 2007, had a population of 8.97 million (Shenzhen Statistic Bureau, 2008). Shenzhen is a good example of Chinese urban revolution and shares many of the environmental and economic concerns with many other rapidly developing cities (Ng and Tang, 2004). Recent changes in the land use benefits of Shenzhen tell us that the coupling relationships between the socioeconomic and the eco-environmental benefits of land use are significant (Liu et al., 2007). Coupling relationships help people understand and promote sustainable development of land resources for both Shenzhen and similar settings around the world.

METHODS

Interaction mechanism of land use benefitsLand use benefits systems consist of two main subsystems, the socioeconomic benefits subsystem and the eco-environmental benefits subsystem. During the rapid development of a city, land use produces significant socioeconomic and eco-environmental benefits. Both of these benefits influence, limit and enhance each other (Eickhout et al., 2007). There are obvious coupling relationships between them. First, all socioeconomic activities are performed on specific land. It is only common sense that land degradation and pollution will occur, due to the limitations of technology and know-how. Second, land itself is a scarce resource. The quantity, quality and extent of exploitation are closely related to land use benefits. However, benefits only occur before the stage of land capacity being surpassed is reached. For example, socioeconomic development is restricted when soil erosion, resource destruction and environmental degradation occur. Finally, land use benefits promote each other. A strong socioeconomic foundation can stimulate investment and technology development and improve land quality. And improved eco-environment can bring about better conditions for economic development.

Evaluation of land use benefitsSocioeconomic and eco-environmental benefits of land use can be formulated as: n

Q1 = ∑ ai , xi , i = 1,2,...,n (1) i=1

mQ2 = ∑ bj, yj, j = 1,2,...,n j=1

Where Q1 is the evaluation value of the socioeconomic benefits of land use, Q2 is the evaluation

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35Coupling Relationships of Land Use Benefits in Shenzhen China

value of the eco-environmental benefits of land use, xi and yj are factors of the socioeconomic benefits subsystem of land use and the eco-environmental benefits subsystem of land use, ai

and bj are weights of these factors.

Evolution and rates of development of land use benefits subsystems Socioeconomic and eco-environmental benefits subsystems of land use are non-linear (Li and Ding, 2004). The evolution functions of these two subsystems can be expressed as follows:

A = f1 (Q1,t) (2)B = f2 (Q2,t)

Where f1 and f2 represent non-linear functions. A and B are the evolving values of the socioeconomic and the eco-environmental benefits subsystems of land use.

The rates of development of the socioeconomic and the eco-environmental benefits subsystems of land use are VA and VB . These rates can be defined as:

VA = dA (3) dt

VB = dB dt

Coupling model of land use benefitsLand use benefits subsystems form a compound system, and the rate of development V of this compound system is determined by VA and VB, e.g. V = f (VA , VB) . The system is coordinated when A and B are coordinated, so the coupling situation of the system can be shown by studying the change of V.

The evolution curves that exist around the rates of development of the socioeconomic benefits are made up of a series of S type curves (Xu et al., 2003). They reveal a cyclic change in the rates of development of the socioeconomic benefits. This cyclic change causes a corresponding cyclic change of the eco-environmental benefits (Xu et al., 2003).

In a cycle, V can be illustrated on a two-dimensional plane that is defined by VA and VB . The evolving track of V is an ellipse (Figure 1) (Li and Ding, 2004), so the angle α of V and VB can be formulated as: VA VAtgα = _____ , that is, α = arctg _____ (4)

VB VB

Where α is defined as a coupling degree of a balanced level between the socioeconomic and the eco-environmental benefits of land use.

The evolution of the coupling relationships of a cycle will go through four stages as the coupling degrees change. These stages are low-grade symbiosis (I)coordination (II), limit (III), and revival (IV) (Figure 1) (Qiao and Fang, 2005),

If −90°< α <0°, the coupling relationships stay in a low-grade symbiosis stage (I). Land use intensity is low, socioeconomic benefits are not obvious and the capacity of eco-environmental benefits is large.

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4

benefits are made up of a series of S type curves (Xu et al., 2003). They reveal a cyclic change in the rates of development of the socioeconomic benefits. This cyclic change causes a corresponding cyclic change of the eco-environmental benefits (Xu et al., 2003).

In a cycle, V can be illustrated on a two-dimensional plane that is defined by AV and BV .The evolving track of V is an ellipse (Figure 1) (Li and Ding, 2004), so the angle ? of V and BV can be formulated as:

B

A

V

Vtg ?? , that is,

B

A

V

Varctg?? (4)

Figure 1 Coupling relationships of land use benefits

If ?90°<? <0°, the coupling relationships stay in a low-grade symbiosis stage (? ). Land

environmental benefits is large.

At ? = 0°, the rates of socioeconomic benefits are zero, but eco-environmental benefits approach the maximum rates.

If 0°<? ?are obvious and their coupling relationships are optimum when ? is 45°. But when ? is close to 90°, they are not very coordinated.

At ? =90°, the development rates of eco-environmental benefits decrease to zero, but the development rates of socioeconomic benefits increase to the maximum.

When 90°<? <180°, limit relationships appear (?

Figure 1 Coupling relationships of land use benefits

At α = 0°, the rates of socioeconomic benefits are zero, but eco-environmental benefits approach the maximum rates.

If 0°< α <90°, then the relationships are coordinated (II). Both of the land use benefits are obvious and their coupling relationships are optimum when α is 45°. But when α is close to 90°, they are not very coordinated.

At α =90°, the development rates of eco-environmental benefits decrease to zero, but the development rates of socioeconomic benefits increase to the maximum.

When 90°< α <180°, limit relationships appear (III). Socioeconomic benefits gradually decrease, because they are limited by the destruction and degradation of the eco-environment. The benefits systems may collapse as α approaches 180°.

At α =180°, the rates of development of socioeconomic benefits go down to zero, and the rates of development of eco-environmental benefits approach the minimum.

When −180°< α < −90°, land use benefits become worse, and the original system disappears and evolves into another one (IV). There will be four patterns to the new system; these patterns are revival, cycle, stagnation and collapse (Figure 2) (Cao, 1998).

At α = −90°, the rates of development of eco-environmental benefits go to zero, and the rates of development of socioeconomic benefits decrease to the minimum.

Figure 2 Evolving patterns of the coupling relationships of land use benefits

III limit

IV revival

II coordination

II Low-grade symbiosis

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37Coupling Relationships of Land Use Benefits in Shenzhen China

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Indicators and weightsDeveloping the specific indicators of socioeconomic and eco-environmental benefits of land use involved multiple levels and a number of criteria. Some indicators obtained were mutually exclusive, some were simply related to others, and some were independent of each other. In this study, and as presented by Table 1, socioeconomic benefits and eco-environmental benefits are said to be in the objective level. Social benefits, economic benefits, ecological benefits and environmental benefits are in the sub-objective level. Other 21 concrete indicators are at a third level. The socioeconomic benefits of land use are measured by the relation between social needs and net profits. The presence of this relation will be shown by the amount of social benefits and economic benefits. The eco-environmental benefits of land use represent contributions designed to keep the eco-environment balanced during the process of land use. These are a combination of ecological benefits and environmental benefits.

The weights were determined by using the Delphi method. Various Shenzhen city managers, and two kinds of experts (ecologists and economists), were invited to determine weights for the indicators. Weights given by individual managers and individual experts were averaged and resulting weighted averages were calculated. Results for all the indicators are shown in Table 1.

Data sources and data handlingThe 1981 to 2007 time series data of the specific indicators come from Guangdong Statistical Yearbook (1982~2008), Shenzhen Socioeconomic Statistical Information (1986~2007), Shenzhen Statistical Yearbook (1990~2008), Shenzhen Environmental Reports (1996~2007), and China Environmental Statistical Yearbook (1990~2007). Land use data is from Shenzhen Bureau of Land Resources. Literature and document surveys were also conducted.

Raw data with various units needed to be transformed into dimensionless forms. The following equation was used to standardize the indicators:

xij = (xij - mi) /(Mi - mi) (positive indicators) (5) (Mi - xij) /(Mi - mi) (negative indicators)

Where xij is the original value of the specific indicators of Table 1. xij is the standardized value derived by Equation 5. i ranges from 1 to 21 which refers to the number of the indicator. j ranges from 1 to 27 which refers to the year (1981 to 2007). mi and Mi are the minimum and the maximum value of the indicator i. There are six negative indicators: population density of urban districts, Engel coefficient, rate of water and soil erosion area, volume of industrial waste water discharged per built-up area, emission amount of industrial waste gas produced per built-up area, and volume of industrial solid waste produced per built-up area. The other 15 are positive indicators.

RESULTS

Land use benefitsThe comprehensive values of land use benefits in Shenzhen for the period 1981 to 2007 were derived by using Equation 1, with the weights and the time series data of the specific indicators standardized by Equation 5. It can be seen from Figures 3 and 4, the socioeconomic benefits

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Objective level Sub-objective level

weight Third level weight

Socioeconomic benefits

Social benefits 0.5 Population density of urban districts (person/km2)

0.15

Per capita living space (m2/person) 0.20

Employment rate (%) 0.15

Population rate above college education (%)

0.15

Engel coefficient (%) 0.15

Public facilities area rate (%) 0.20

Economic benefits

0.5 Fiscal income per built-up area (RMB/km2)

0.25

The primary industrial output value per built-up area (RMB/km2)

0.30

The second industrial output value per built-up area (RMB/km2)

0.25

The tertiary industrial output value per built-up area (RMB/km2)

0.20

Eco-environmental benefits

Ecological benefits

0.5 Per capita public green areasin built-up area (m2/person)

0.30

Coverage rate of afforestationin built-up area (%)

0.20

Rate of water and soil erosion area (%) 0.20

Coverage rate of natural reserves (%) 0.30

Environmental benefits

0.5 Volume of industrial waste water discharged per built-up area (ton/km2)

0.13

Emission amount of industrial wasteg as produced per built-up area (m3/km2)

0.13

Volume of industrial solid waste produced per built-up area (ton/km2)

0.13

Rate of industrial effluent that meets the local discharge standards (%)

0.14

Rate of treated industrial waste gases (%) 0.14

Rate of industrial solid wastes treated and utilized (%)

0.14

Rate of environmental investment to GDP (%)

0.19

Table 1 Indicators and Weights

increased rapidly and the values rose from 0.023 to 0.97, and the eco-environmental benefits increased in a fluctuating manner with the values going from 0.52 to 0.78.

Coupling relationships of land use benefitsEquation 2 was used, with the time series comprehensive values of land use benefits, in non-linear fashion, to arrive at Equations 6 and 7. Differentiating Equations 6 and 7 with respect to respectively by using Equation 3 gave us Equations 8 and 9:

A = -4.3E - 07x6 + 2.9E - 05x5 -5.9E -04x4 + 0.0049x3 - 0.012x2 + 0.0002x - 0.017 (R2 = 0.8011) (6)

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39Coupling Relationships of Land Use Benefits in Shenzhen China

B = 0.0003x3 - 0.00002x2 +0.00014x - 0.000105 (R2 = 0.7035) (7) dAVA = ___ = -2.58E - 06x5 +1.45E -04x4 - 0.00236x3 + 0.0147x2

dt - 0.024x + 0.0002 (8) dBVB = ___ = -0.0009x2 - 0.00004x + 0.00014 (9) dt

Where x goes from 1 to 27 and corresponds to the 1981 to 2007 period. VA, VB, tgα and α (Table 2) were calculated by Equations 8, 9 and 4, respectively.

The evolving curve of the coupling degree α is shown in Figure 5. It is clear that, in the 27-year period from 1981 to 2007, land use benefits were at low-grade symbiosis for the first two years, and they were coordinated for the next 25 years. The evolving processes of the coupling relationships of land use benefits can be divided into 4 stages.

When the coupling degrees go from −84.95° to 53.40°, as they do in the 1981 to 1986 period, the land use benefits jump from low-grade symbiosis into a relatively coordinated stage. In the earlier stage of reform and opening, economy develops at a small-scale, and the capacity of eco-environment is large, so socioeconomic and eco-environmental benefits both develop completely.

Figure 3 Comprehensive values of socioeconomic benefits of land use

Figure 4 Comprehensive values of eco-environmental benefits of land use

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Year VA VB tgα α1981 −0.0113 0.0010 −11.3176 −84.95°

1982 −0.0056 0.0037 −1.5417 −57.03°

1983 0.0079 0.0081 0.9727 44.21°

1984 0.0228 0.0144 1.5882 57.80°

1985 0.0353 0.0224 1.5714 57.53°

1986 0.0435 0.0323 1.3467 53.40°

1987 0.0478 0.0440 1.0874 47.40°

1988 0.0501 0.0574 0.8718 41.08°

1989 0.0535 0.0727 0.7355 36.33°

1990 0.0622 0.0897 0.6931 34.73°

1991 0.0812 0.1086 0.7475 36.78°

1992 0.1157 0.1293 0.8947 41.82°

1993 0.1710 0.1517 1.1270 48.42°

1994 0.2523 0.1760 1.4337 55.10°

1995 0.3641 0.2020 1.8023 60.98°

1996 0.5102 0.2299 2.2194 65.75°

1997 0.6931 0.2596 2.6704 69.47°

1998 0.9139 0.2910 3.1404 72.34°

1999 1.1719 0.3243 3.6138 74.53°

2000 1.4642 0.3593 4.0747 76.21°

2001 1.7857 0.3962 4.5071 77.49°

2002 2.1285 0.4349 4.8946 78.45°

2003 2.4816 0.4753 5.2208 79.16°

2004 2.8307 0.5176 5.4691 79.64°

2005 3.1580 0.5616 5.6228 79.92°

2006 3.4416 0.6075 5.6652 79.99°

2007 3.6554 0.6552 5.5794 79.84°

Table 2 Coupling degrees and rates of development of land use benefits

The land use benefits are optimum, continuous and stable from 1987 to 1993 because the coupling degrees are close to 45°. During this period, Shenzhen focused on the development of the economy and on environmental protection. At the same time, it began to adjust and optimize economic structure. It developed high-technology industry that would control environmental destruction and pollution by importing advanced technology and by utilizing modern management techniques and foreign currency, which were all needed for the city’s modernization program. So, land use benefits promote each other and develop rapidly.

The extent of coordination of land use benefits decreased during the 1994 to 1999 period as the coupling degrees quickly reached 75°. At this stage, productivity was enhanced further. Shenzhen transformed quickly from an agricultural area into a modern industrial city. This achievement, however, was at a cost to the eco-environment.

The land use benefits are not very coordinated during the last eight years because of a high coupling degree that approaches 80°. There have been great achievements in economic and

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41Coupling Relationships of Land Use Benefits in Shenzhen China

political systems reform. Even though Shenzhen increased investment in eco-environmental quality, still, the socioeconomic benefits of land use developed more quickly than did the eco-environmental benefits, so the benefits were not very coordinated.

This indicates that the mere transplantation of modern technology is no guarantee for success in the areas of economic development and environmental protection. Success here needs comprehensive city planning, rational land use allocation, integrated resource utilization and appropriate environmental impact assessment, all according to local reality (in this case, the reality of Shenzhen).

CONCLUSION

Shenzhen, with its rapid urbanization and economic development, was used to study the coupling relationships of land use benefits. A dynamic coupling model that is based on the qualitative analysis of land use benefits was developed. Several conclusions were made.

One, land use benefits improved from 1981 to 2007. Socioeconomic benefits rose stably and the eco-environmental benefits also rose, but in a fluctuating manner.

Two, land use benefits were generally coordinated, except for in the first two years. The evolving processes of the coupling relationships of land use benefits went through several different levels: low-grade symbiosis, relative coordination, optimum coordination and less than relative coordination. Although land use benefits were, at some points, in a coordinated stage of development, the extent of coordination decreased as the coupling degree approached 80° and as the conflicts of land use benefits worsened.

These results show that it is important to control construction land scale and to enhance the level of land intensive utilization. Also, it is necessary to optimize economic systems. This will help in the effort to develop clean production and circular economy.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was supported by Zhejiang University Scholarship Foundation. The reviewers are acknowledged for critical comments and expert suggestions. Jim Jones helped with rewriting and editing much of the final copy.

Figure 5 Coupling degrees of land use benefits

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