corneal response to anoxia stress from contact lens wear
TRANSCRIPT
CORNEAL RESPONSE TO ANOXIA STRESS FROM CONTACT LENS WEAR
Asst.Prof.Lt.Col.Theeratep Tantayakom, MDCornea and Refractive Surgery specialistPhramongkutklao hospital
Corneal physiology and metabolism
Epithelium
Tear film
Bowman’s layer
Stroma
Descemet’smembrane
Endothelium
Tear film
Cover the corneal surface
Volume 6.5uL, thickness 7um
Consist of 3 layers;
A superficial lipid layer; 0.1um
An aqueous layer; 7um
A mucinous layer; 0.05um
Component:
More than 98% is water
Also contains many biologically ions and molecules
Function
Protect the cornea from dehydration
Maintain the smooth epithelial surface
Source of nutrients for the corneal epithelium
Corneal epithelium
Nonkeratinized, stratified, squamous cells
Thickness 50um (10% of total thickness)
Consists of 5-6 layers of epithelial cells
Only the basal cells of the epithelium proliferate
The cells differentiate and gradually emerging at the corneal surface
The differentiation process requires 7-14 days
Function:
Provide a barrier to external stimuli
Maintain the trilayered structure of the tear film
Corneal stroma
Largest portion of the cornea; 90% of the corneal thickness
uniform arrangement of collagen fiber +
The mean diameter of collagen fibers & distance between such fibers – less than half of the wavelength of visible light
Allowing light to pass through the cornea
Function
Maintain corneal strength, stability of shape, and transparency
Endothelium
A single layer of corneal endothelial cells
Thickness: 5um
Shape: hexagonal
Contain a large nucleus and abundant mitochondria: metabolically active
Function
Endothelial pump: active transport of ion/water
Maintain the stromal deturgescence(relatively dehydrated)
Stromal transparency
Oxygen and nutrient supply
Corneal epithelial and endothelial cells are metabolically active
Glucose and oxygen are essential to maintain the normal metabolic functions of the cornea
Glucose
Diffusion from the aqueous humor
Oxygen
Diffusion from tear fluid, which absorbs oxygen from the air
Direct exposure of tear fluid to the atmosphere is thus essential for oxygenationof the cornea
Physiologic changes due to prolonged eyelid closure
In the closed-eye environment:
o Disruption of the oxygen supply to the cornea
o Oxygen at corneal surface from 21% (at a partial pressure of 155mmHg) to 8% (at 55 mmHg)
o Increase carbon dioxide : acidic pH
o Decrease tear volume
o Corneal edema
o Corneal endothelial bleb response
o Decrease corneal sensitivity
o Increase the microbial load on the conjunctiva and lid margins
Changes in the cornea caused by contact lens
A contact lens acts as a barrier to the supply of oxygen to the cornea
According to the structures affected:
Tear film
Epithelium
Stroma
Endothelium
According to the causes:
Hypoxia-mediated events
Immune events
Mechanical events
Hypoxia from contact lens wear
Reduction in oxygen supply to the cornea 8 –15% depending on the gas permeability of the lens material used
Oxygen permeability (Dk) = rate of oxygen flow through a given area of the material
D = the diffusion coefficient of the material
k = the solubility coefficient of the material
Oxygen transmissibility (Dk/L) = the rate of flow and relation of the lens thickness
L = the thickness of the lens
Unit = number x 10-9 (cm x ml O2)/(s x ml x mmHg)
In the open-eye conditions, the corneal oxygen demand requires at least 20 Dk/L
Daily-wear soft contact lenses should have a Dk/L of 20 to 34 to avoid inducing edema
Holden BA, Mertz GW. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984; 25::1161-7
Harvitt DM, Bonanno JA. Optom Vis Sci 1999; 76: 712-29
The oxygen transmissibility necessary to avoid hypoxia in the closed eye is at least 75 Dk/L
Extended-wear soft contact lenses need a Dk/L of 75 to 89 to avoid inducing edema
Holden BA, Mertz GW. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984; 25::1161-7
Harvitt DM, Bonanno JA. Optom Vis Sci 1999; 76: 712-29
Tear film effects of hypoxia
Tear film complements and pH change
• Increased secretory immunoglobulin A, albumin
• Increase number of polymorphonuclearleukocytes which are actively phagocytic
Tear production change
• Decrease in the tear breakup times
Epithelial effects of hypoxia
Epithelial metabolic rate reduction
• Metabolism is reduced because of a 15% decrease in oxygen uptake
• Cell synthesis is reduced
Epithelial morphology changes
• Epithelial thinning
• Epithelial cell size increase
• Epithelial microcysts
• Fewer microvilli
• Desquamation of corneal epithelial cells
Effect on vision
Epithelial defects
• Loosening the epithelial tight junctions
• Decrease in hemidesmosome synthesis
Separating the corneal epithelial cells
Enhancing the risk of infection
Neovascularization
• The progression of limbal hyperemia and the penetration of vessels into the cornea
• Several factors;
o Metabolic factors; hypoxia, lactic acid, edema
o Angiogenic suppression
o Vasostimulation
o Neural control
If neovascularization is extensive;
Corneal scarring
Lipid deposition
Intracorneal hemorrhage
Corneal hypoesthesia
• A decrease in corneal sensation
• Adaptation to chronic hypoxia
Stromal effects of hypoxia
Stromal acidosis
• Corneal metabolism changes from aerobic to anaerobic
consequent accumulation of lactic acid
Stromal edema
• Due to
A break in epithelial and endothelial barriers
A reduction in pump function
Increase osmotic activity of the stroma
Diameter and distance between collagen fibers becomes heterogeneous
Corneal edema
Then the cornea loses its transparency
Stromal thinning
• A chronic pathophysiologic change in patients who have worn contact lenses for years
• Correlated with degeneration and death of stromal keratocytes
Corneal shape alterations
• Result in corneal distortion or warpage
• More commonly associated with hard lens
• Contact lens with high oxygen transmissibility induce little warpage
Central irregular astigmatism
Radial asymmetry
Changes in the axis of astigmatism
Reversal of the normal pattern of progressive flattening from the center to the periphery
Resolve after discontinues wearing the lens
Endothelial effects of hypoxia
Endothelial bleb
• Appear as black, nonreflecting areas in the endothelial mosaic and as an increase in separation between cell
Polymegethism
• A greater-than-normal variation of corneal endothelial cell size
• Reduction in endothelial cell density
• Only the silicone elastomer contact lens, which has high gas permeability, does not lead to significant endothelial polymegetism
Endothelial function change
• Long term contact lens wear reduces endothelial functional reserve
• Correlates with the duration and transmissibility of the contact lens worn
The pump function is lost
The corneal stroma swells
Irregularity of the interfiber distance
Results in scattering of incident light
The cornea hazy
Symptoms of corneal hypoxia
Red eyes
Eye irritation
Tearing
Sensitive to light
Vision change and unstable
Management;
Discontinuing lens use
Refitting with a lens of higher Dk
Reducing hours of lens use
Immune-events from contact lens wear Allergic conjunctivitis
Giant papillary conjunctivitis
Corneal infection
• Rare , but potentially serious and vision threatening
Related to;
• Improper contact lens care/hygiene
• A poor lens fit
Reduce risk;
Fitted properly
Use contact lens care systems
Follow-up care
Patients should understand the signs and symptoms
Use of disposable lens
Better patient education
More convenient care systems
Use of more oxygen-permeable lens materials
Sterile infiltrates
Seen in the peripheral cornea
Often more than one spot
The epithelium over the spots is intact
Mechanical events from contact lens wear
Corneal abrasions
Result from;
Foreign bodies under a lens
A poor insertion/ removal technique
A damaged contact lens
Punctate keratitis
Related to;
A poor lens fit
A toxic reaction to lens solutions
Dry eye
Most of problems can be treated in one of the following ways;
Discontinuing lens use
Refitting at a later date after changing lens parameters, material, and Dk
Switching to disposable lenses
Decreasing lens wear
Contact lens materials and manufacturing
Contact lens parameters;
• Wettability
• Oxygen permeability
• Lens deposition
Material choice will affect;
• Flexibility
• Contact lens comfort
• Stability
• Quality of vision
Silicon monomers;
• Bulky molecular structure
Create a more open polymer architecture
Fluorine
Increase the gas solubility of polymers
Counteract the tendency of silicon to bind hydrophobic debris to the contact lens surfaces
Thank you for your attention