Copper, Silver, Gold(Cu,Ag,Au)

Cu(Copper)

Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from Latin: cuprum) aand atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; a freshly exposed surface has a reddish-orange color. It is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, a building material, and a constituent of various metal alloys.

Description

• Symbol: Ag• Melting point: 961.8 °C• Electron configuration: [Kr] 4d^10 5s^1• Atomic number: 47• Discovered: 5000 BC• Boiling point: 2,162 °C• Atomic mass: 107.8682 u

Therapeutic Use of Copper

• Treatment for Copper deficiency• Reduced iron in red blood cells (anemia) due to copper

deficiency.

• Brittle bones (osteoporosis). Taking copper in combination with zinc, manganese, and calcium might slow bone loss in older women.

• Copper is involved in normalized function of many enzymes, such as cytochrome c oxidase, which is complex IV in mitochondrial electron transport chain, ceruloplasmin, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, and in amine oxidases.

• These enzyme catalyze reactions for oxidative phosphorylation, iron transportation, antioxidant and free radical scavenging and neutralization, and neurotransmitter synthesis, respectively.

BY MOUTH:• For low levels of copper (copper deficiency): doses up to 0.1 mg/kg of cupric sulfate per day.• For osteoporosis: 2.5 mg copper combined with zinc 15 mg, 5 mg manganese, and 1000 mg calcium per day.

Copper is UNSAFE when used in large amounts. Adults should consume no more than 10 mg of copper per day. Kidney failure and death can occur with as little as 1 gram of copper sulfate. Symptoms of copper overdose include nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, fever, stomach pain, low blood pressure, anemia, and heart problems.

•Penicillamine (Cuprimine, Depen) interacts with COPPERPenicillamine is used for Wilson's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Copper might decrease how much penicillamine your body absorbs and decrease the effectiveness of penicillamine.

Compounds of Copper

Compound Name Formula Molar Mass

Copper(II) Sulfate CuSO4 159.6086

Copper(I) Carbonate Cu2CO3 187.1009

Copper(II) Nitrate Cu(NO3)2 187.5558

Copper(II) Nitrate Hexahydrate Cu(NO3)2.6H2O 295.6475

Copper(II) Sulfate Pentahydrate CuSO4.5H2O 249.685

Copper(I) Oxide Cu2O 143.0914

Copper(II) Iodide CuI2 317.3549

Copper(I) Arsenide Cu3As 265.5596

Copper(I) Sulfate Cu2SO4 223.1546

Copper(II) Nitrite Cu(NO2)2 155.557

Copper(II) Chloride CuCl2 134.452

Copper(II) Phosphate Cu3(PO4)2 380.5807

Copper(II) Chlorite Cu(ClO2)2 198.4496

Copper(II) Phosphite Cu3(PO3)2 348.5819

Copper(II) Hydrogen Carbonate Cu(HCO3)2 185.5797

Copper(II) Sulfite CuSO3 143.6092

Copper(II) Dichromate CuCr2O7 279.534

Copper(II) Hypophosphite Cu3(PO2)2 316.5831

Copper(II) Nitrate Trihydrate Cu(NO3)2.3H2O 241.6016

Copper(II) Oxide CuO 79.5454

Copper(I) Sulfite Cu2SO3 207.1552

Copper(I) Chromate Cu2CrO4 243.0857

Copper(II) Carbonate CuCO3 123.5549

Copper(II) Hydroxide Cu(OH)2 97.5607

Copper(II) Phosphide Cu3P2 252.5855

Copper(II) Hyposulfite CuSO2 127.6098

Copper(I) Sulfide Cu2S 159.157

Copper(II) Iodate Cu(IO3)2 413.3513

Copper(II) Permanganate Cu(MnO4)2 301.4173

Copper(I) Permanganate CuMnO4 182.4816

Tetramminecopper(II) Sulfate [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 227.731

Cu(I) Copper(I) Bluish-

green

Cu(II) Copper(II) (non-

halide) Green

Cu(II) Copper(II) (halide) Blue-green

Qualitative test for Copper

Flame Test

• Cu; 24-hour urine copper; Total copper; Non-ceruloplasmin-bound copper; Free copper; Hepatic copper

• To measure the amount of copper in the blood, urine, or liver; to help diagnose and monitor Wilson disease; sometimes to identify copper deficiencies and excesses

• When you have jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, behavioral changes, tremors, or other symptoms that your doctor thinks may be due to Wilson disease or, rarely, to copper deficiency or excess; at intervals when you are being treated for a copper-related condition

• A blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm and/or a 24-hour urine sample; sometimes a liver biopsy sample

Copper test

Silver(Ag)

Silver is a chemical element with the symbol Ag (Greek: άργυρος árguros,Latin: argentum, both from the Indo-European root *arg- for "grey" or "shining") and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it possesses the highest electrical conductivity of any element, the highest thermal conductivity of any metal and is the most reflective metal on the planet• Symbol: Ag• Melting point: 961.8 °C• Electron configuration: [Kr] 4d^10 5s^1• Atomic number: 47• Discovered: 5000 BC• Boiling point: 2,162 °C• Atomic mass: 107.8682 u

Therapeutic Use of Silver

• Incorporation into wound dressings, and its use as an antibiotic coating in medical devices. Wound dressings containing silver sulfadiazine or silver nanomaterials may be used to treat external infections

• Silver is also used in some medical applications, such as urinary catheters and endotracheal breathing tubes, where there is tentative evidence that it is effective in reducing catheter-related urinary tract infections and ventilator-associated pneumonia respectively.

• The silver ion (Ag+) is bioactive and in sufficient concentration readily kills bacteria in vitro. Silver and silver nanoparticles are used as an antimicrobial in a variety of industrial, healthcare and domestic applications.

Compounds of Silver

Compound Name Formula Molar Mass

Silver Nitrate AgNO3 169.8731

Silver Sulfite Ag2SO3 295.7996

Silver Acetate AgCH3COO 166.9122

Silver Phosphate Ag3PO4 418.576

Silver Chloride AgCl 143.3212

Silver Bromide AgBr 187.7722

Silver(I) Carbonate Ag2CO3 275.7453

Silver Dichromate Ag2Cr2O7 431.7244

Silver Sulfide Ag2S 247.8014

Silver(I) Oxide Ag2O 231.7358

Silver Hydroxide AgOH 124.8755

Silver Thiosulfate Ag2S2O3 327.8646

Compound Name Formula Molar Mass

Silver Nitrate AgNO3 169.8731

Silver Sulfite Ag2SO3 295.7996

Silver Acetate AgCH3COO 166.9122

Silver Phosphate Ag3PO4 418.576

Silver Chloride AgCl 143.3212

Silver Bromide AgBr 187.7722

Silver(I) Carbonate Ag2CO3 275.7453

Silver Dichromate Ag2Cr2O7 431.7244

Silver Sulfide Ag2S 247.8014

Silver(I) Oxide Ag2O 231.7358

Silver Hydroxide AgOH 124.8755

Silver Thiosulfate Ag2S2O3 327.8646

Silver Sulfate Ag2SO4 311.799

Silver Chromate Ag2CrO4 331.7301

Silver Cyanide AgCN 133.8856

Silver Iodide AgI 234.7727

Silver Periodate AgIO4 298.7703

Silver Nitrite AgNO2 153.8737

Silver Phosphide Ag3P 354.5784

Silver Phosphite Ag3PO3 402.5766

Silver Borate Ag3BO3 382.4138

Silver Arsenate Ag3AsO4 462.5238

Silver Nitride Ag3N 337.6113

Silver Bromite AgBrO2 219.771

Silver Hypochlorite AgClO 159.3206

Silver Perchlorate AgClO4 207.3188

Silver Hydrogen Carbonate AgHCO3 168.885

Silver Dihydrogen Phosphate AgH2PO4 204.8554

Silver Oxalate Ag2C2O4 303.7554

Silver Fluorate AgFO3 174.8648

Silver Chlorate AgClO3 191.3194

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THEGROUP I CATIONS: Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg2 2+

Gold(Au)

Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and atomic number 79. It is a bright yellow dense, soft, malleable and ductile metal. The properties remain when exposed to air or water. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements, and is solid under standard conditions.

Symbol: Au Melting point: 1,064 °C Electron configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 Atomic number: 79 Boiling point: 2,970 °C Atomic mass: 196.966576657 uc

Therapeutic Use of Gold

Gold is used to reduce inflammation and slow disease progression in people who have rheumatoid arthritis. Gold is not usually the first treatment given to people who have rheumatoid arthritis, since methotrexate and other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are available.

Compounds of Gold

Compound Name Formula Molar Mass

Gold(III) Phosphate AuPO4 291.9379

Gold(III) Nitrate Au(NO3)3 382.9813

Gold(III) Sulfate Au2(SO4)3 682.1209

Gold(III) Oxide Au2O3 441.9313

Gold(III) Chlorate Au(ClO3)3 447.3202

Gold(I) Phosphate Au3PO4 685.8711

Gold(III) Sulfide Au2S3 490.1281

Gold(III) Acetate Au(C2H3O2)3 374.0986

Gold(I) Carbonate Au2CO3 453.942

Gold(III) Carbonate Au2(CO3)3 573.9598

Gold(III) Dihydrogen Phosphate Au(H2PO4)3 487.9283

Gold(I) Nitride Au3N 604.9064

Gold(III) Thiosulfate Au2(S2O3)3 730.3177

Gold(I) Sulfate Au2SO4 489.9957

Gold(III) Hydrogen Sulfate Au(HSO4)3 488.1782

Gold(III) Hydrogen Carbonate Au(HCO3)3 380.0171

Gold(III) Chromate Au2(CrO4)3 741.9142

Gold(III) Chloride AuCl3 303.3256

Gold(II) Sulfate AuSO4 293.0292

Gold(I) Hydroxide AuOH 213.9739

Gold(III) Sulfite Au2(SO3)3 634.1227

Gold(III) Nitride AuN 210.9733

Gold(I) Iodide AuI 323.871

Gold(I) Sulfide Au2S 425.9981

Gold(I) Nitrate AuNO3 258.9715

Gold(III) Iodate Au(IO3)3 721.6746

Gold(III) Selenide Au2Se3 630.8131

Gold(III) Hydroxide Au(OH)3 247.9886

Gold(I) Phosphide Au3P 621.8735

Gold(III) Phosphite AuPO3 275.9385

Gold(I) Oxide Au2O 409.9325

Qualitative Test for Gold

Stannous Chloride – Test for Gold, Platinum and Palladium Presence

Stannous chloride test solution is one of the most important tool and a most have for any precious metal recovery and refining process, this test solution will tell you if there is presence of dissolved precious metals (gold, platinum and palladium) in a solution or not.

Gold Test

Concentrated Gold solution (left), diluted 4 times over with water (center), diluted 10 times over with water (right)