converting employees to owners: employee share purchase plans

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This presentation offers an overview of types, formation, implementation and administration of ESPPs.

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Page 1: Converting Employees to Owners: Employee Share Purchase Plans

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Converting Employees to Owners: Employee Share Purchase Plans

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Types, Formation, Implementation and Administration of ESPPs

Presenters: Leah Tolton and Leanne Krawchuk

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Four Common Types of ESPPs

• Stock Option Plans

• Share Purchase Plans

• Phantom Stock Plans

• Stock Bonus Plans

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Stock Option Plans

• Right to purchase specified number of shares at a specific priceat a specified date

• Timing – usually granted at commencement of employment

• Theory – employee will exercise option when share value is greater than “strike price”

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Share Purchase Plans

• Right to purchase specified number of shares at specific price at a specific date

• Timing – usually granted to incent employees, often on an annual basis

• Theory – employees will be motivated to improve productivity and profitability

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Phantom Stock Plans

• Shares are “allocated” but not acquired

• Timing – usually granted to incent employees, often on an annual basis

• Theory – employee participates in growth of corporation as if he or she had an ownership interest

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Stock Bonus Plans

• Bonus awarded to employees as shares instead of cash

• Timing – usually granted to reward employees, often annually

• Theory – Employee receives an asset that may appreciate and employer does not deplete cash reserves

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Choosing a Form of Plan

• Goals to be achieved by each type

• Manner of determining value of shares– Fair market determination– By agreement

• Most commonly used types

• We’ll focus on stock option plans and share purchase plans

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Consideration of Policies and Documentation• Helps determine legal obligations and rights of the employer and employees

• Manages expectations

• Need to decide on discretionary, automatic entitlement or targets

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Objective to be Achieved by an ESPP

• To attract and/or incent employees

• To assist in retention efforts

• To enhance employee compensation packages

• To implement succession planning

• To finance the existing business or its growth

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Preliminary Issues and Roles of Advisors

• What is the employer trying to achieve?– Keep the employer’s objective in mind during the planning process

• Consider involving employees in discussions

• Prepare to spend considerable time answering these questions and preparing the plan before presenting it to employees

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Lawyers

• Review existing and future commitments to employees

• Prepare key agreements:– Participation criteria– Number and type of shares to be issued– Value of shares– Ongoing management of shareholder relationship– Entry to and exit from the structure– Liquidity events– How employees will pay for shares– Tax implications to employees

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Accountants

• Input into value of shares– Review historical financial performance– Consider values of underlying assets

• Input into tax implications– Existing shareholders– New shareholders

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Business Valuators

• May prepare a formal valuation of the corporation’s shares to use as benchmark when first employees become shareholders

• Work with the accountant to set share value

• Work with the lawyers to set a formula to calculate value on entries and exits

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Other Preparation

• If employees are to participate in discrete parts of business, may need to reorganize assets before introducing employees

• Example: if employees are to share in business operations but not real estate value, may need to move real estate

• If employees are to participate in larger group, may need to reorganize shareholdings

• Example: move shares of operating corporations to a holding corporation and issue holding corporation shares to employees

• Consider introducing employees at a separate holding corporation to simplify entries and exits and ongoing governance.

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Overview of Share Structure

• Consider the type of security to be issued

• Are articles of amendment required to be filed to effect a change in existing share capital? (i.e. to accommodate a share split or share exchange or to create new classes of shares or series of shares)

• Prepare dilution calculations

• Is an estate freeze necessary?

• Example: value existing common shares; create a new class of redeemable preferred (non‐voting) shares having a redemption value equal to the value of the common shares; exchange common shares for new preferred shares; common shares are left with nominal value to allow buy in by employees at low cost 

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Specifics of the Plan or Policy

• Establish parameters on eligibility of employees to participate

• Should deal with allocations, vesting periods, exercise price, purchase price, or conversion price, expiry date, and/or termination date

• How and when is value to be determined?

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Unanimous Shareholder Agreement (“USA”)• Governs the rights and obligations of shareholders and the corporation and the ability of shareholders to sell and transfershares

• USA can be enforced by the courts

• There are numerous tax considerations involved in the drafting of the USA

• Employees should obtain independent legal and other professional advice

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Specifics of a USA for Employee Owned Corporation• “triggering events” – death, disability, termination of employment (whether for cause or not), retirement

• Consider different categories of employee shareholders based on shareholdings

• Who is the purchaser – the corporation, a nominee or other employee shareholders?

• Determination of purchase price (i.e. by annual agreement of the board of directors, by accountants, by a certified business valuator, or by a formula)

• Life insurance on “key employees” to fund a corporate repurchase

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Is it a “security” under applicable Alberta securities laws?• Yes, both options and shares

• The corporation requires a prospectus exemption under National Instrument 45‐106 Prospectus and Registration Exemptions to issue or grant securities to employees

• “private issuer” exemption is most often used by private corporations

• Reporting issuers can rely on a variety of other exemptions

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Financing of ESPPsPresenter: Rich Miller

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Sources of Financing for ESPPs

• Employee– RRSP– TFSA– Personal loan

• Employer – Financial Assistance – Section 45 ABCA– Exemption– Disclosure– Waiver

• Banks– Structured loan programs– Choice of banks

• Focus of Presentation on Bank’s Structured Loan Programs

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Advantages of Structured Loan Programs

• Expedited processing of loan applications

• Favourable interest rates

• Favourable repayment terms– Interest Only– Deferral of principal payments– Coordinated with dividend payments

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Typical Financing Documentation

• Loan application

• Loan agreement or promissory note

• Pledge of shares, share transfer form and acknowledgement

• Share certificate, control agreement or PPSA registration

• Waiver of investment advice

• Privacy consent

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Typical Financing Terms

• Demand loan

• Margining formula

• Events of default – Termination of employment– Sale of shares

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Public Company Issues

• Volatility of share price– Margining

• Securities laws– Restrictions on sale of pledged shares

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Private Company Issues

• Valuation of shares– Margining

• Lack of liquidity or available buyers– Sale process

• Unanimous shareholder agreements– Transfer restrictions– Buy/sell rights– Rights of first refusal

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Employer Involvement

• Put and call rights– Employer agrees to buy pledged shares

• Guarantee by employer– Assignment of loan and pledge

• Comfort agreements– Notice of termination or sale

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Taxation of Employee Share Purchase PlansPresenter: Mark Woltersdorf

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Taxation of Employee Stock Options

• Any agreement between an employer and employee to sell or issue shares of an employer corporation or a non‐arm’s length corporation is considered to be an “employee stock option”under the Income Tax Act

• This includes shares acquired by share subscription from treasury or acquired from an existing shareholder

• Most employee share purchase plans will be considered to be an employee stock option for taxation purposes

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Taxation of Employee Stock Options

• Phantom Stock Plans do not result in an acquisition of shares by the employee

• As such, payments received by the employee under a Phantom Stock Plan are treated for income tax purposes in the same manner as cash compensation (i.e. taxable in full when received and subject to applicable statutory deductions)

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Taxation of Employee Stock Options

• Under existing legislation, employee stock options (which include Stock Option Plans, Share Purchase Plans and Stock Bonus Plans) are subject to taxation as follows:

– Difference between fair market value of shares acquired and amount paid to acquire them is treated as a taxable employment benefit

– Employee may be entitled to a deduction equal to 50% of the taxable employment benefit in certain circumstances

– The taxable employment benefit is included in income at the time the employee stock option is exercised (i.e. shares are purchased)

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Taxation of Employee Stock Options Cont’d

– Employees of Canadian‐controlled private corporations (CCPCs) do not include the taxable employment benefit in income until the shares are sold

– Prior to March 4, 2010, under certain circumstances, an employee of a publicly‐traded corporation could elect to defer recognition of the taxable employment benefit until the optioned shares are sold

– The deferral was in respect of up to $100,000 of qualifying stock options vesting in a year

– Gains or losses realized on the disposition of an optioned share are treated as capital gains or losses 

– If CCPC ‐ capital gains may be eligible for the capital gain deduction and capital losses may be treated as business investment losses

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Taxation of Employee Stock Options

Example

– OPCO has a stock option plan for its employees– Options are granted on the 2nd anniversary date of employment that 

permit the employee to acquire a specified number of shares of OPCO at a purchase price equal to the fair market value of the shares at the time the option is granted

– Options may be exercised for up to 3 years after being granted 

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Taxation of Employee Stock Options

Example

– Sam is granted an option to acquire 100 shares of OPCO January 1, 2007, at their fair market value that day of $10 per share

– Sam exercises his option on February 1, 2008, and acquires 100 shares of OPCO at a purchase price of $10 per share a time that each share has a fair market value of $13 

– In October 2010 Sam sells the 100 shares acquired in 2008 at their fair market value of $18 per share

– There are no selling costs and Sam is paid in full at closing

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Tax Consequences

• Regardless of the type of employer – the amount of taxable employment benefit is $3 ‐ calculated as FMV at the date shares were purchased ($13) less the amount paid by Sam to purchase them ($10)

• The taxable employment benefit is added to the purchase price paid by Sam to determine adjusted cost base (ACB) of the shares acquired

• The ACB is used to determine capital gains or losses arising when the optioned shares are sold by the employee

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Tax Consequences

• The taxable employment income benefit is subject to withholding taxes that the employer is required to take from other “cash basis” sources of employment income

• Budget 2010 introduced provisions designed to clarify that the gross taxable employment benefit (and not the net benefit of 50%) is subject to withholding taxes

• Implementation of these changes is deferred until after 2010 to permit employers to adjust their compensation arrangements and payroll systems

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Tax Consequences

• If OPCO is a CCPC the taxable employment benefit is deferred until the securities are sold

• If OPCO is non‐CCPC that is a “qualifying person” and Sam made the appropriate election in respect of the shares (only available for shares issued before March 4, 2010) ‐ the taxable employment benefit is deferred until the optioned shares are sold

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Tax Consequences

$  3$  3$  3Employment income

$10$10$10Amount paid to acquire security

$13$13$13FMV of security

Non‐CCPC

(election made)

Non‐CCPCCCPC

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Tax Consequences

$  1.50$  1.50$  1.50Net

Year security soldYear security acquired

Year security soldTiming of  income inclusion

$1.50$1.50$1.50Stock option deduction

Non‐CCPC

(election made)

Non‐CCPCCCPC

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Tax Consequences

$  5$  5$  5Capital

gain

$13$13$13Adjusted cost base

($10 purchase price + $3 benefit)

$18$18$18Proceeds of disposition

Non‐CCPC

(election made)

Non CCPCCCPC

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RRSP Eligibility

• Should the employer take steps so that the employee can acquire shares using their RRSP account? (or similar accounts such as TFSA, DPSP, IPP)

• This is an important issue that requires careful analysis at thebeginning of the planning stage

• The shares must be “qualified investments” as defined in the Income Tax Act – these provisions are complex

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RRSP Eligibility

• A qualified investment includes a CCPC that is a small business corporation (90% of its assets are used to generate active business income primarily in Canada) and the investor shareholder is not connected with the corporation (owns less than 10%) 

• A connected shareholder may also qualify if they deal at arm’s length with the corporation and the cost of all securities owned by that person (and all non‐arm’s length persons) is $25,000 or less

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RRSP Eligibility

• Securities, other than shares of a CCPC, may also be RRSP eligible including:

– units of a mutual fund trust– shares of a mutual fund corporation– publicly traded securities (can make an election to be deemed a public 

corporation for tax purposes)– interests in certain limited partnerships

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RRSP Eligibility

• The income tax and securities law requirements for each of the above securities to qualify are complex and beyond the scope of this presentation 

• It is more relevant to examine some of the key differences between RRSP eligible and non‐eligible plans

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What are some key differences?

Non‐RRSP eligible securities

‐ gains and capital gains realized on sale of shares are subject to taxation immediately

‐ only 50% of the capital gain is taxable as a taxable capital gain

‐ capital gains realized may be eligible for the capital gain deduction

‐ interest on money borrowed to acquire shares should be deductible for tax purposes

‐ losses realized may be able to be claimed 

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What are some key differences?

• RRSP Eligible Shares– capital gains realized on sale of shares are not subject to taxation until 

withdrawn from RRSP– the entire gain is subject to taxation when funds withdrawn from RRSP– capital gains are not eligible for the capital gain deduction– interest on money borrowed to acquire shares is not deductible for tax 

purposes– losses are “trapped” in the RRSP plan

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QUESTIONS

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Thank You For Joining Us• Leah Tolton 780.423. 7192 e: leah.tolton@fmc‐law.com• Leanne Krawchuk 780.423.7198  e: leanne.krawchuk@fmc‐law.com• Rich Miller 780.423.7242 e: rich.miller@fmc‐law.com• Mark Woltersdorf 780.423.7250 e: mark.woltersdorf@fmc‐law.com

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The preceding presentation contains examples of the kinds of issues companies looking at employee share purchase plans could face. If you are faced with one of these issues, please retain professional assistance as each situation is unique.