Contemporary College EnglishContemporary College EnglishBook OneBook One

Unit 9Unit 9

Against All OddsAgainst All Odds

►Background Background ►Warm-up Exercises Warm-up Exercises ►Language Language

Understanding Understanding ►DiscussionDiscussion

Stephen Hawking - a Life in Stephen Hawking - a Life in Science (Science (19921992))

► A nonfiction book byA nonfiction book byJohn John GribbinGribbin

► This biography pays particular This biography pays particular attention to Hawking's scientifiattention to Hawking's scientific achievement, as well as to thc achievement, as well as to the tragic progress of his illnessee tragic progress of his illnesses and his extraordinary will to ss and his extraordinary will to survive and to continue working urvive and to continue working despite major progressive handespite major progressive handicap. dicap.

I am quite often asked how do you feel about having ALS? I am quite often asked how do you feel about having ALS? The answer is, not a lot. I try to lead as normal a life as The answer is, not a lot. I try to lead as normal a life as possible, and not think about my condition, or regret the possible, and not think about my condition, or regret the things. things. I have had motor neuron disease for practically all my I have had motor neuron disease for practically all my adult life. I could select words from a series of menus on adult life. I could select words from a series of menus on the screen, by pressing a switch in hands, head or eye the screen, by pressing a switch in hands, head or eye movement. A speech synthesizer fitted to my wheel chair movement. A speech synthesizer fitted to my wheel chair allowed me to write, talk. Yet it has not prevented me allowed me to write, talk. Yet it has not prevented me from having a very attractive family, and success in my from having a very attractive family, and success in my work. It gave me something to live for. I realised that work. It gave me something to live for. I realised that there were a lot of worthwhile things I could do I was there were a lot of worthwhile things I could do I was enjoying life in the present more than before. Thanks to enjoying life in the present more than before. Thanks to the help I have received from Jane, my children, and a the help I have received from Jane, my children, and a large number of other people I have been lucky, that my large number of other people I have been lucky, that my condition has progressed more slowly than is often the condition has progressed more slowly than is often the case. But it shows that one need not lose hope. case. But it shows that one need not lose hope.

----Stephen Hawking ----Stephen Hawking

Stephen William Stephen William HawkingHawking

► Hawking, Stephen WilliamHawking, Stephen William (1942- ), (1942- ), British theoretical physicist and mathBritish theoretical physicist and mathematician whose main field of researematician whose main field of research has been the beginning of the univch has been the beginning of the universe, and a unified theory of physics, erse, and a unified theory of physics, the nature of space and time, includithe nature of space and time, including irregularities in space and time knng irregularities in space and time known as singularities(own as singularities( 奇点）奇点） . .

Life experience:Life experience:

► born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford, England... death of Galileo) in Oxford, England...

► in 1958 he entered Oxford University. in 1958 he entered Oxford University. ► in 1961 he attended a summer course at in 1961 he attended a summer course at

the Royal Observatory. the Royal Observatory. ► in 1962 he completed his undergraduate in 1962 he completed his undergraduate

courses and received a bachelor’ courses and received a bachelor’ s degree in physics. s degree in physics.

► then Hawking enrolled as a research then Hawking enrolled as a research student in general relativity at the student in general relativity at the department of applied mathematics department of applied mathematics and theoretical physics at the and theoretical physics at the University of Cambridge. University of Cambridge.

in 1966in 1966 Hawking Hawking earned his Ph.D. degree from earned his Ph.D. degree from Trinity College at the University of Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. Cambridge. in 1974 he became one of the youngest fellows in 1974 he became one of the youngest fellows of the Royal Society. of the Royal Society. in 1977 he became a professor of physics after in 1977 he became a professor of physics after finishing doing post-doctoral research at finishing doing post-doctoral research at the University of Cambridge. the University of Cambridge. In 1979 he was appointed Lucasian Professor of In 1979 he was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. Mathematics at Cambridge.

Research proceedings:Research proceedings:

► In the earliest stages, In the earliest stages, HawkingHawking has been co has been concerned with the concept of ncerned with the concept of singularitiessingularities brbreakdowns in space and timeeakdowns in space and time （（奇性定理）奇性定理）The most familiar example of a singularity iThe most familiar example of a singularity is a s a black holeblack hole, (the final form of a collapsed , (the final form of a collapsed starstar 宇宙大爆炸的奇点 宇宙大爆炸的奇点 ). ).

► During the late 1960s During the late 1960s HawkingHawking proved that proved that a singularity must occur at the a singularity must occur at the big bang(big bang( th the explosion that marked the beginning of te explosion that marked the beginning of the universe and the birth of space-time itsehe universe and the birth of space-time itself). lf).

In 1970 In 1970 HawkingHawking turned to the examination turned to the examination of the properties of black holes: the surface of the properties of black holes: the surface area of the event horizon (The boundary of a area of the event horizon (The boundary of a black hole) around a black hole could only inblack hole) around a black hole could only increase or remain constant with time this area crease or remain constant with time this area could never decrease.could never decrease. 黑洞的面積不會隨時間減少黑洞的面積不會隨時間減少。。

From 1970 to 1974, From 1970 to 1974, HawkingHawking provided provided mathematical proof for mathematical proof for the hypothesis as the "No the hypothesis as the "No Hair Theorem”: matter Hair Theorem”: matter entering a black hole loses entering a black hole loses its shape, its chemical its shape, its chemical composition, and its composition, and its distinction as matter or distinction as matter or antimatter. antimatter.

Since 1974 Since 1974 HawkingHawking has has studied the behavior of mstudied the behavior of matter in a black hole in quatter in a black hole in quantum mechanics. antum mechanics. QuantuQuantum mechanicsm mechanics （量子宇宙（量子宇宙论）论） is a theory that descris a theory that describes black holes from whiibes black holes from which nothing was supposed ch nothing was supposed to be able to escape could to be able to escape could emit thermal radiation, or emit thermal radiation, or heat. heat.

Throughout the 1990s Throughout the 1990s HawkingHawking sought to explain the sought to explain the universe by incorporating all universe by incorporating all four basic types of interactions four basic types of interactions between matter and energy: between matter and energy: strong nuclear interactions, strong nuclear interactions, weak nuclear interactions, weak nuclear interactions, electromagnetic interactions, electromagnetic interactions, and gravitational interactions. and gravitational interactions.

Current news:Current news:

► Professor Hawking is Professor Hawking is currently interested in currently interested in selling his hot air selling his hot air balloon basket, balloon basket, especially designed by especially designed by experts for wheelchair experts for wheelchair access. This very access. This very special item is in special item is in excellent condition excellent condition and ready to useand ready to use

Professor Hawking has given many Professor Hawking has given many

lectures to the general publiclectures to the general public. .

► Here are the Here are the more recent more recent public lectures at public lectures at Zhejiang Zhejiang University.University.

What is ALS?What is ALS?

► ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ► 肌萎缩侧索硬化 肌萎缩侧索硬化 ► A = absence of A = absence of 缺乏 缺乏 ► myo = muscle myo = muscle 肌肉 肌肉 ► trophic = nourishment trophic = nourishment 营养 营养 ► Lateral = side(of spine) Lateral = side(of spine) （脊髓的）边沿 （脊髓的）边沿 ► Sclerosis = hardening Sclerosis = hardening 硬化 硬化

The ALS Association is the only national not-foThe ALS Association is the only national not-for-profit health organization dedicated solely to tr-profit health organization dedicated solely to the fight against ALS through research, patient he fight against ALS through research, patient and community services, public education, and and community services, public education, and advocacy. advocacy.

卢伽雷氏症”，即运动神经细胞萎缩症 卢伽雷氏症”，即运动神经细胞萎缩症

ALS, a rare progressive disease that handicaps movement and speech.

Major works:Major works:► Universe in a NutshellUniverse in a Nutshell

（果壳里的空间之王）（果壳里的空间之王）/ The Illustrated Brief History of Time/ The Illustrated Brief History of Time(1988)(1988)

► Black Holes and Baby Universes and Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other EssaysOther Essays (1993), (1993), （黑洞、婴儿宇（黑洞、婴儿宇宙及其他） 宙及其他）

► The Theory of Everything: The OriginThe Theory of Everything: The Origin and Fate of the Universe and Fate of the Universe《时空本性》《时空本性》

► The Future of The Future of SpacetimeSpacetime 《未来的魅《未来的魅力》 力》

► A Brief History of Time: From the Big A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black HolesBang to Black Holes 《时间简史———从大爆炸到黑洞》《时间简史———从大爆炸到黑洞》

► In 1992 American filmmaker Errol MoIn 1992 American filmmaker Errol Morris helped make all-time best seller rris helped make all-time best seller A Brief History of TimeA Brief History of Time into a film ab into a film about out HawkingHawking’s life and work. ’s life and work.

► one of the oldest one of the oldest universities in the world universities in the world and one of the largest and one of the largest in the United Kingdom in the United Kingdom The University of The University of Cambridge consists of Cambridge consists of over 100 departments, over 100 departments, faculties and schools faculties and schools plus a central plus a central administration administration

Discussion ExercisesDiscussion Exercises

►Read the passage carefully. Take out Read the passage carefully. Take out the most touching part according to the most touching part according to you and have some discussions about you and have some discussions about it. (why, how, examples) it. (why, how, examples)

Structures in the textStructures in the text

► He must have known…He must have known…► … … just happen to…just happen to…► … … rather than rather than ► There seemed very little point in… because…There seemed very little point in… because…► It was not long, however, before he…It was not long, however, before he…► Whenever he felt like …Whenever he felt like …► There is little doubt that …There is little doubt that …► It was … that …It was … that …► As predicted,…As predicted,…► There were many times when …There were many times when …► … … as it may seem, …as it may seem, …► Without the help of…, …would not have been Without the help of…, …would not have been

Language understandingLanguage understanding odd:odd:► 1)peculiar or eccentric, fantastic 1)peculiar or eccentric, fantastic 奇怪的古怪 奇怪的古怪 ► 2) number not divisible by two (opposed to 2) number not divisible by two (opposed to

even) even) 单数的单数的 ,, 奇数的 奇数的 ► 3) not fixed, not regular, occasional 3) not fixed, not regular, occasional 零星临时 零星临时 E.g. E.g.

odd-looking man make a living by doing odd jobs odd-looking man make a living by doing odd jobs odds:odds: 1)the chance in favor of/against sth. Happening 1)the chance in favor of/against sth. Happening

可能的机会 可能的机会 2) things that are not even, inequalities 2) things that are not even, inequalities 不平等 不平等 E.g. TE.g. T

he odds are against/ in favor of us. odds and ends: he odds are against/ in favor of us. odds and ends: small articles and pieces usu. of small value; small articles and pieces usu. of small value; 零零碎杂物 碎杂物

oddmentoddment

modal auxiliaries + perfect modal auxiliaries + perfect tensetense

► can/could have done can/could have done ► may/might have done may/might have done ► must have done must have done ► should /ought to have done should /ought to have done ► needn’t have done Exer. Her eyes are red. needn’t have done Exer. Her eyes are red.

She _____. (cry) You ____more careful in thShe _____. (cry) You ____more careful in this experiment. I dressed very warmly for this experiment. I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I __ ; the weather was hot. e trip, but I __ ; the weather was hot.

prep. + doingprep. + doing

► Sb. has difficulty /trouble/a hard time Sb. has difficulty /trouble/a hard time (in) doing sth. (in) doing sth.

► Sb. has a big/ good time (in) doing stSb. has a big/ good time (in) doing sth. h.

► There is no point /use (in) doing sth. There is no point /use (in) doing sth. ► What is the use/ point/good (of) doinWhat is the use/ point/good (of) doin

g sth.? g sth.? ► Be through (with) doing sth.Be through (with) doing sth.

end up: end up: 结束告终结束告终

► end in:end in: 以—为结束以—为结束 // 结果 结果 E.g. people E.g. people who earn less money but enjoy life who earn less money but enjoy life may end up happier than those whmay end up happier than those who work too much. o work too much.

► only to: only to: 结果却，不料，反而 结果却，不料，反而 E.g. The E.g. The enemy troops rushed there only to enemy troops rushed there only to be ambushed. be ambushed. 敌人扑到那里却遭到伏敌人扑到那里却遭到伏击。击。

WorthWorth

► sth. is worth +n. ( money, time, enesth. is worth +n. ( money, time, energy) rgy)

► sth. is worth doingsth. is worth doingE.g. E.g. ► The event is worth looking forward The event is worth looking forward

to. to. ► He is worth a million dollars. He is worth a million dollars. ► The research is not worth the time The research is not worth the time

and effort/ the priceand effort/ the price

worthy: worthy: 值得值得

►be worthy of n.be worthy of n.be worthy of being done be worthy of being done be worthy to be donebe worthy to be done

worthwhileworthwhile

► doing sth./to do sth. + be worthwhildoing sth./to do sth. + be worthwhile e

► It is worthwhile + doing sth./to do sIt is worthwhile + doing sth./to do sth. th.

► It is worth one’s while + to do sth.It is worth one’s while + to do sth.

Exercises Exercises

► 11 ） ） The Yellow Stone Park is well ----- The Yellow Stone Park is well ----- ► a worth visiting b worthy visiting a worth visiting b worthy visiting ► c worth to visit d worth visiting it c worth to visit d worth visiting it ► 22 ） ） The book is worthy of ------- The book is worthy of ------- ► a reading b read a reading b read ► c having read d being read c having read d being read ► 3) Handle that flower vase carefully; it --- a l3) Handle that flower vase carefully; it --- a l

ot of money. ot of money. ► a worths b is worth a worths b is worth ► c worthed d is worthy ofc worthed d is worthy of

CoverCover

► cover: to include; travel; deal with cover: to include; travel; deal with 包含 包括，处理，走过 包含 包括，处理，走过

► E.g. E.g. ► The class covered only half of what The class covered only half of what

the teacher intended. the teacher intended. 这堂课只完成这堂课只完成了老师想干的工作的一半。 了老师想干的工作的一半。 Our trip Our trip covered only half of what the tour gcovered only half of what the tour guide intended. uide intended. 我们这趟旅游只去了我们这趟旅游只去了一半导游想去的地方。一半导游想去的地方。

turn turn ► Turn up: Turn up: ► 1) to fold turn up the shirt sleeves 1) to fold turn up the shirt sleeves ► 2)to bring to the surface 2)to bring to the surface ► 3)to happen/ occur 3)to happen/ occur ► He’s still waiting for something to turn up. He’s still waiting for something to turn up. ► 4)to appear/ arrive 4)to appear/ arrive ► He promised to come, but hasn’t turned up yet.He promised to come, but hasn’t turned up yet.

► Turn up one’s nose at sth. Turn up one’s nose at sth. 轻视瞧不起 轻视瞧不起 ► Turn on/off Turn on/off ► Turn downTurn down 翻下翻下 // 转小拧小转小拧小 // 拒绝 拒绝 ► Turn to Turn to 开始工作从事开始工作从事

disability: n. disability: n. 残疾残疾

► Compare: able: adj. Compare: able: adj. ► unable: adj. unable: adj. ► enable: v.enable: v. 使能够 使能够 ► disable: v.disable: v. 使无能为力， 尤指使残疾 使无能为力， 尤指使残疾 ► disabled: adj. crippled disabled: adj. crippled 残废的 残废的 ► (disabled ex-service man(disabled ex-service man 退役军人退役军人 ))

term:term: ► 1) fixed period of time 1) fixed period of time 期间 期间 a long term oa long term o

f imprisonment f imprisonment ► 2) (of school) period into which academic y2) (of school) period into which academic y

ear is dividedear is divided 学期 学期 ► 3) word to express an idea, esp a specialize3) word to express an idea, esp a specialize

d concept d concept 术语 术语 technical term/ legal tertechnical term/ legal term m

► 4) (pl.) mode of expression 4) (pl.) mode of expression 措辞措辞 ,, 说法 说法 conditions offered or agreed to conditions offered or agreed to 条件 条件 relations relations 关系关系 ,, 交情 交情 E.g. come to/make – E.g. come to/make – with sb./sth.with sb./sth. 与某人达成协议与某人达成协议 // 接受某物 接受某物 be be on good /bad/ friendly – with sb.on good /bad/ friendly – with sb. 与某人关与某人关系良好…系良好… . He referred to your work in term. He referred to your work in terms of high praise. I didn’t know you and he s of high praise. I didn’t know you and he were on such good terms were on such good terms

synonyms:synonyms:

►adviser adviser ►counselor counselor ►instructor instructor ►supervisor supervisor ►faculty staff (pl.) faculty staff (pl.) ►crewcrew

► The newcomers found it impossible to __ The newcomers found it impossible to __ themselves to the climate sufficiently to themselves to the climate sufficiently to make permanent homes in the new make permanent homes in the new country. A. suitcountry. A. suit B. adapt B. adapt

C. regulateC. regulate D. coordinate D. coordinate ► In spite of the wide range of reading In spite of the wide range of reading

material specially written or __ for material specially written or __ for language learning purposes there is yet language learning purposes there is yet no comprehensive systematic program no comprehensive systematic program for the reading skill. for the reading skill.

A. adaptedA. adapted B. acknowledged B. acknowledged C. assembledC. assembled D. appointedD. appointed

►When business is __, there is When business is __, there is usually an obvious increase in usually an obvious increase in unemployment. unemployment. A. degradedA. degraded

B. depressed B. depressed C. reducedC. reducedD. lessened D. lessened

►They stood gazing at the happy __ They stood gazing at the happy __ of children playing in the park. of children playing in the park. A. A. perspectiveperspective B. view B. view C. C. landscapelandscape D. sceneD. scene

► I was __ the point of telephoning I was __ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived. him when his letter arrived.

A. to A. to B. onB. on C. atC. atD. in D. in

►The most important __ of his speech The most important __ of his speech was that we should all work whole-was that we should all work whole-heartedly for the people. heartedly for the people.

A. elementA. element B. spotB. spot

C. senseC. sense D. pointD. point

Writing Writing

►How to face difficulties in life? How to face difficulties in life?

Affect\ effect\ influenceAffect\ effect\ influence

► affect: act on effect: result; outcome affect: act on effect: result; outcome ► influence: v./n. exercise power to affect one’s influence: v./n. exercise power to affect one’s

character, beliefs or actions through example, fcharacter, beliefs or actions through example, fear, admiration ear, admiration

► 1.Don’t be ___________ by bad examples. 1.Don’t be ___________ by bad examples. ► 2.The __________ of Chinese medicine in treati2.The __________ of Chinese medicine in treati

ng the kind of disease is clear. ng the kind of disease is clear. ► 3.The person who ___________ me most deeply 3.The person who ___________ me most deeply

in my childhood was my aunt. in my childhood was my aunt. ► 4.The amount of fertilizer you use often_______ 4.The amount of fertilizer you use often_______

the size of a crop. the size of a crop.

► 5.Climate has a great____________ on 5.Climate has a great____________ on people’s lives. It can_____________ the people’s lives. It can_____________ the food they eat, the houses they build food they eat, the houses they build and the way in which they dress. And and the way in which they dress. And weather________________ the way people weather________________ the way people feel, too. A gloomy day often makes feel, too. A gloomy day often makes people feel low. On the other hand, a people feel low. On the other hand, a bright sunny day_______________ people bright sunny day_______________ people quite differently. quite differently.

► 6.Einstein’s theory of relativity has 6.Einstein’s theory of relativity has great _________ on the science. great _________ on the science.

AboveAbove and and overover

► AboveAbove and and overover can often be used in the same can often be used in the same way: way: Let’s hang the painting over/above the Let’s hang the painting over/above the fireplace. fireplace.

► If there is an idea of movement If there is an idea of movement overover is used: is used: The The bird flew over the lake. bird flew over the lake. The sheep jumped over the The sheep jumped over the wall. wall.

► OverOver is also used if there is an idea of covering: is also used if there is an idea of covering: He pulled the blanket over his head and fell He pulled the blanket over his head and fell

asleep. asleep. They built a roof over the courtyard.They built a roof over the courtyard.

Under \BeneathUnder \Beneath

► UnderUnder is the most common work when one thing is is the most common work when one thing is directly under another thing, or covered by it: directly under another thing, or covered by it: under the bed/under the blanket under the bed/under the blanket

► BeneathBeneath can also be used in this way, but may can also be used in this way, but may suggest that the two objects are not close to each suggest that the two objects are not close to each other. other. The submarine waited, far beneath the The submarine waited, far beneath the ship. ship.

► BeneathBeneath is also used in poetic or literary writing is also used in poetic or literary writing They strolled together beneath the summer They strolled together beneath the summer

moon.moon.

► UnderUnder(opposite (opposite overover) is used when there ) is used when there is movement from one side to another: is movement from one side to another: The boy crawled under the fence. The boy crawled under the fence.

► UnderneathUnderneath is used instead of is used instead of underunder, , a.a. to give more force to the idea of to give more force to the idea of covering, touching, or hiding: covering, touching, or hiding: The letter The letter had been pushed underneath the carpet had been pushed underneath the carpet by accident. by accident. The old mine goes right The old mine goes right underneath the city. underneath the city.

► b.b. at the end of a sentence: at the end of a sentence: She wore She wore a red coat with a blue dress underneath.a red coat with a blue dress underneath.

BelowBelow

►Below Below (opposite (opposite aboveabove) suggests only ) suggests only that one thing is in a lower position that one thing is in a lower position than another: than another: There is a lake below There is a lake below the village, further down the valley. the village, further down the valley.

Thank Thank You!You!