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www.eurofins.de
Contamination of teas and herbal infusions – a current review of
findings for pyrrolizidine alkaloids and further contaminants
Eurofins Dr. Specht Laboratorien GmbH
Johannes Jaschik
CoTeCa 2018
Contaminants ABC
Anthraquinone Biphenyl, Bromide Chlorate, Copper Diethyltoluamid (DEET) Ethoxyquin Folpet, Fluoride G… Hexachlorobenzene I… J… K… Lead Mercury
2 Johannes Jaschik, COTECA 2018
Nicotine Ortho-Phenylphenol (2-Phenylphenol) Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, Perchlorate, PAHs … QACs… Rare earth elements Smoke, S421 Trimethylsulfonium, Tallow amines U… V… W… X… Y… Z…
Residues vs. Contaminants
from analytical perspective there is
no difference
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Residues: Whatever remains after the
use of use or application of a certain chemical
Contamination: Presence of an unwanted
chemical which not originate of an use in the material.
A residue may act as a contaminant in material or
environment it was not intented to be used in.
Residues vs. Contaminants
Why is it important to differ between residues and contaminants:
• finding the source of the residue/contamination • residues: checking the application (limit/change use)
• contaminants: checking environment (unavoidable?)
• distribution of the residue/contamination • often spot contamination, not equally distributed
• residues are more equally distributed
• maybe different legal requirements • e.g. organic production
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Analytical options
How do you approach the assessment of contamination in tea and herbal infusion:
Looking at your product…
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There are as many different substances which act as contaminants as products available.
Examples for Categories
Photo initiators
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PAHs
Microbiology
Radioactivity
Irradiation
Desinfectans (e.g. QACs)
Plasticizers
Mineral oils (MOSH/MOAH)
Chlorate, Perchlorate, Phosphoric acid, etc. …
Fluoride
Dioxins (illegal) dyes
Vet drugs
Allergenes
GMO
Pesticides
Heavy metals
… and other products in your portfolio
Multi Method
vet drugs Specific methods e.g. microbiology
Offer with different methods
There is no „C.S.I. – analysis“ but quite a lot of specific work!
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Multi Method
pesticides
group specific methods
e.g. mycotoxins
Specific methods e.g. heavy metals
sample tea
many different methods, modern equipment,
experience in evaluation
all contaminants known
What Eurofins can offer:
Keeping your risk low
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Enjoy your product !
Not to analyse everything
but to control for your risks
and specific checking these.
In order to have time
and opportunity to…
Example Lapsang souchong
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Lapsang souchong […], sometimes referred to as smoked tea [..] is a black tea (Camellia sinensis) originally from the mountainous Wuyi region in the Chinese province of Fujian. It is distinct from other types of tea, as the leaves are traditionally smoke-dried over pinewood fires, imparting a distinctive flavor of smoky pine. (Wikipedia, 2018)
THIE Compendium of Guidelines for Tea, 2018
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_tea https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camellia_sinensis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuyi_Mountains https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_(cooking) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine
Contamination of Lapsang
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Biphenyl Anthrachinon
2-Phenylphenol Phthalimid (PI)
Bifenthrin Cypermethrin
Thiamethoxam Cyhalothrin, lambda-
Acetamiprid Thiacloprid
Phthalimid
Anthraquinone
Cypermethrin
Bifenthrin
Imidacloprid
Chlorfenapyr
Thiamethoxam
Acetamiprid
Cyhalothrin, lambda-
Thiacloprid
Carbendazim
Glyphosate
ranking for Lapsang
ranking for all teas
different ranking but more important also
different concentrations
Lapsang contaminants
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0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0 90,0
Teas except Lapsang
0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0 90,0
Lapsang
Anthrachinon
2-Phenylphenol
Phthalimid (PI)
Biphenyl
• completely different concentration
• but each substance has slightly different distribution
• keeping in mind, that Biphenyl/2-Phenyphenol are not
common on Tea except Lapsang at all
Biphenyl (1/2)
Further contaminant from smoke and other sources. In the past used in citrus fruits.
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Detection in foodstuff with GC-MS using multi method possible. Products MRLs
Dried chilli 0.01 Dried fruits 0.01 Herbal infusions 0.05 Herbs 0.1 Mate 0.5 Nutmeg/Macis 1 Rice 0.01 Spices 0.05 Tea 0.05
Biphenyl (2/2)
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Evaluation for organic products takes into account the different contamination sources of Biphenyl. But if the MRL is exceeded – there is no further tolerance. 0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
Anthraquinone (1/3)
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Detection in foodstuff with GC-MS/MS using multi
method possible.
pesticide
Anthraquinone (2/3)
Products:
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0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
Anthraquinone – source (3/3)
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Smoke
2-Phenylphenol (1/2)
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0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
Now the graph shows the typical curve for contamination
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2-Phenylphenol (2/2)
0,0 5,0
10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0 40,0 45,0 50,0
Folpet/Phthalimide
19
Phthalimide
Molar Mass: 147,13 g/mol
Folpet
Molar Mass: 296,56 g/mol
Phthalimide residues have to be multiplied by 2 in order to gain the Folpet residue.
Johannes Jaschik, COTECA 2018
Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 as it stood before being amended by this Regulation shall continue to apply to products which were produced before 26 August 2016.
Folpet/Phthalimide Relana/BNN
Considering all arguments including the above mentioned, a positive finding of Phthalimide only is in our oppinion not sufficient to decide if regulation (EC) 396/2005 should be applied in this case.
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forming under heating conditions
Folpet/Phthalimide data review
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0,0 5,0
10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0 40,0 45,0
Heavy metals
Plants can take up the heavy metals e.g. lead from the soil and under certain conditions high levels can be accumulated in the leaves and other edible parts of the plant. For tea plants it is known, that they can uptake heavy metals from the soils and a proportion will be transported to the tea leaves which are used for the tea infusion.
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Typically detected by single element analysis with AAS or ICP/MS.
“…and some green tea leaves, particularly those from China, are contaminated with lead…”
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295858621_Metals_Contents_in_Black_Tea_and_Evaluation_of_Potential_Human_Health_Risks_to_Consumers
https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/23/whats-in-your-green-tea/
Lead
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0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
Lead
conventional
organic
tea tobacco
packaging material herbal infusions
spices
No MRLs for tea and herbal infusions in general, evaluation is only possible for selected commodoties according to regulation 1881/2006 .
Only few data for organic available.
Copper (1/2)
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Products with copper concentrations exceeding 10mg/kg
Products MRLs Cocoa 50 Coffee 50 Herbal infusions 100 Herbs 20 Oilseeds 30-40 Spices 40 Tea 40 Tobacco
Typically detected by single element analysis with AAS or ICP/MS.
Plants can take up the heavy met