contaminated sites risk management alfredo rocca - … · processo de identificação de acs...

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPANY OF SAO PAULO STATE – CETESB

REGIONAL CENTRE OF STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON POPs FORLATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN REGION

V INTERNATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAM ON ENVIRONMENTAL SOUND MANAGEMENT ON CHEMICALS AND WASTES, ESPECIALLY ON PERSISTENT

ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPs) AND MERCURY (Hg)

RISK MANAGEMENT AT CONTAMINATED SITESINTERVENTION AND REHABILITATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES

Eng Alfredo Rocca2016

Sao Paulo – SP – Brazil

Processo deidentificação de ACs

Definição da região deinteresse

Identificação de áreascom potencial de

contaminação

Cadastro de ACs

Priorização 1

Avaliação preliminar

Classificação 2

Classificação 3

Investigaçãoconfirmatória

Priorização 2

Exclusão

Exclusão

Processo dereabilitação de ACs

Investigaçãodetalhada

Avaliação de risco

Concepção daremediação

Remediaç ão da AC

Classificação 1

Exclusão

Monitoramento

Projeto de remediação

AP

AS

AC

AP áreas com potencial de contaminação.

AS áreas suspeitas de contaminação.

AC áreas contaminadas.

Exclusão áreas excluídas do cadastro de áreas contaminadas.

AI

AR

AI áreas contaminadas sob investigação.

áreas reabilitadas para o uso declarado.

AR

AMR

AMR áreas em processo de monitoramento para reabilitação.

MANAGMENT OF CONTAMINATED SITES

DETAILED INVESTIGATION OF CONTAMINATED SITE

ATUAÇÃO DA

ÁREA

AMBIENTAL

ATUAÇÃO DA

ÁREA DE SAÚDE

RISK ASSESSMENT

Detailed characterization of contaminatedsites:

. geological and hydrogeologicalcharacterization;

. geochemical characterization;

. hydrochemical characterization.

CONTAMINANT BEHAVIOR

GEOLOGICAL AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION

GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION

CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICAS, QUÍMICAS E TOXICOLÓGICAS DOS CONTAMINANTES

Substância PesoM olec[g/mol]

Pressãode Vapor

[Pa]

Solub.[mg/L]

Log Kow

LogKoc[L/Kg]

Coefic. dePermeaç.

[m2/d]

Difusãoem Ar[m2/h]

TDI mg/kg.dia

Acetona 58 2,3E+04 8,0E+05 -0,20 ND 1,0E-07 ND ND

Aldrin 365 3,1E-03 1,0E-02 7,40 4,60 5,0E-07 ND 1,00E-04

Benzeno 78 1,0E+04 1,8E+03 2,13 1,90 1,4E-06 3,0E-02 4,30E-03

Cloreto de Vinila 63 3,6E+05 1,1E+03 2,71 ND 1,0E-06 ND 3,50E-03

DDT 355 2,5E-05 3,1E-03 6,18 5,20 5,0E-07 ND 2,00E-02

1,2 -Dicloroetano 99 8,1E+03 8,7E+03 1,45 1,60 3,0E-07 3,0E-02 1,40E-02

1,2-Diclorobenzeno 147 8,0E+01 4,9E+01 3,40 2,60 2,0E-06 2,4E-02 1,90E-01

Endrin 393 2,7E-05 2,0E-02 4,95 4,60 5,0E-07 ND 1,00E-04

Estireno 104 6,7E+02 3,0E+02 3,09 2,70 2,0E-06 ND 7,70E-02

Fenol 94 2,7E+01 8,2E+04 1,46 1,60 8,5E-10 ND 6,00E-02

Lindano 291 2,1E-02 7,8E+00 3,90 3,20 5,0E-07 ND 1,00E-03

Hexaclorobenzeno 285 1,3E-03 1,1E-01 5,34 4,00 1,0E-06 ND 5,00E-04

Naftaleno 130 2,3E+00 3,0E+01 3,36 3,00 5,0E-07 2,3E-02 5,00E-01

Pentaclorofenol 267 1,5E-02 1,4E+01 5,13 4,50 2,2E-06 ND 3,00E-02

PCB (Bifenilas PoliCloradas) ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

Tetracloroetileno 166 1,9E+03 1,5E+02

2,60 2,20 7,7E-07 2,5E-02 1,60E-02

Tolueno 90 2,9E+03 5,2E+02

2,69 2,10 1,2E-06 2,7E-02 4,30E-01

111-Tricloroetano 133 8,2E+03 8,0E+02

2,80 1,97 2,0E-06 N/D 8,00E-02

Tricloroetileno 132 8,0E+03 1,1E+03

2,71 ND 1,6E-06 2,8E-02 5,40E-01

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CONTAMINANTS

HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION

The detailed characterization of thecontaminated site will give informationfor risk assessment and definition ofthe intervention requiored torehabilitate the site.

How much contamination reaches

human beingsvia which pathways?

Exposure Assessment

Tolerable concentration

of contaminationin soil

Which are the effects of

the contaminats?

Toxicity

RISK ASSESSMENT

Workplan risk assessment

Identification of relevant contaminants

Identification of targets and pathways

Identification of relevant exposure pathways

Estimation of pathway specific exposure

Describtion of toxicity effects

Calculation of tolerable body doses

Calculation of action values

Selection criteria of relevant contaminants

• Contaminat inventory: frequent contaminants• Concentration: elevated concentrations of

contaminants detected • Anlytical feasibility: reliable detection• Mobility: contaminants easily

distributing in air and water• Reaction behavior: products of microbiological

metabolism• Toxicity: high potential for human and

environmental toxicity

Soil sampling

probing

Results of site investigation (soil)

[< N

WG]

[> N

WG

... 0

,01]

[> 0

,01

... 0

,1]

[> 0

,1 ..

. 1]

[> 1

... 1

0][>

10

... 1

00]

[> 1

00]

TNB135TNT245NT2DNT26DNT24AT24DN6AT26DN4TNT246

46,959,159,170,676,179,297,788,0

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

[%]

TNB135

TNT245

NT2

DNT26

DNT24

AT24DN6

AT26DN4

TNT246

Groundwater contamination

WerksgrenzeDAG

200 400 600 800 1000 m0

Tri-Halde

Grundwasser-fließrichtung

ASB1ASB2

ASB3

FB9

Wasserwerk III

FB8

FB7

FB6a

FB6

FB5

FB4

FB3a

FB3

ASB8

ASB5ASB11

ASB6

ASB9

ASB7

FB2

FB2a

ASB4

FB20

FB12

FB13

FB14FB17

FB15

FB18

ASB10

FB16

305

P4

302

P20

P40

P39

P5

P3

P33L33

PFE

P15P42P17

P2P16

P1

P37A-DP43A-B P18P44A-C

P26

P27A-C

P25

P28A-B

P30L30311

13

P31L31

P23 P38

P22

FB19P22

112

P32L32

FB10FB11

P51A-C

M7A-B

P24

Förderbrunnen

Abschöpfbrunnen

Brunnen hydraulische Sicherung

Grundwassermeßstelle

aktueller Gebäudebestand

historische Produktionsbereiche

P38

ASB9

FB13

ASB1

MNTDNT

A-NTTNT

A-DNTBeS

1.3.5-TNBHexogen

DNB8

DNTS8

Trinkwassergewinnung

90

0,5

0,050

0,20,5

0,1

00

FB12

FB13

FB14

305

FB17

P33L33

100

300BeS

MNTDNT

A-NTTNT

A-DNT

1.3.5-TNBHexogen

DNB8

DNTS8

Zwischenabfluss TRI-Halde

500

205

50N.best.

50010

2.50010.000

1.3.5-TNBHexogen

MNTDNT

A-NTTNT

A-DNT

DNB8

DNTS8

2. Stockwerk

0,3

0,1

0,1

0,90

0,2

00

0,5

0,5

BeS

MNTDNT

A-NTTNT

A-DNT

1.3.5-TNBHexogen

DNB8

DNTS8

1. Stockwerk

50100

502

23

20

200,5

300

BeS

P5

0BeS

MNTDNT

A-NTTNT

A-DNT

1.3.5-TNBHexogen

DNB8

DNTS8

1. Stockwerk

150

100

101

35

200,2

24

P27A-C

BeS

MNTDNT

A-NTTNT

A-DNT

1.3.5-TNBHexogen

DNB8

DNTS8

Hydraulische Sicherung

3010

5

20,1

1010

0,2

2,50,1 P39

A-DNT

1.3.5-TNBHexogen

BeS

MNTDNT

A-NTTNT

DNB8

DNTS8

2. Stockwerk

320

0,25

0,50,5

0,5

0

0,75

100,1

1.3.5-TNB

BeS

MNTDNT

A-NTTNT

A-DNT

Hexogen

DNB8

DNTS8

Trinkwassergewinnung

50,2

0,5

0,5

0,30

1,5

0,25

00

N

Sediment

Fill

InhalationDust/Volatilization

Inhalation

Direct ContactIngestion

Sediment

Residentialwells

Groundwater flowGroundwater flow

? ? ? ?

Watertable

Percolation

Air transport

Exposure pathways

Land use

forest / brownfie lds / street

commercial / industrial area

residential area

planning area

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Expositionsszenario "Garten"

IfUA-Grafik 11/96

Residential area with playground and fruit and vegetable garden

Targets and exposure pathways

Target exposure pathway

Human health top priority inhaltioningestionpercutaneous

Groundwater important drinking water supply; protected by law

surface waterseepage water

Ecosystem lacks of knowledge uptake into plantuptake into animalssoil functions

Exposure pathways

inhalation uptake

human health

ingestion

percutaneous uptake

inhalation of volatile contaminats

inhalation of dust

consumption of animal local products

consumption of local game

direct contact with contaminated water

direct contact with contaminated soil

ingestion of soil

ingestion of dust

consumption of on site grown vegetables

consumption of wild growing plants

use of private wells

use of public drinking water supply

Exposure pathways

animals

Ecosystemplants

disturbance of local ecosystems

via plant surface

via roots

disturbance of soil functions

contamination of surface water

consumption of water

consumption of plants

ingestion of soil

ingestion of dust

inhalation of dust

inhalation of volatile contaminants

consumption of animals

out of aquatic habitat

Evaluation of exposure pathways

• What is the likelihood that exposure will occur?• How does exposure occur?

– Is there any probability of exposure considering the physical / chemical properties (volatility, solubility) of relevant contaminants?

– What is known about transfer from soil to air, water and plants? How much exposure does occur?

– How uncertain are the exposure estimates?– Does exposure vary?

• Who is exposed?– Do sensible user groups exist?– Is there exposure with importance for sensible user

groups?

• When and where does exposure occur?– Is the frequence, duration and timing of exposure relevant?

Potential affected receptors

• Children• Adults• Subpopulations at higher risk due to

– being more sensitive to chemical exposures e.g.• children• pregnant women• people with chronic illnesses

– behaviour patterns e.g.• persons who eat large amounts of home-grown vegetables or

local fish or collected mushrooms and berries• forestry workers• strollers• construction workers

Activities

• Playing on contaminated ground• Gardening (flowers, lawns and/or fruits and plants)• Living in contaminated rooms (at home or in

factories) • Eating home grown fruits, plants• Eating local fish and home grown animals (chicken

etc)• Collecting mushrooms, berries etc• Drinking water from private wells• Drinking water from public water supply• Recreational activities (garden, forest), strolling • Construction activities (excavation) and horticultural

and landscaping activities

Relevant exposure pathways

use of private wells

use of public drinking water supply

ingestion of soil

ingestion of dust

consumption of on site grown vegetables

consumption of wild growing plants

inhalation of volatile contaminats

inhalation of dust

consumption of animal local products

consumption of local game

direct contact with contaminated water

direct contact with contaminated soil

inhalation uptake

human health

ingestion

percutaneous uptake

Exposure estimation

• includs a site-specific qualitative and quantitative description of intensity, frequency and duration for the site-specific relevant pathways.

• uses no worst-case but realistic and conservative estimations to avoid underestimation of risks

Pathway soil - plants

roots > stalk > leaves > seed > pod

Exposure Equation

Exa(X)Exi(X)

mg/kg BW . dayexternal exposure by substance Xinternal exposure by substance X

A kg/day intake of contact medium per dayn days/year frequency of exposure per yeartexp years exposure durationBW Kg body weighttm days total time of exposureC(X) mg/kg concentration of substance X in contact medium fres - resorption quote (100 % = 1)

n texp

BW tmA=Exa(x) C (x) fresExi(x) Exa(x)=

Assumptions for exposure estimation

tolerable cancer risk 1:100.000body weight adults / children 70 / 15 kglifetime 70 yearsdirect ingestion, children, medium-term 0,25 g / ddirect ingestion, adults medium / long-term 0,1 g / d (housing areas)resorption stomach / skin / lung 100 / 75 / 100 %exposed skin adults / children 17.000 / 9.500 cm²

4.400 / 2.900 cm²breathing rate adults / children 20 / 5 m³ / dvegetable self-supplying rate 30 - 50 %consumption rates of vegetabeles, fruit, potatoes, mushrooms, berries, honey, fish

454 g / d (adults)182 g / d (children)

Land useresidential area with garden and playgroundresidential area without gardencommercial / industrial sitesbrownfieldsforeststreet

Duration of exposureshort-termmedium-termlong-termToxicological effects

acute (up to 1 d)sub-chronic (up to 7 years)chronic (lifelong)carcinogenic (lifelong) Activities

playinggardeningworking in the forestwalking

Affected personschildrenadultsforestry workersstrollers

Exposure scenarios

Pathwayingestioninhalationpercutaneous

SOIL ESCAVATION/REDISPOSAL AND GROUNDWATER USE RESTRICTION

HYDRAULIC BARRIERS hidráulicas

Bioremediação

PUMP AND TREAT

• SOIL AND GROUNDWATERCONTAMINATION;

• EXPOSURE PATHWAYS ACCORDINGTO CONTAMINANT PROPERTIES;

• RISK ASSESSMENT;

• RISK DETERMINATION;

• REQUIREMENTS TO MANAGE RISKS;

• DEFINITION OF INTERVENTION.

RISK ASSESSMENT

RISK ASSESSMENT

ATUAÇÃO DA

ÁREA

AMBIENTAL

ATUAÇÃO DA

ÁREA DE SAÚDE

RISK ASSESSMENT

COMPARISON OF TOTAL APPORT OF CONTAMINANTS WITH THE MAXIMUM TOTAL DAILY

INTAKE FOR EACH CONTAMINANT

RISK COMUNICATION• EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION ABOUT RISKS BETWEEN

RESPONSIBLE PART AND EXPOSED STAKEHOLDERS;

• PEOPLE EXPOSED HAVE THE RIGTH TO KNOW;

• OWNER IS SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBLE;

• PRESERVES COMPANY IMAGE AND NAME;

• MAKE RISK MANAGEMENT MORE EFFICIENT;

• REQUIRES SPECIALIZED PEOPLE;

• MUST ENVOLVE ALL STAKEHOLDERS.

Ações decorrentes da Avaliação de Risco

Técnicas de Remediação

Contenção TratamentoAção

emergencialMonitoramento

PerigoRisco à saúdeRisco aceitável

Gerenciamento do Risco

Monitoramento da eficiência

ControleInstitucional

Recuperação para uso declarado

Controle deEngenharia

Risco ecológico

RISK MANAGEMENT

• IN THE SITES PROTECTED BY LAW AS PRESERVATIONAREAS, WERE ENVIRONMENT IS THE MAIN RECEPTOR,THE REMEDIATION GOAL IN THE ENVIRONMENTALSTANDARD;

• IN MANY CASES, TO RECOVER ENVIRONMENTALQUALITY TO ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARD IS VERYCOSTLY AND SOMETIMES TECNICHAL INPOSSIBLE, INURBAN AREAS IT IS A CURRENT PRACTICE TOESTABLISH A REMEDIATION GOAL BASED ON RISKASSESSMENT.

REMEDIATION GOAL

RISKBASEDGOAL

ENVIRONMENTALSTANDARD

TOTALCOST ($)

TOTALRISK

REMEDIATION PROCESS

CONTAMINANTCONCENTRATION

RISK BASED REMEDIATION GOAL

MAIN GOALS OF INTERVENTION:

. TO AVOID ABSORPTION OF CONTAMINANTS BYDIRECT CONTACT WITH THE RECEPTORS;

. TO AVOID PERCOLATION OF CONTAMINANTS TOGROUNDWATER;

. TO AVOID MIGRATION OF CONTAMINANTS TO AIRAND SURFACE WATERS;

. TO AVOID ABSORPTION OF CONTAMINANTS BYTHE PLANTS.

THE INTERVENTION MUST CONSIDER:

• PRECAUTION PRINCIPLE;

•PROGRESSIVITY PRINCIPLE;

•LEGAL INSTRUMENTS;

•TECHNICAL RESTRICTIONS AND

•ECONÔMICAL RESTRICTIONS.

ALL FORMS OF CONTAMINANTS MUST BE FACED

INTERVENTION MEASURES

• INSTITUCIONAL CONTROL;

• ENGINEERING CONTROL;

• REMEDIATION.

INSTITUTIONAL CONTROL

– ACCESS RESTRICTION (LAND OWNER);

– SOIL USE RESTRICTION (MUNICIPALITY);

– GROUNDWATER USE RESTRICTION (HYDRIC RESOURSES MANAGER);

– FOOD CONSUMPTION RESTRICTION (HEALTH INSTITUTION).

ACUMULADORES AJAX

BAURU

FOOD CONSUMPTION RESTRICTION AREA

GROUNDWATER CONSUMPTION RESTRICTION AREA

ENGINEERING CONTROL MEASURES

• PHYSICAL BARRIERS

• HYDRAULIC BARRIERS

REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES

• ESCAVATION AND REDISPOSAL OF SOILS;

• PUMP AND TREATMENT OF GROUNDWATER;

• CONTENTION BARRIERS;

• GÁS EXTRACTION;

• DECONTAMINATION.

CONTAMINATED SITE REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIESARE CLASSIFIED AS:

• CONSECRATED TECHNOLOGIES - THOSE THATCAN BE CONSIDERED WELL ESTABLISHED

• INOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES – THOSE THAT ARESTILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT.

GOAL

CONCENTRATION

TECHNIQUE 1

TECHNIQUE 2

TIME• TECHNIQUE 1 – CONSECRATED• TECHNIQUE 2 - INOVATIVE

CONSECRATED AND INOVATIVE TECHNIQUES ARE COMBINED TO REACH THE DETERMINED GOAL:


Bioremediação

PUMP AND TREAT

• PHYSICAL OR HYDRAULIC BARRIERS;

• ESCAVATION AND REDISPOSAL OFSOIL;

• GAS EXTRATION;

• GROUNDWATER PUMP AND TREAT.

CONSECRATED TECHNOLOGIES INCLUDES:

THIS TECHNOLOGY INCLUDES THEESCAVATION AND DISPOSAL OF SOIL.

IT PROMOTES THE ELIMINATION OF“HOT SPOTS” OF CONTAMINATEDSOILS.

ESCAVATION AND REDISPOSAL OF SOIL

STADTALLENDORF TNT FACTORY INGERMANY

SEMBACH - GERMANY

Tambores separados por

tipo de residuos

CIDADE DOS MENINOS IN RIO DE JANEIRO - BRAZIL

SOIL ESCAVATION AND REMOVAL MUST BEPERFORMED ACCORDING TO A PLAN PREVIOSLYAPROVED BY ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY INCLUDING:

• PROTECTION EQUIPMENT FOR WORKERS;

• PREVENTION MEASURES TO AVOID CONTAMINANTEMISSIONS TO THE NEIBOROWOOD;

• PROPER SOIL CONDITIONING, STORAGE,TRANSPORT AND DESTINATION.

SAFETY PROCEDURES INCLUDES:

• SEGURITY ZONING;

• WORKER TRAINING;

• INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT USE;

• ISOLATION OF ESCAVATING AREA;

• DECONTAMINATION OF EVERITHING THAT COMEINTO ESCAVATING AREA;

• AIR, WATER AND SOIL QUALITY MONITORING;

• ESTABLISHMENT OF SAFETY PROCEDURES.

SEGURITY ZONING

• GREEN: RISKLESS AND WITHOUTCONTAMINATION;

• YELOW : TRANSITION ANDDECONTAMINATION;

• RED: ESCAVATION IN CONTAMINATEDSOILS AND CONTAMINATED SOILSTORAGE.

SEGURITY ZONING

PROTECTION EQUIPMENT UTILIZATION

EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION

CONTAMINATED SOIL AND GROUNDWATER ARE MANAGEDACCORDING TO GUIDED VALUES

REFERENCE

OF

NATURAL

QUALITY

R P

POLLUTION

PREVENTION(LACK OF

FUNCIONALITY)

I

INTERVENTION( HUMAN HEALTH RISK

LEVEL)

FINAL DISPOSAL OF CONTAMINATED SOIL

DEPENDING ON SOIL CONTAMINATION, TO ESCAVATE AND DISPOSE SOIL MAY BECOME VERY EXPENSIVE, DUE TO FINAL DISPOSAL NECESSITY.

SO, THIS PROCESS IS NORMALY USED TO REMOVE “HOT SPOTS”. ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER TECHNOLOGIES TO REMEDIATE A SITE.

CONFINEMENT CELLS TO DISPOSE CONTAMINATED SOIL “ON SITE”

SEMBACH – GERMANY

MANTOVANI LANDFILL

PHYSICAL OR HYDRAULIC BARRIERSFIGURA14 - TÉCNICAS DE CONTAMINAÇÃO ATRAVÉS DE BARREIRA FÍSICA (1) E HIDRÁULICA (2) .

K=3.6 x 10 m/sec-10

K=3.0 x 10 m/sec-12

ResíduoNível estático do freático

Camara confinante (1)

Poço de Bombeamento (2)Poço de Bombeamento (2)

Nível dinâmico do freático

Direção do escoamento das águasK=3.0 x 10 m/sec

-8

PHYSICAL BARRIERS

HYDRAULIC BARRIERS


Bioremediação

PUMP AND TREAT

LEVERKERK - GERMANY

VAPOR EXTRATION

BARSBUTEL - GERMANY

GROUNDWATER PUMP AND

TREAT

GROUNDWATER PUMP AND TREAT.

GROUNDWATER PUMP AND TREAT

HEINBURG - GERMANY

MANTOVANI LANDFILL

GROUNDWATER TREATMENT PLANT

INOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

• CHEMICAL OXIDATION;

• TERMIC TREATAMENT;

• BIOREMEDIATION

OXIDATION OF CONTAMINANT BYCHEMICAL REACTION WITH OXIDANTAGENTS:

• OZONE;

• HIDROGEN PEROXIDE;

• SODIUM PERSULFATE;

• SODIUM PERMANGANATE.

CHEMICAL OXIDATION

CHEMICAL OXIDATION

• HEATING THE SOIL TO IMPROVE VOLATILIZATION OFCONTAMINANTS;

• THE TREATED SOIL CAN BE DISPOSED AND VAPORSARE TRATED BEFORE DISCHARGE IN THEATMOSPHERE;

• THE PROCESS IS CONDUCTED IN LICENSEDTREATMENT PLANTS THAT CAN BE FIXED IN A PLACEOR MOBILE.

TERMIC DESORPTION

MOBILE TERMIC DESORPTION PLANT

FIXED TERMIC DESORPTION PLANT

SOIL HEATING

• IN THIS METHOD, HEATING IS PROVIDED BY VAPOR ORELECTRICAL CURRENTS, PASSING THROUGH STAINLESSSTEEL WELLS STRATEGICALLY PLACED IN THECONTAMINATED SITE;

• VOLATILIZED VAPORS MUST BE TREATED BEFORE DISCHARGEIN THE ATMOSPHERE;

• IT CAN BE REMOVED CONTAMINANTS IN PHASE, ADSORBED INTHE SOIL OR DISSOLVED IN GROUNDWATER

SOLVENT

SAND

CLAY

BEDROCK

WATER TABLEGROUNDWATER FLOW

SOIL HEATING

GAC Filter

98

ERH Surface Equipment

Steam Condenser

500 kW PCU

Operating Electrode

Photo Courtesy of Brown and Caldwell

99

Treatment Region 1

100

Electrode and MPE

well

ERH Cables

Monitoring well

101

Achieved 99.99% TCE reduction in

soil samples

BIOREMEDIATION• BIOREMEDIATION IS A PROCCES WERE ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS

ARE DEGRADED BY NATURAL EXISTING SOIL MICROORGANISMS;

SUSCETIBILIDADE DE CONTAMINANTES PARA BIORREMEDIAÇÃOCLASSE DOCONTAMINANTES

FREQÜÊNCIA DEOCORRÊNCIA

EVIDÊNCIA DESUCESSO

LIMITAÇÕES

Hidrocarbonetos e DerivadosGasolina e óleo combustível Muito freqüente Fácil biorremediação aeróbia

e anaeróbiaFormação de fase livre leve(LNAPL)

Poliaromáticos (naftaleno,antraceno)

Comum Biorremediação aeróbia sobcondições específicas

Forte adsorção emsubsuperfície

Creosoto Pouco freqüente Fácil biorremediação aeróbia Forte adsorção e formaçãode Fase Livre

Álcool, acetona e éster Comum Fácil biorremediação aeróbiae anaeróbia

Éter Comum Biorremediação aeróbia eanaeróbia (NO3) sobcondições específicas

Halogenados AlifáticosAltamente clorados (PCE,TCE)

Muito freqüente Cometabolizado emcondições anaeróbias eaeróbias em casosespecíficos

Forma Fase Livre Densa(DNAPL)

Fracamente clorados (Cloretode Vinila – VC)

Muito freqüente Biorremediação aeróbia emcondições específicas ecometabolizado emcondições anaeróbias

Forma Fase Livre Densa(DNAPL)

Halogenados AROMÁTICOSAltamente clorados(hexaclorobenzeno,pentaclorofenol)

Comum Biorremediação aeróbia sobcondições muito específicas.Cometabolizado emcondições anaeróbias.

Adsorve fortemente emsubsuperfície. Forma faseliquida (NAPL ) e fase sólida(NASP)

Fracamente clorados (cloro ediclobenzeno)

Comum Fácil biorremediação aeróbia Forma fase líquida NAPL.

BIFENILAS POLICLORADASAltamente clorados Pouco freqüente Cometabolizado em

condições anaeróbiasAdsorve fortemente emsubsuperfície.

Fracamente clorados Pouco freqüente Biorremediação aeróbia sobcondições muito específicas

Adsorve fortemente emsubsuperfície.

NITROAROMÁTICOS Comum Biorremediação aeróbia eanaeróbia (produção de ácidoorgânico)

METAISCr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Hg, Cd, Zn, etc Comum Processos microbianos

afetam sua solubilidade ereatividade

Disponibilidade altamentevariável, controlada pelascondições químicas

• MICROORGANISM ACTIVITY IS ACELERATED BY THEINTRODUCTION OF OXIGEN, WATER, HEAT OR NUTRIENTS;

• IT CAN BE REMOVED CONTAMINANTS IN PHASE, ADSORBED INTHE SOIL OR DISSOLVED IN GROUNDWATER;

• THE PROCESSES CAN BE CONDUCTED :

- “in situ“,

- “on site” or

-“ex-situ”.

• THERE ARE TWO TYPES:

- bioestimulation and

- bioaumentation .

BIOESTIMULATION

MICROORGANISM DEVELOPMENT IS DUEONLY BY THE INTRODUCTION OF AIR, HEATAND NUTRIENTS.

BIOAUMENTATION

MICROORGANISM DEVELOPMENT ISINCREMENTED ON A EXTERNAL BIOREACTORWERE CONDITIONS ARE IDEALLY CONTROLEDAND REINJECTED IN THE CONTAMINATEDSITE.

BIORREMEDIATION “IN SITU”HEINBURG - ALEMANHA

HEINBURG - ALEMANHA

BIORREMEDIATION “ON SITE”

BIORREMEDIATION SEMBAH

BIORREMEDIATION “EX SITU”

BIOAUMENTATION SEMBAH

contaminated sites risk management alfredo rocca - … · processo de identificação de acs...

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