consultative workshop on desalination and renewable energy bridging the water demand gap:...

Consultative Workshop on Desalination and Renewable Energy

Bridging the Water Demand Gap: Desalination

Dr. Fulya Verdier, Dr. Rudolf BatenFichtner GmbH & Co.KG

Muscat, Oman 22-23 February 2011

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Mena Water Outlook, Part II

Study objectives Identification of water gapPotential of solar powered desalination to bridge the gap

Study approachKey criteria for technology selectionBasic features of selected desalination technologiesDefinition of typical plants Current water situation in the countries of the MENA regionExpected water gap in until 2050Costs of desalinated waterPotential of CSP to supply the required energy (separate presentation)

Energy needs for desalination in the MENA region by countryFocus on renewable energy sources - more specifically on CSP

Implementation scenarioDefinition of typical plants Potential of CSP to supply the required energyCost estimates

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Desalination & CSP

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Main drivers for new desalination projectsExtent of water gapFinancial strength of country (e.g. % of GDP spent for desalination) Experience with existing desalination facilitiesAttractiveness to investors (political stability)Development aid

Main drivers for new CSP projectsPeaking energy prices and undesired dependency on fossil fuel Limited availability of fossil fuel sourcesReduction of carbon footprintAttractiveness to investors (political stability)Government incentives and regulations

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Desalination & CSP

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Key considerations for desalination plantsMED, MSF and SWRO desalination technologies are well-provenSignificant improvements achieved (i.e. energy efficiency)Capital and energy intensiveFootprint of secondary importance

Key considerations CSP plantsCSP still in development status, including storage capacitiesOperational constraints due to limited solar radiation, back-up requiredCapital and energy intensiveFootprint significantIs CSP the bottleneck?

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Desalination & CSP

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Design constraints for desalination plantsDesalination plants are best operated at base load mode

Design constraints for CSP plantsVariable steam supply from CSP depending on solar irradiance (day/night)Fossil-fired back-up power plantExpensive heat storage Maximum live steam temperature is 370°C (compared to 480-560°C)Relative large footprint, especially for higher Solar Multiple (SM) PlantsLargest CSP capacity to date ~ 100 MWe

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MED: Working principle of an MED unit

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MED: Process flow diagram of a 14 effect MED unit

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MED: Key design considerations (I)

CapacityUnit production capacity (current maxium: 38,000 m³/d) Number of duty / standby units

Energy demandElectrical energy demand (1.5 to 2.5 kWh/m³)Heat demand (order of magnitude: 70 kWh/m³)Steam demand calls for cogeneration of water and power

Temperature profileTemperature of heating steam (upper process temperature)Seawater temperature (lower process temperature)Number of effects (performance ratio)

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MED: Key design considerations (II)

DurabilityPlant availability and service time Material selection (e.g. Titanium tubes in top rows and alu brass tubes in

below rows)

Operational featuresRobust in regard to seawater salinity and bio-fouling potentialHigh distillate quality

Supplier marketMajor MED Suppliers: SIDEM (Veolia); others are following

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MED: One of 12 Fujairah F2 IWPP 38,640 m³/d MED Units

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SWRO: Working principle of a spiral wound module

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Source: Dr.ir. S.G.J. Heijman, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, http://ocw.tudelft.nl/fileadmin/ocw/courses/DrinkingWaterTreatment1/res00053/embedded/

!4e616e6f66696c74726174696f6e20616e642072657665727365206f736d6f736973.pdf, accessed on 20110218

Feed at high pressure (100%)

Permeate atlow pressure (≈ 40%)

Concentrate at high pressure( ≈ 60%)

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SWRO: RO section of the Singapore 136,000 m³/d Plant

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SWRO: Key design considerations (I)

Operational featuresLarge membrane area and narrow flow cross section cause

susceptibility to bio-foulingPre-treatment process to be adopted to the seawater conditionsSeawater salinity and temperature affect the power demandNo perfect salt rejection – usually a second pass required

EnergyElectrical energy demand (order of magnitude: 4 kWh/m³)Absence of heat demand allows for stand alone configurationMethod of energy recovery (Pelton turbine, turbocharger or isobaric system)

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SWRO: Key design considerations (II)

Capacity and plant designPlant capacity (current maximum: 500,000 m³/d) Modularity allows a high number of process configurations (e.g. train or

centre design)

DurabilityPlant availability and service time Material selection (e.g. super duplex for high pressure section)

Supplier marketMajor Suppliers: Befesa, Cobra/Tedagua, Degremont (Suez), GE, Hyflux,

IDE, OTV (Veolia)

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SWRO: Flow diagram of a typical SWRO process

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Source: Victorian Desalination Project

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SWRO: Artists view of the Hamma (Algeria) 200,000 m³/d plant

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Source: IDA Yearbook 2008 - 2009

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Desalination Market

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Cumulative capacity put online in and outside the GCC countries

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Ca

pa

city

pu

t o

nlin

e (c

um

ula

tive

)[M

illio

n m

³/d

]

Year

MSF in GCC Countries

MSF in non GCC Countries

MED in GCC Countries

MED in non GCC Countries

SWRO in GCC Countries

SWRO in non GCC Countries

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Desalination Market

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Online Desalination Capacity sorted by technology and daily capacity

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

MED MSF SWRO MED MSF SWRO

Tota

l On

line

Ca

pa

city

[Mill

ion

m³/

d]

Non GCC CountriesGCC Countries

< 5 000 m³/d 5 000 m³/d - 20 000 m³/d 20 000 m³/d - 100 000 m³/d > 100 000 m³/d

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Desalination Market

Forecast Contracted Capacity by Technology (2006-2016)

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Desalination Market

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Additional Desalination Capacity (2008-2016), 12 MENA countries in TOP 20 !

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Study Approach

DATA Water Demand & Availability

Installed Capacities

Power

Water

Potential

CSP

Desalination

TYPICAL PLANTS=> Number & Location in MENA Region

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Solar & Land Assessment

Desalination & CSP Potential Assessment

TECHNOLOGY

Desalination CSP+

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Iraq

Iran

Lebanon

Morocco

Syria

Egypt

Oman

Tunisia

Djibouti

Algeria

Israel

Jordan

Bahrain

Malta

Saudi Arabia

Libya

Yemen

Qatar

UAE

Kuwait

Total renewable per capita (actual) (m3/cap/yr)

Total water withdrawal (without desalination) per capita (m3/cap/yr)

Total desalinated water withdrawal (m3/cap/yr)

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Desalinated Water-Share in MENA

Source: FAO: Aquastat

Water scarcity 1000 m³/cap/yr

Water Resources and Water Withdrawals (1960-2010)

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Technology Screening

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Plant Configurations

Dual-purpose plant (MED-CSP) located at coast with seawater coolingStand-alone plant with RO located at coast and CSP located in inland with

air cooling

Source: DLR, 2007

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Key Study Features

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Mediterranean

Gulf

Red Sea

Increasing seawater TDS & temp.

Seawater Quality

3 macro-regions

Product Water Quality

TDS < 200 mg/l

Potable

Industrial

Irrigation

MED SWRO

MEDIUM100,000 m³/d

LARGE200,000 m³/d

Desalination Process

MED / SWRO

MEDIUM100,000 m³/d

SMALL20,000 m³/d

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MED Typical Plant Design

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“Plain” MED Plant Basic Design

Plant design parameters Dimension Data

Net output capacity m3/d 100,000

Average annual availability % 94

Number of units No. 3

Unit capacity net m3/d 33,333

Recovery % 18

Performance Ratio kg/2326 kJ 11.7 (1)

Effects / unit No. 14

Seawater design temperature °C 28

Steam conditions

Steam pressure bar 0.35

Steam temperature °C ~ 73

(1) Considering potential future developments

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MED Plant Capacity [m³/d]

Electrical Energy Demand

[kWh/m³]

Electrical Equivalent for Heat Demand

[kWh/m³ distillate]

100,000 1.55 (1) [ 4.25 - 4.75 ] (2)

(1) Including seawater pumping, evaporation, post-treatment without potable water pumping(2) Based on seawater at 28°C and final condensation at 38°C

MED Plant Capacity [m³/d]

Area Requirement [ha]

100,000 1.5

Energy requirement

Area requirement

MED Typical Plant Requirements

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MED Typical Plants

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Source: SIDEMFujairah F2 MED SWRO Hybrid Plant, UAE 464,600 m³/d

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SWRO Typical Plant Design

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SWRO Plant Basic Design

Net output capacity m³/d 100,000

Average annual availability % 94

Number of passes No. 2

Second pass capacity control Type Split partial configuration in 1st pass

Energy recovery system Type Isobaric (Pressure Exchanger)

1st pass RO 2nd pass RO

Recovery % 40 90

Type of membranes TypeSW standard

membraneR = 98%

BW high boron rejection, caustic

soda dosing

Average membrane flux l/m2,h 13 - 14 33 - 37

Average annual membrane replacement rate

% / y 15 12

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Region@ selected seawaterdesign parameters

Pre-treatment Specific Energy Consumption1

[kWh/m³]

Mediterranean Sea & Atlantic Ocean

@ TDS 39,000 mg/l &15-30 °C

FF1 3.5

MF / UF 4.0

Beach wells /sand filters

3.8 – 3.9

Red Sea & Indian Ocean

@ TDS 43,000 mg/l &20-35 °C

FF1 3.7 – 3.8


4.2

Arabian Gulf@ TDS 46,000 mg/l &

20-35 °C

DAF + FF2 4.2 – 4.3


4.3

SWRO Typical Plant: Energy Requirement

SWRO Design: Area Requirement

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SWRO Plant Capacity [m³/d] Pre-treatment Area Requirement 1)

[ha]

200,000

FF1 10

MF / UF 9

DAF + FF2 12

100,000

FF1 6

MF / UF 5

DAF + FF2 7

20,000 Beach wells /sand filters 1

1) FF1 including open gravity filters

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Evaluation Cases

4 evaluation cases are conducted in all macro-regions:MED-CSP at coast with seawater cooling SWRO and CSP at coast with seawater cooling SWRO at coast and CSP inland with air cooling SWRO at cost, CSP inland with “solar only” operation and air cooling

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CAPEX & OPEX

Unit MED RO

Specific CAPEX (1) US$/(m³/

d) 3100 1750 – 2400

OPEX US$/m³ 0.6 - 0.7 1.0 - 1.4

(1) Including pre-treatment, post-treatment, electrical and I&C equipment as well as civil structures including intake and outfall

Key Cost Data - Typical Plants

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CAPEX & OPEX

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Arabian Gulf DNI 2400 kWh/m²/yr

Fuel NG

MediterraneanDNI 2400 kWh/m²/yr

Fuel NG

16%

49%

35%

15%

53%

32% OPEX

ENERGY

CAPEX

Cost Distribution – MED Typical Plant

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CAPEX & OPEX

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Arabian Gulf DNI 2400 kWh/m²/yr

Fuel NG

MediterraneanDNI 2400 kWh/m²/yr

Fuel NG

21%

51%

28%

22%

48%

30%

OPEX

ENERGY

CAPEX

Cost Distribution – SWRO Typical Plant

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Evaluation Cases

4 evaluation cases are conducted in all macro-regions:MED-CSP at coast with seawater cooling SWRO and CSP at coast with seawater cooling SWRO at coast and CSP inland with air cooling SWRO at cost, CSP inland with “solar only” operation and air cooling

For the electricity generation by CSP plantDNI classes: 2000 / 2400 / 2800 kWh/m²/yFossil fuel options: Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) / Natural Gas (NG)Electricity mix for “solar only” option

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1.90

1.95

2.00

2.05

2.10

2.15

2.20

2.25Levelized Water Production Costs by MED Plant [US $/m³]

med_ DNI 2000_HFO

med_DNI 2000_NG

med_DNI 2400_HFO

med_DNI 2400_NG

red_DNI 2000_HFO

red_DNI 2000_NG

red_DNI 2400_HFO

red_DNI 2400_NG

gulf_DNI 2000_HFO

gulf_DNI 2000_NG

gulf_DNI 2400_HFO

gulf_DNI 2400_NG

Mediterranean

Red Sea

Gulf

Levelized Water Costs by MED

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Source: NETL

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1.45

1.50

1.55

1.60

1.65

1.70

1.75

1.80

1.85

1.90

Levelized Water Production Costs by SWRO Plants [US $/m³]

med FF1_HFO_DNI 2000

med FF1_NG_DNI 2000

med FF1_HFO_DNI 2400

med FF1_NG_DNI 2400

med MF/UF_HFO_DNI 2000

med MF/UF_NG_DNI 2000

med MF/UF_HFO_DNI 2400

med MF/UF_NG_DNI 2400

red FF1_HFO_DNI 2000

red FF1_NG_DNI 2000

red FF1_HFO_DNI 2400

red FF1_NG_DNI 2400

gulf DAF+FF2_HFO_DNI 2000

gulf DAF+FF2_NG_DNI 2000

gulf DAF+FF2_HFO_DNI 2400

gulf DAF+FF2_NG_DNI 2400

Red Sea

Mediterranean

Gulf

Levelized Water Costs by SWRO

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Bridging the Water Gap in MENA

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Year 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050Efficiency Gains 0 0 17,655 35,959 57,108 80,036Unsustainable Extractions 32,432 47,015 44,636 9,104 7,093 16,589CSP Desalination 0 0 23,405 55,855 79,461 97,658Conventional Desalination 4,598 9,210 12,679 9,732 1,054 0Wastewater Reuse 4,445 4,929 16,965 29,618 44,125 60,357Surface Water Extractions 185,256 172,975 146,749 162,131 165,735 150,024Groundwater Extractions 39,136 43,051 48,116 41,491 36,032 37,700Total Demand BaU 265,868 277,180 310,205 343,891 390,609 442,364

Water supply (MCM/y) based on within the average climate change scenario for MENA

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Excerpt: OMAN

Water Production in MCM/y 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Efficiency Gains 0 0 30 75 150 245

Unsustainable Extractions 0 0 0 0 0 0

CSP Desalination 0 0 0 536 1418 2032

Conventional Desalination 90 297 523 389 44 0

Wastewater Reuse 37 40 82 139 231 335

Surface Water Extractions 624 657 693 568 567 480

Groundwater Extractions 98 0 0 74 65 53

Total Demand BaU 849 994 1328 1780 2475 3145

No of Desalination Plants* installed

0 0 0 15 39 56

*Reference desalination plant capacity: 100,000 m³/d

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Excerpt: SAUDI ARABIA









Total Demand BaU 21527 22341 25066 28283 33182 37158


0 0 93 388 553 648


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Excerpt: LIBYA









Total Demand BaU 4174 4444 4840 5171 5751 6247


0 0 0 36 68 77


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Excerpt: MOROCCO









Total Demand BaU 16387 16281 18613 20721 23608 26084


0 0 93 174 217 234


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Conclusions

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Desalination has the potential to close the water gap (basically)

Limitations may arise from environmental and financial aspects

In most evaluation cases, SWRO appears more favorable, however certain circumstances may call for MED

Energy is the major cost item for desalinated water

Future developments of electricity cost will highly influence water production costs

consultative workshop on desalination and renewable energy bridging the water demand gap:...

Documents

v1 slide

desalination csp

desalination plants

v1 key considerations

v1 design constraints

desalination experience

swro desalination technologies

mwe slide