Computer BasicsComputer Basics

Computer TechnologyComputer Technology

The History of The History of the Computerthe Computer

Then&Now

Computer EvolutionComputer Evolution

1642 Blaise Pascal – mechanical 1642 Blaise Pascal – mechanical adding machineadding machine

Computer EvolutionComputer Evolution

Early 1800’s Early 1800’s Jacquard – uses Jacquard – uses punch cards to punch cards to control the pattern control the pattern of the weaving of the weaving loom. loom.

1832 Charles Babbage - invents the Difference Engine

The Punch CardThe Punch Card

1890 Herman 1890 Herman Hollerith – invents Hollerith – invents a machine using a machine using punch card to punch card to tabulate info for tabulate info for the Census. He the Census. He starts the company starts the company that would later be that would later be IBM.IBM.

Evolution (continued)Evolution (continued)

1946 – Mauchly and Eckert created the 1946 – Mauchly and Eckert created the ENIAC computer, first electronic ENIAC computer, first electronic computer is unveiled at University of computer is unveiled at University of Pennsylvania (shown on next slide)Pennsylvania (shown on next slide)

ENIAC ComputerENIAC Computer Miles of wiringMiles of wiring 18,000 vacuum tubes18,000 vacuum tubes Thousands of resistors and switchesThousands of resistors and switches No monitorNo monitor 3,000 blinking lights3,000 blinking lights Cost $486,000Cost $486,000 100,000 additions per second100,000 additions per second Weighed 30 tonsWeighed 30 tons Filled a 30x50 foot roomFilled a 30x50 foot room Lights of Philadelphia would dim when it Lights of Philadelphia would dim when it

booted upbooted up

19431943

Base codes develop by Grace Base codes develop by Grace Hopper while working on the Mark I Hopper while working on the Mark I programming project.programming project.

She invented the phrase “bug” – She invented the phrase “bug” – an error in a program that causes an error in a program that causes a program to malfunction.a program to malfunction.

1950s1950s

Vacuum Tubes were the components Vacuum Tubes were the components for the electronic circuitryfor the electronic circuitry

Punch Cards main source of inputPunch Cards main source of input Speeds in milliseconds Speeds in milliseconds

(thousands/sec)(thousands/sec) 100,000 additions/sec.100,000 additions/sec. Used for scientific calculationsUsed for scientific calculations New computers were the rule, cost New computers were the rule, cost

effectiveness wasn’t’effectiveness wasn’t’

Transistors were electronic circuitry Transistors were electronic circuitry (smaller, faster, more reliable than (smaller, faster, more reliable than vacuum tubes)vacuum tubes)

Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec)Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec) 200,000 additions/sec.200,000 additions/sec. Computers In Businesses: Emphasis on Computers In Businesses: Emphasis on

marketing of computers to businesses marketing of computers to businesses Data files stored on magnetic tape Data files stored on magnetic tape Computer Scientists controlled Computer Scientists controlled

operationsoperations

1960s1960s

Late 60’s Early 70’sLate 60’s Early 70’s

Integrated circuit boardsIntegrated circuit boards New input methods such as plotters, New input methods such as plotters,

scannersscanners SoftwareSoftware became more important became more important Sophisticated Sophisticated operating systemsoperating systems Improved Improved programming languagesprogramming languages Storage capabilities expanded (disks)Storage capabilities expanded (disks)

1970’s Integrated 1970’s Integrated circuits and silicone circuits and silicone chips lead to smaller chips lead to smaller

microprocessorsmicroprocessors

Late 80’s to CurrentLate 80’s to Current

Improved circuitry – several thousand Improved circuitry – several thousand transistors placed on a tiny silicon chip. transistors placed on a tiny silicon chip.

Pentium chip named by IntelPentium chip named by Intel Modems – communication along telephone Modems – communication along telephone

wireswires Portable computers: laptopsPortable computers: laptops Increased storage capabilities: gigabytesIncreased storage capabilities: gigabytes Emphasis on information needed by the Emphasis on information needed by the

decision maker.decision maker.

The Information Processing The Information Processing CycleCycle

INPUTINPUT OUTPUTOUTPUT

AUXILIARYAUXILIARYSTORAGESTORAGE

PROCESSINGPROCESSING

MAIN MAIN MEMORYMEMORY

INPUT DEVICESINPUT DEVICES (Hardware)(Hardware)

KeyboardKeyboard MouseMouse JoystickJoystick TrackballTrackball Light penLight pen Image Image

scannerscanner

Touch tone telephoneTouch tone telephone Touch screensTouch screens Bar code scannerBar code scanner Digitizer Digitizer Voice recognitionVoice recognition Auxiliary Storage Auxiliary Storage

DeviceDevice

INPUTINPUT

Central Processing Unit: CPUCentral Processing Unit: CPU The Brains or Intelligence of The Brains or Intelligence of

the computer. Controls input the computer. Controls input and outputand output

The part of the computer that The part of the computer that interprets and executes interprets and executes instructions.instructions. Silicon chip: integrated circuit Silicon chip: integrated circuit

boardboard Pentium: name give to a Pentium: name give to a

particular chipparticular chip

PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING HARDWAREHARDWARE

What two numbers are What two numbers are used in Binary Code?used in Binary Code?

0 and 10 and 1 They are each called a BITThey are each called a BIT 8 BITS make a BYTE8 BITS make a BYTE 1 BYTE makes a letter or 1 BYTE makes a letter or

numbernumber KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytesKILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes MEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytesMEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytes GIGABYTE = 1,024 megabytesGIGABYTE = 1,024 megabytes TERABYTE = 1,024 gigabytesTERABYTE = 1,024 gigabytes

MEMORY MEMORY PROCESSING HARDWAREPROCESSING HARDWARE

ROMROM

RREAD EAD OONLY NLY MMEMORYEMORY SmallSmall Instructions are Instructions are

installed permanently installed permanently at the factoryat the factory

Cannot be changedCannot be changed These instructions These instructions

check the computer’s check the computer’s resources and looks resources and looks for Operating Systemfor Operating System

RAM RAM

RRANDOM ANDOM AACCESS CCESS

MMEMORYEMORY Main MemoryMain Memory Temporary—it is erased Temporary—it is erased

when turned off.when turned off. It is where programs and It is where programs and

data is stored while data is stored while being processedbeing processed

MEMORYMEMORY

OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES((HARDWARE)HARDWARE)

Useful information that leaves the systemUseful information that leaves the system Output Hardware includes:Output Hardware includes:

•Monitor: soft copy

•Printers: hard copy

•Flat Panel displays

•Voice and music - speakers

•Synthesizers

•Plotters OUTPUTOUTPUT

AUXILIARY STORAGE AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICESDEVICES

Network Drive (Network Drive (H: drive)H: drive)

Hard Disk Drive (Hard Disk Drive (C:drive)C:drive)

Floppy Disk Drive with 3 Floppy Disk Drive with 3 ½” Floppy Disk (½” Floppy Disk (A:drive)A:drive)

Smart cardSmart card CD Read/Write DriveCD Read/Write Drive Zip DriveZip Drive Digital Audio TapeDigital Audio Tape

AUXILIARYAUXILIARYSTORAGESTORAGE

Computer Computer HardwareHardware

HardwareHardware

Includes the electronic and mechanical devices that process the data; refers to the computer as well as peripheral devices

System UnitSystem Unit

Case that holds the power supply, Case that holds the power supply, storage devices and the circuit storage devices and the circuit boards (including the motherboard).boards (including the motherboard).

CPU (Central Processing CPU (Central Processing Unit)Unit)

Where the Where the processing in a processing in a computer takes computer takes place, often called place, often called the brain of the the brain of the computer.computer.

CircuitsCircuits

The path from one The path from one component of a component of a computer to computer to another that data another that data uses to travel.uses to travel.

Circuits run Circuits run betweenbetween RAM and the RAM and the

microprocessormicroprocessor RAM and various RAM and various

storage devicesstorage devices

Silicon ChipSilicon Chip

Silicon is melted Silicon is melted sand.sand.

What the circuits What the circuits are embedded into are embedded into to keep them to keep them together.together.

Peripheral DevicesPeripheral Devices

Devices connected by cable to the Devices connected by cable to the CPU.CPU.

Used to expand the computer’s input, output and storage capabilities.

Input DevicesInput Devices

Units that gather Units that gather information and information and transform that transform that information into a information into a series of electronic series of electronic signals for the signals for the computer.computer.

KeyboardKeyboard

An arrangement of An arrangement of letters, numbers, letters, numbers, and special and special function keys that function keys that act as the primary act as the primary input device to the input device to the computer.computer.

MouseMouse

An input device An input device that allows the that allows the user to manipulate user to manipulate objects on the objects on the screen by moving screen by moving the mouse along the mouse along the surface of the the surface of the desk.desk.

Sound CardSound Card

A circuit board that A circuit board that gives the computer gives the computer the ability to the ability to accept audio input, accept audio input, play sound files, play sound files, and produce audio and produce audio output through output through speakers or speakers or headphones.headphones.

ModemModem

A device that sends A device that sends and receives data and receives data to and from to and from computers over computers over telephone lines.telephone lines.

Means (Modulate – Means (Modulate – Demodulate).Demodulate).

Output DevicesOutput Devices

Devices that display, Devices that display, print or transmit the print or transmit the results of processing results of processing from the computers from the computers memory.memory.

MonitorMonitor

Display device that forms an image Display device that forms an image by converting electronic signals from by converting electronic signals from the computer into points of colored the computer into points of colored light on the screen.light on the screen.

ResolutionResolution

The density of the grid used to The density of the grid used to display or print text and graphics; display or print text and graphics; the greater the horizontal and the greater the horizontal and vertical density, the higher the vertical density, the higher the resolution.resolution.

The amount of Pixels on the screen. The amount of Pixels on the screen. The more pixels the better the The more pixels the better the resolution.resolution.

PixelsPixels

The smallest unit in a graphic image; The smallest unit in a graphic image; computer display devices use a computer display devices use a matrix of pixels to display text and matrix of pixels to display text and graphics.graphics.

Basic unit of composition of an image Basic unit of composition of an image on a TV screen, Computer monitor, on a TV screen, Computer monitor, or similar displayor similar display

PrinterPrinter

Output device that Output device that produces text or produces text or graphical images graphical images on paper.on paper.

SpeakersSpeakers

Output devices that receive signals Output devices that receive signals from the computer’s sound card to from the computer’s sound card to play music, narration, or sound play music, narration, or sound effects.effects.

Storage DevicesStorage Devices

Used to keep data Used to keep data when the power to when the power to the computer is the computer is turned off.turned off.

Different formsDifferent forms Hard diskHard disk Floppy or zip disksFloppy or zip disks CD-WriterCD-Writer

FormattedFormatted

Arrangement of data for storage or Arrangement of data for storage or display.display.

All storage devices must be All storage devices must be formatted.formatted.

Hard DiskHard Disk

Rigid magnetic disk mounted for Rigid magnetic disk mounted for permanent storagepermanent storage

Floppy DiskFloppy Disk

Small portable magnetic disk Small portable magnetic disk enclosed in stiff envelopeenclosed in stiff envelope

Compact DiscsCompact Discs

CD-ROMCD-ROM Compact disk with read only memoryCompact disk with read only memory

CD-RCD-R Compact disk which you can write to Compact disk which you can write to

only one time. It then becomes a read only one time. It then becomes a read only disk.only disk.

CD-RWCD-RW Compact disk which you may rewrite to.Compact disk which you may rewrite to.

DVDDVD

DVD ROMDVD ROM Digital Video Disk which is read only.Digital Video Disk which is read only.

DVD-RDVD-R Digital Video Disk which can be written Digital Video Disk which can be written

to one time. It then becomes read only.to one time. It then becomes read only. DVD-RWDVD-RW

Digital Video Disk which can be Digital Video Disk which can be rewritten to.rewritten to.

Flash or Jump DrivesFlash or Jump Drives

External storage devices that can be External storage devices that can be used like a external hard drive.used like a external hard drive.

They have the capability to be saved They have the capability to be saved to, deleted from, and files can be to, deleted from, and files can be renamed just like with a normal hard renamed just like with a normal hard drive.drive.

Software Software ComponentsComponents

SoftwareSoftware

A computer program that tells the A computer program that tells the computer how to perform particular computer how to perform particular tasks.tasks.

ProgramProgram

A series of commands and A series of commands and executable files that produce results.executable files that produce results.

Operating SystemOperating System

Software that translates a computers Software that translates a computers commands and allows application commands and allows application programs to interact with the programs to interact with the computer’s hardwarecomputer’s hardware

Examples:Examples: Windows XPWindows XP UnixUnix OS 10 (MAC)OS 10 (MAC)

Application SoftwareApplication Software

Program that performs a specific Program that performs a specific function.function.

ExamplesExamples Microsoft OfficeMicrosoft Office Adobe PhotoshopAdobe Photoshop WordPerfectWordPerfect

MultitaskingMultitasking

Ability to do more than one thing at a Ability to do more than one thing at a time.time.

Computers can run several Computers can run several application software programs and application software programs and the operating system at the same the operating system at the same time.time.

Software UseSoftware Use

IconIcon Image that represent executable files.Image that represent executable files.

GUI (Graphical User Interface)GUI (Graphical User Interface) Graphics that aid in accomplishing Graphics that aid in accomplishing

tasks. Icons on screen.tasks. Icons on screen. MenusMenus

List or table of executable filesList or table of executable files

Types of Types of ComputersComputers

Super ComputerSuper Computer

Mainframe computer which is the Mainframe computer which is the largest, fastest or most powerful at largest, fastest or most powerful at one given time.one given time.

A computer that was the fastest in the A computer that was the fastest in the world at the time it was constructed.world at the time it was constructed.

Can tackle tasks that would not be Can tackle tasks that would not be practical for other computerspractical for other computers Typical usesTypical uses

Breaking codesBreaking codes Modeling weather systemsModeling weather systems

MainframeMainframe

Large powerful computer often serving Large powerful computer often serving many connected terminals. many connected terminals.

Large expensive computer capable of simultaneously processing data for hundreds or thousands of users.

Used to store, manage, and process Used to store, manage, and process large amounts of data that need to be large amounts of data that need to be reliable, secure, and centralized.reliable, secure, and centralized.

Usually housed in a closet sized Usually housed in a closet sized cabinet.cabinet.

ServerServer

A computer that processes request A computer that processes request for HTML and other documents that for HTML and other documents that are components of Web pages.are components of Web pages.

Purpose is to “serve.”Purpose is to “serve.” A computer that has the purpose of A computer that has the purpose of

supplying its users with data; usually supplying its users with data; usually through the use of a LAN (Local Area through the use of a LAN (Local Area Network).Network).

WorkstationWorkstation Desktop computer which is usually more Desktop computer which is usually more

powerful than a Microcomputer. powerful than a Microcomputer. Powerful desktop computer designed for

specialized tasks. A microcomputer that fits on a desk and A microcomputer that fits on a desk and

runs on power from an electrical wall outlet.runs on power from an electrical wall outlet. The CPU can be housed in either a vertical The CPU can be housed in either a vertical

or horizontal case.or horizontal case. Has separate components (keyboard, Has separate components (keyboard,

mouse, etc.) that are each plugged into the mouse, etc.) that are each plugged into the computer.computer.

Desktop MicrocomputerDesktop Microcomputer

Small computer based on a Small computer based on a microprocessor.microprocessor.

A personal computer designed to meet the needs of an individual; provides a variety of applications.

Provides access to a wide variety of Provides access to a wide variety of computing applications, such as word computing applications, such as word processing, photo editing, e-mail, processing, photo editing, e-mail, and internet.and internet.

Laptop or NotebookLaptop or Notebook

Portable, Portable, compact computer that runs on a wall outlet or battery unit with all components in one unit.

All components (keyboard, mouse, All components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) are in one compact unit.etc.) are in one compact unit.

Usually more expensive than a Usually more expensive than a comparable desktop.comparable desktop.

Sometimes called a notebook.Sometimes called a notebook.

HandheldHandheld

Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant).Assistant).

A computer that fits into a pocket, A computer that fits into a pocket, runs on batteries, and is used while runs on batteries, and is used while holding in your hand.holding in your hand.

Typically used as an appointment Typically used as an appointment book, address book, calculator, and book, address book, calculator, and notepad.notepad.

Can be synchronized with a personal Can be synchronized with a personal microcomputer as a backup.microcomputer as a backup.

NetworksNetworks

File ServerFile Server A computer dedicated to running A computer dedicated to running

applications and storing data. May be applications and storing data. May be shared with other workstationsshared with other workstations

IP addressIP address A unique address assigned to a A unique address assigned to a

computer so that it may be located computer so that it may be located across the web.across the web.

NetworkNetworkTwo or more computers Two or more computers

and other devices that are and other devices that are connected, for the purpose connected, for the purpose of sharing data and of sharing data and programs.programs.

Types of NetworksTypes of Networks

LAN IntranetworkLAN Intranetwork Local Area Network A method by which Local Area Network A method by which

multiple computers are connected. multiple computers are connected. (CJH)(CJH)

WAN InternetworkWide WAN InternetworkWide Wide Area Network by which large Wide Area Network by which large

geographical areas can be connected. geographical areas can be connected. (Davis District)(Davis District)

Computer Computer Performance and Performance and

ProcessingProcessing

Boot ProcessBoot Process

Sequence of events that occurs between Sequence of events that occurs between the time you turn on a computer and the the time you turn on a computer and the time that it becomes ready to accept time that it becomes ready to accept commands.commands.

PurposesPurposes Runs a diagnostic test to make sure Runs a diagnostic test to make sure

everything is working.everything is working. Loading the operating system, so the Loading the operating system, so the

computer can carry out basic operations.computer can carry out basic operations.

6 events of the boot 6 events of the boot process:process:

Power upPower up Start boot programStart boot program Power-on self-testPower-on self-test Identify peripheral devicesIdentify peripheral devices Load operation systemLoad operation system Check configuration and Check configuration and

customizationcustomization

Megahertz (mHz)Megahertz (mHz)

A measurement used to describe the A measurement used to describe the speed of the system clock.speed of the system clock.

A megahertz is equal to one million A megahertz is equal to one million cycles (or pulses) per second.cycles (or pulses) per second.

1.3 GHz means that the 1.3 GHz means that the microprocessor’s clock operates at a microprocessor’s clock operates at a speed of 1.3 million cycles per speed of 1.3 million cycles per second.second.

PentiumPentium

Name of the CPU.Name of the CPU. Pentium is the 5Pentium is the 5thth generation of the generation of the

Intel processor.Intel processor. Other generations were called:Other generations were called:

80-8880-88 286286 386386 486486

RAM vs. ROMRAM vs. ROM RAMRAM

““Random Access Random Access Memory”Memory”

The ability of a storage The ability of a storage devices to go directly to devices to go directly to a specific storage a specific storage location without having location without having to search sequentially to search sequentially for a beginning location.for a beginning location.

Very volatileVery volatile Cannot hold data when Cannot hold data when

the power is off.the power is off. Losses all data when Losses all data when

power is lost.power is lost.

ROMROM ““Read only memory”Read only memory” Drives can read data Drives can read data

from disks, but cannot from disks, but cannot store new data on store new data on them.them.

One or more integrated One or more integrated circuits that contain circuits that contain permanent instructions permanent instructions that the computer uses that the computer uses during the boot during the boot process.process.

Binary NumberBinary Number SystemSystem

A method for representing numbers A method for representing numbers using only two digits 0 and 1.using only two digits 0 and 1.

Bit – each 0 or 1.Bit – each 0 or 1. Byte – 8 bitsByte – 8 bits Also referred to as Base 2 Binary Also referred to as Base 2 Binary

Code.Code.

Memory MeasurementsMemory Measurements BitBit

Each 0 or 1Each 0 or 1 ByteByte

8 bits8 bits KilobyteKilobyte

Approximately 1 thousand bytesApproximately 1 thousand bytes MegabyteMegabyte

Approximately 1 million bytes (Exactly 1, 048,576 bytes)Approximately 1 million bytes (Exactly 1, 048,576 bytes) GigabyteGigabyte

Approximately 1 billion bytesApproximately 1 billion bytes TerabyteTerabyte

Approximately 1 trillion bytesApproximately 1 trillion bytes

Basic TermsBasic Terms

Basic TermsBasic Terms

ComputerComputer A device that accepts input, processes A device that accepts input, processes

data, stores data, and produces output, data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored all according to a series of stored instructions.instructions.

Basic TermsBasic Terms

InputInput Any information, data, sound, etc. that is Any information, data, sound, etc. that is

created and fed into the computer.created and fed into the computer. OutputOutput

Useful information that leaves the system.Useful information that leaves the system. DataData

Facts used by the computer. Refers to the Facts used by the computer. Refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects or symbols that represent facts, objects or ideas.ideas.

Basic TermsBasic Terms

ProcessingProcessing Manipulation of the data in many waysManipulation of the data in many ways

MemoryMemory Area of the computer that temporarily Area of the computer that temporarily

holds data waiting to be processed, holds data waiting to be processed, stored, or output.stored, or output.

StorageStorage Area of the computer that holds data on Area of the computer that holds data on

a permanent basis when it is not a permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processing.immediately needed for processing.

Basic TermsBasic Terms

File managementFile management A method of organizing files and folders A method of organizing files and folders

to make data more easily accessible.to make data more easily accessible. FoldersFolders

Location of physical media where data is Location of physical media where data is storedstored

FileFile Individual document created and saved Individual document created and saved

by the user.by the user.