compound fracture, impacted fracture, greenstick fracture

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Compound Fracture Compound Fracture Impacted Fracture Impacted Fracture Greenstick Greenstick Fracture Fracture By Hana Jakubickova By Hana Jakubickova

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Types of bone fractures - compound, impacted, greenstick

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Page 1: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Compound FractureCompound FractureImpacted FractureImpacted Fracture

Greenstick FractureGreenstick Fracture

By Hana JakubickovaBy Hana Jakubickova

Page 2: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Introduction – BonesIntroduction – Bones

Form the framework of the body – Form the framework of the body – skeletonskeleton

Protect organs Protect organs Store minerals Store minerals Bone marrow is Bone marrow is

the site of blood the site of blood

cell productioncell production

Page 3: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

FracturesFractures

Bone is the hardest tissue in the Bone is the hardest tissue in the human body.human body.

However, when bones are subjected to However, when bones are subjected to forces that exceed their strength, forces that exceed their strength, they may break.they may break.

The terms break, fracture, and crack The terms break, fracture, and crack mean the same thing.mean the same thing.

Page 4: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Causes of FracturesCauses of Fractures

Physical trauma – falls, direct blows, Physical trauma – falls, direct blows, twisting injuriestwisting injuries

Osteoporosis – thinning of the bones Osteoporosis – thinning of the bones with reduction in bone mass due to with reduction in bone mass due to depletion of calcium and bone depletion of calcium and bone protein (porous bones)protein (porous bones)

Other diseases – Crohn’s disease, Other diseases – Crohn’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, Paget’s disease Cushing’s syndrome, Paget’s disease etc. etc.

Page 5: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Types of FracturesTypes of FracturesAre Based On:Are Based On:

Where in the bone the break has Where in the bone the break has occurredoccurred

How the bone fragments are alignedHow the bone fragments are aligned Whether any complications existsWhether any complications exists

Page 6: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Types of Bone FracturesTypes of Bone Fractures

Page 7: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Types of Bone Fractures (cont.)Types of Bone Fractures (cont.)

Page 8: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Compound FractureCompound Fracture

A fracture in whichA fracture in which

broken bone fragmentsbroken bone fragments

lacerate (rip, cut, tear) lacerate (rip, cut, tear)

soft tissue and protrude soft tissue and protrude

through an open woundthrough an open wound

in the skinin the skin

Page 9: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Compound Fracture (cont.)Compound Fracture (cont.)

Need immediate treatment (because Need immediate treatment (because skin is broken)skin is broken)

High risk of infectionHigh risk of infection An operation is often required to An operation is often required to

clean the area of the fracture and clean the area of the fracture and realign the bonerealign the bone

Compound fractures are typically caused by high Compound fractures are typically caused by high energy injuries such as car crashes, falls, or sport energy injuries such as car crashes, falls, or sport injuries.injuries.

Page 10: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Compound Fracture (cont.)Compound Fracture (cont.)

Page 11: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Compound Fracture (cont.)Compound Fracture (cont.)Treatment Treatment

realignment of the ends of the realignment of the ends of the fractured bonesfractured bones

Immobilization of the fracture either Immobilization of the fracture either by fixing the bone internally or by by fixing the bone internally or by using splintsusing splints

Antibiotic treatment for a prolong Antibiotic treatment for a prolong periodperiod

Page 12: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Compound Fracture (cont.)Compound Fracture (cont.)PrognosisPrognosis

Compound fractures take much longer Compound fractures take much longer to heal, due to the amount of injury to heal, due to the amount of injury that the bone and surrounding tissue that the bone and surrounding tissue sustains, and also because of the sustains, and also because of the higher rate of complications caused higher rate of complications caused by nonunion of the joints and by nonunion of the joints and infectionsinfections

Page 13: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Impacted FractureImpacted Fracture

A fracture in which A fracture in which

one broken end is one broken end is

wedged into the wedged into the

other broken endother broken end

Page 14: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Impacted Fracture (cont.)Impacted Fracture (cont.)

Is an example of a stable fractureIs an example of a stable fracture Is a result of compressive forcesIs a result of compressive forces Most frequently occur in aging Most frequently occur in aging

individuals with osteoporosisindividuals with osteoporosis Many impacted fractures can be Many impacted fractures can be

treated nonsurgically (when articular treated nonsurgically (when articular depression is smaller than 5mm)depression is smaller than 5mm)

Page 15: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Impacted Fracture (cont.)Impacted Fracture (cont.)PrognosisPrognosis

Is generally good unless the fracture Is generally good unless the fracture extends into the joint and causes extends into the joint and causes articular irregularities articular irregularities

The cancellous (spongelike) bone The cancellous (spongelike) bone surfaces in impacted fractures heal surfaces in impacted fractures heal very rapidly very rapidly

Page 16: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Greenstick FractureGreenstick Fracture

is a fracture inis a fracture in

a young, soft a young, soft

bone in which bone in which

the bone bends the bone bends

and partially and partially

breaks (cracks)breaks (cracks)

Page 17: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Greenstick Fracture (cont.)Greenstick Fracture (cont.)

Is a type of an incomplete fractureIs a type of an incomplete fracture Doesn’t displace the boneDoesn’t displace the bone Often occurs during infancy and Often occurs during infancy and

childhood when the bones are softchildhood when the bones are soft Is a result of bending forces (falls)Is a result of bending forces (falls) Could be result of non-accidental Could be result of non-accidental

injury (blow on the forearm or shin)injury (blow on the forearm or shin)

Page 18: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Greenstick Fracture (cont.)Greenstick Fracture (cont.)DiagnosisDiagnosis

Is difficult to diagnose because it Is difficult to diagnose because it may not cause all the classic signs may not cause all the classic signs and symptoms of a broken bone and symptoms of a broken bone (pain, swelling, deformity)(pain, swelling, deformity)

X-rays can reveal most greenstick X-rays can reveal most greenstick fractures fractures

Page 19: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Greenstick Fracture Greenstick Fracture Diagnosis (cont.)Diagnosis (cont.)

Some green stick fractures may not Some green stick fractures may not show up well on X-rays show up well on X-rays

because of a child’s soft because of a child’s soft

bones. Use of ultrasound bones. Use of ultrasound

or computerizedor computerized

tomography (CT) wouldtomography (CT) would

provide better images.provide better images.

Page 20: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Greenstick Fracture (cont.)Greenstick Fracture (cont.)TreatmentTreatment

Immobilization – cast application or Immobilization – cast application or removable splintremovable splint

Elevation the extremity above the Elevation the extremity above the heart level (to reduce swelling)heart level (to reduce swelling)

Exercise of the joints Exercise of the joints

(to maintain flexibility(to maintain flexibility

and muscle strength)and muscle strength)

Page 21: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture
Page 22: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Sources:Sources:

MedicineNet.com.MedicineNet.com. Fractures. Fractures. Retrieved June 21, 2009, from Retrieved June 21, 2009, from

http://www.medicinenet.com/fracture/article.htmhttp://www.medicinenet.com/fracture/article.htm

CureResearch.com (Last revision: May 27, 2003) CureResearch.com (Last revision: May 27, 2003) Misdiagnosis Misdiagnosis of Underlying Causes of Fractures.of Underlying Causes of Fractures. Retrieved June 21,2009, Retrieved June 21,2009, from from http://www.cureresearch.com/f/fractures/underly.htmhttp://www.cureresearch.com/f/fractures/underly.htm

Buzzle.com.Buzzle.com. Compound Fracture. Compound Fracture. Retrieved June 21, 2009, Retrieved June 21, 2009,

from from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/compound-fracture.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/compound-fracture.html

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Last modified on June 21, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Last modified on June 21, 2009).2009). Greenstick fracture. Greenstick fracture. Retrieved June 21, 2009, from Retrieved June 21, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenstick_fracturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenstick_fracture

Page 23: Compound Fracture, Impacted Fracture, Greenstick Fracture

Sources (cont.):Sources (cont.):

Google books. Starkey, Glen Johnson, American Academy of Google books. Starkey, Glen Johnson, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Orthopaedic Surgeons. Athletic Training And Sports MedicineAthletic Training And Sports Medicine, , page 41. Retrieved June 21, 2009, from page 41. Retrieved June 21, 2009, from http://books.google.com/books?id=-F-http://books.google.com/books?id=-F-ZtAjwUdgC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=impacted+fracture+caZtAjwUdgC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=impacted+fracture+causes&source=bl&ots=IftyA9JPJ_&sig=uv8v3oBH9A8ehWhE6_yuses&source=bl&ots=IftyA9JPJ_&sig=uv8v3oBH9A8ehWhE6_yPwksaGlM&hl=en&ei=Bc8-PwksaGlM&hl=en&ei=Bc8-StysKpPIMqn78LMO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnuStysKpPIMqn78LMO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7m=7