complete your chart using the information provided in this...

Complete your chart using the information provided in this document. Other acceptable sources are:

-Traditions and Encounters -The AMSCO Review Book -Any AP approved review materials (like Khan Academy)

  CB Framework 4.1.II “European technological developments in cartography and navigation built on previous knowledge developed in the classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds, and included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of global wind and currents patterns — all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.”

  The following pages explain briefly the following: -  Caravel -  Fluyt   Use the texts to go beyond what is on the following

pages

•  Use the following information to aid in your information collection

  A caravel is a small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean.

  The lateen sails gave her speed and the capacity for sailing to windward (beating). Caravels were much used by the Portuguese for the oceanic exploration voyages during the 15th and 16th centuries in the age of discovery (THE AGE OF EXPLORATION!!!)

  Until the 15th century, Europeans were limited to coastal, PORT TO PORT, navigation using the barge or the balinger , ancient Mediterranean cargo vessels of around 50 to 200 tons.

  These boats were fragile, with only one mast with a fixed square sails that could not overcome the navigational difficulties of Southward oceanic exploration, as the strong winds, shoals and strong ocean currents easily overwhelmed their abilities.

  The caravel was developed in about 1450, based on existing fishing boats under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal, and soon became the preferred vessel for Portuguese explorers.

  They were agile and easier to navigate, with a tonnage of 50 to 160 tons and 1 to 3 masts, with lateen triangular sails allowing the zig-zag motion of sailing.

  Being smaller and having a shallow keel, the caravel could sail upriver in shallow coastal waters.

  With the lateen sails attached, it was highly maneuverable and could sail much nearer the wind, while with the square Atlantic-type sails attached, it was very fast.

  Its economy, speed, agility, and power made it esteemed as the best sailing vessel of its time. The limited capacity for cargo and crew were their main drawbacks, but did not hinder its success.

  The exploration done with caravels made possible the spice trade of the Portuguese and the Spanish. However, for the trade itself, the caravel was later replaced by the larger nau which was more profitable for trading. The caravel was one of the pinnacle ships in Iberian Ship Development from 1400-1600.

 Use the following to aid in your information collection

  http://www.maritimeprofessional.com/blogs/post/fluyt-14042

  CB Framework 4.1.V.B&C “The new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres resulted in the Columbian Exchange. B: American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East in this period. C: Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves.

  The following pages explain briefly the following: -  Sugar -  Tobacco   Use the texts to go beyond what is on the following

pages

 Use the following website to aid in your information collection.

 AMSCO: pg 304   http://www.livescience.com/4949-sugar-changed-world.html   http://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/africanpassageslowcountryadapt/sectionii_introduction/sugar_and_tobacco

 Use the following website to aid in your information collection.

 AMSCO pg 304   http://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/africanpassageslowcountryadapt/sectionii_introduction/sugar_and_tobacco


  The following pages explain briefly the following: -  Potatoes -  Manioc   Use the texts to go beyond what is on the following

pages

 Use the following website to aid in your information collection

 AMSCO: pg 304   http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-potato-changed-the-world-108470605/

 Use the following website to aid in your information collection

 AMSCO: pg 304   https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange


  The following pages explain briefly the following: -  Okra -  Rice   Use the texts to go beyond what is on the following

pages


 AMSCO: pg 304   http://mgafrica.com/article/2015-11-02-african-food-america

  http://slaverebellion.org/index.php?page=crops-slave-cuisines


  The following pages explain briefly the following: -  Horses -  Pigs   Use the texts to go beyond what is on the following

pages


 AMSCO: pg 304   http://public.gettysburg.edu/~tshannon/hist106web/site19/animals.htm

  http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-twoworlds/1866

  CB Framework 4.1.VI “The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created syncretic belief systems and practices. ”

  The following pages provide information and link to information about the following:

-  Sufi -  Sunni/Shi’a Split -  Vodun -  Sikhism   Use the texts to go beyond what is on the following

pages


 This is a student created Prezi – but the info is good

  https://prezi.com/par8ksizmiwo/reforming-and-creation-of-beliefs/

  Sufism is Islamic mysticism   Non-Muslims often mistake Sufism as a sect of Islam.

Sufism is more accurately described as an aspect or dimension of Islam. Sufi orders (Tariqas) can be found in Sunni, Shia and other Islamic groups.

  Sufis are emphatic that Islamic knowledge should be learned from teachers and not exclusively from books.

  Tariqas can trace their teachers back through the generations to the Prophet himself. Modeling themselves on their teachers, students hope that they too will learn something of the Prophetic character.

  Although Sufis are relatively few in number they have shaped Islamic thought and history.

  Through the centuries Sufis contributed hugely to Islamic literature for example Rumi, Omar Khayyám and Al-Ghazali's influence extended beyond Muslim lands to be quoted by Western philosophers, writers and theologians. Sufis were influential in spreading Islam particularly to the furthest outposts of the Muslim world in Africa, India and the Far East.


 This is a student created Prezi – but the info is good

  https://prezi.com/7p9qfe2tvzzb/political-rivalry-between-the-ottomans-safavids-intensifie/

 Review Chapter 19 in AMSCO   https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53b17013e4b0f83f2d8a8a4a/t/53e2219fe4b03119843185b4/1407328671467/SUNNI+SHIA+SUFI+2012.pdf

 As Islam spread to new settings in Afro-Eurasia, believers adapted it to local cultural practices.

 The split between the Sunni and Shi’a traditions of Islam intensified

 Sufi practices became more widespread.

 The Shia are the minority group in Islam, between 10 percent and 15 percent of the Muslim population - less than 200 million people.

 The Shia are concentrated in Iran, southern Iraq and southern Lebanon.

 There are Shiite communities in Saudi Arabia and Syria, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.

  The original split between Sunnis and Shia occurred soon after the death of the Prophet Muhammad, in the year 632.

  Most of the Prophet Muhammad's followers wanted the community of Muslims to determine who would succeed him. A smaller group thought that someone from his family should take up his mantle. They favored Ali, who was married to Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah.

  Those who are Shia believed that leadership should stay within the family of the Prophet. So they supported Ali.

  The Sunnis believed that leadership should fall to the person who was deemed by the elite of the community to be best able to lead the community.

  This was fundamentally that political division that began the Sunni-Shia split.

  The Sunnis prevailed and chose a successor to be the first caliph

  Eventually, Ali was chosen as the fourth caliph, but not before violent conflict broke out.

  Two of the earliest caliphs were murdered. War erupted when Ali became caliph, and he too was killed in fighting in the year 661 near the town of Kufa, now in present-day Iraq.

  This war ended up splitting the two sanctions - and they will never reunite.

  The war continued with Ali's son, Hussein, leading the Shia.   Hussein rejected the rule of the caliph at the time. He, 72

members of his family and friends, stood up to the caliph’s army - they were all killed.

  Hussein was decapitated and his head was carried in tribute to the Sunni caliph in Damascus. His body was left on the battlefield. Later it was buried there.

  Hussein's death holds spiritual power for Shia.

  The Shia called their leaders imam, Ali being the first, Hussein the third. They commemorate Hussein's death every year in a public ritual of self-flagellation and mourning known as Ashura.

  The significance of the imams is one of the fundamental differences that separate the two branches of Islam. The imams have taken on a spiritual significance that no clerics in Sunni Islam enjoy.

  This difference is especially powerful when it comes to the story of the Twelfth Imam, known as the Hidden Imam.

  "In the 10th century, the 12th Shiite Imam went into occultation. Shiites believe God took him into hiding, and he will come back at the end of time. He is known as the Mahdi or the messiah. (Much like Jews or Christians, are looking for the coming of the Messiah)

  Those who believe in the Hidden Imam are known as Twelver Shia. They comprise the majority of Shia in the world today.

  Over the next centuries, Islam clashed with the European Crusaders, with the Mongol conquerors from Central Asia, and was spread further by the Ottoman Turks.

  By the year 1500, Persia was a seat of Sunni Islamic learning, but that changed with the arrival of Azeri conquerors. They established the Safavid dynasty in Persia — modern-day Iran — and made it Shiite.

  The Safavid dynasty made it its political project to convert Iran into a Shia country.

  Shiism held Persia together and distinguished it from the Ottoman Empire to its west, which was Sunni, and the Mughal Muslims to the east in India, also Sunni.

  This geography, and split remained, into the 20th century - with numerous wars fought.


 AMSCO: pg 326

  This is a syncretic religion practiced chiefly in Haiti and the Haitian diaspora.

  Practitioners are called "vodouists” or "servants of the spirits”.   Vodouists believe in a distant and unknowable creator god,

Bondye. As Bondye does not intercede in human affairs, vodouists direct their worship toward spirits subservient to Bondye, called loa.

  Every loa is responsible for a particular aspect of life, with the dynamic and changing personalities of each loa reflecting the many possibilities inherent to the aspects of life over which they preside.

  In order to navigate daily life, vodouists cultivate personal relationships with the loa through the presentation of offerings, the creation of personal altars and devotional objects, and participation in elaborate ceremonies of music, dance, and spirit possession.

  Vodou originated in the French slave colony of Saint-Domingue in the 18th century, when African religious practice was actively suppressed, and enslaved Africans were forced to convert to Christianity.

  Religious practices of contemporary Vodou are descended from, and closely related to, West African Vodun as practiced by the Fon and Ewe.

  Vodou also incorporates elements and symbolism from other African peoples including the Yorùbá and Bakongo; as well as Taíno religious beliefs, and European spirituality including Roman Catholic Christianity, European mysticism, Freemasonry, and other influences.


 AMSCO: pg 361

  CB Framework 4.2.II.D “Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products.

D: Colonial economies in the Americas depended on a range of coerced labor.”

  The following pages explain briefly the following: -  Indentured Servitude -  Encomienda/Hacienda   Use the texts to go beyond what is on the following

pages

 Use the following websites to aid in your information collection

 AMSCO: pg 311, 324

  Indentured servitude was a form of debt bondage, established in the early years of the American colonies and elsewhere.

  It was sometimes used as a way for poor youth in Britain and the German states to get passage to the American colonies. They would work for a fixed number of years, then be free to work on their own. The employer purchased the indenture from the sea captain who brought the youths over; he did so because he needed labor.

  Some worked as farmers or helpers for farm wives, some were apprenticed to craftsmen.

  Both sides were legally obligated to meet the terms, which were enforced by local American courts.

  Runaways were sought out and returned.   About half of the white immigrants to the American

colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries were indentured.

 However, indentured servants were exploited as cheap labor and could be severely maltreated.

 For example, the seventeenth-century French buccaneer Alexander Exquemelin reported malnourishment and deadly beatings by the servants' masters and generally harsher treatment and labor than that of their slaves on the island of Hispaniola.

  Overtime, the desire to become an indentured servant decreased.

  Survival rates of the contract were fairly low, the reward of completing a contract shifted away from land rewards to cash, conditions were very poor, and it became more affordable to move from Europe to the New World, making the pool of potential workers for indentured servitude decrease.

  However, the demand for labor stayed, and there is soon a shift into slavery. In the long run, slavery becomes the more economically wise choice.


 AMSCO: pg 305  AS much as I HATE wikipedia – these

two pages provide solid info  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encomienda  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacienda

  CB Framework 4.2.III.B “As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial, and gender hierarchies.

B: The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as they confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders.”

  The following pages explain briefly the following: -  Zamindars in the Mughal Empire -  The Daimyo in Japan   Use the texts to go beyond what is on the

following pages


 AMSCO: pg 361   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3Eg-U-ut3w   http://www.gktoday.in/blog/zamindari-system-in-mughal-era/


 AMSCO: pg 377

 were the powerful territorial lords in pre-modern Japan who ruled most of the country from their vast, hereditary land holdings. In the term, "dai” literally means "large", and "myō" stands for myōden, meaning private land.

 Subordinate only to the shogun, daimyo were the most powerful feudal rulers from the 10th century to the middle 19th century in Japan.

  The term "daimyo" is also sometimes used to refer to the leading figures of clans, also called "lord".

  It was usually, though not exclusively, from these warlords that a shogun arose or a regent was chosen.

  Daimyo often hired samurai to guard their land and they paid the samurai in land or food.

  Relatively few daimyo could afford to pay samurai in money.

  The daimyo era came to an end soon after the Meiji restoration when Japan adopted the prefecture system in 1871.

 There are 3 big categories of Daimyo - Shugo-Daimyo, Sengoku-Daimyo, and Daimyo in the Edo Period

  The shugo-daimyo were the first group of men to hold the title "daimyo".

  They arose from among the shugo (governors of small areas) during the Muromachi period.

  The shugo daimyo held not only military and police powers, but also economic power within a province.

  They accumulated these powers throughout the first decades of the Muromachi period.

  Major shugo daimyo came from the Shiba, Hatakeyama, and Hosokawa clans, as well as the tozama clans of Yamana, Ōuchi, and Akamatsu.

  The greatest ruled multiple provinces.

 The Ashikaga shogunate required the shugo daimyo to reside in Kyoto, so they appointed relatives or retainers, called shugodai, to represent them in their home provinces.

 Eventually some of these in turn came to reside in Kyoto, appointing deputies in the provinces.

  The Ōnin War was a major uprising in which shugo daimyo fought each other.

  During this and other wars of the time provincial uprisings took place as locally powerful warriors sought independence from the shugo daimyo.

  The deputies of the shugo daimyo, living in the provinces, seized the opportunity to strengthen their position.

  At the end of the fifteenth century, those shugo daimyo who succeeded remained in power.

  Those who had failed to exert control over their deputies fell from power and were replaced by a new class, the "sengoku daimyo", who arose from the ranks of the shugodai'K and Ji-samurai.

  Among the sengoku daimyo were many who had been shugo daimyo, such as the Satake, Imagawa, Takeda, Toki, Rokkaku, Ōuchi, and Shimazu.

  New to the ranks of daimyo were the Asakura, Amago, Nagao, Miyoshi, Chōsokabe, Jimbō, Hatano, Oda, and Matsunaga.

  These came from the ranks of the shugodai and their deputies.

  Additional sengoku daimyo such as the Mōri, Tamura, and Ryūzōji arose from the ji-samurai.

  The lower officials of the shogunate and ronin (Late Hōjō, Saitō), provincial officials (Kitabatake), and kuge (Tosa Ichijō) also gave rise to sengoku daimyo.

  After the Battle of Sekigahara in the year 1600 that marked the beginning of the Edo period, shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu reorganized roughly 200 daimyo and their territories, into the han, and rated them based on their production of rice from rice paddies.

  Daimyo were those who headed han assessed at 10,000 koku (50,000 bushels) or more.

  Ieyasu also categorized the daimyo according to how close they were to the ruling Tokugawa family: the shinpan were related to the Tokugawa; the fudai had been vassals of the Tokugawa or allies in battle; and the tozama had not allied with the Tokugawa before the battle (did not necessarily fight against the Tokugawa).

  Sankin-kōtai ("alternate attendance") was the system whereby the Tokugawa forced all daimyo to spend every other year at the Tokugawa court in Edo, and maintain their family members in Edo when they returned to their han.

  This increased political and fiscal control over the daimyo by Edo.

  As time went on in the Tokugawa period, many other systems of controlling the daimyo were put into place, such as mandatory contributions to public works such as road building.

  In addition, daimyo were forbidden to build ships and castles, and other shows of military power were often tightly controlled.

  Upset by these controls, and often in bad economic situations because of things like sankin-kōtai, forced support of public works, and extravagant spending, several daimyo sided against the Tokugawa Shogunate during the Meiji Restoration.

  CB Framework 4.2.III.A “As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial, and gender hierarchies.

A: Both imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites.”

  The following pages explain briefly the following: -  Manchus in China -  Creole Elites in Spanish America   Use the texts to go beyond what is on the

following pages


 AMSCO: pg 375-377   https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qing-dynasty


 AMSCO: pg 308  https://www.britannica.com/topic/Creole

  CB Framework 4.2.III.C “As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial, and gender hierarchies.

C: Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including the demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the slave trades.”

  The following pages explain briefly the following: -  Euro Men/SE Asian Woman -  Smaller size of Euro families   Use the texts to go beyond what is on the

following pages


  http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/essay-02.html

  Use the following to aid in your information collection   The family was changing in Europe as well. Economic

changes in this era began a transformation of family patterns which would become much more prominent in the industrial age.

  European families decreased in size, particularly in urban centers. An agricultural based society thrives on large and extended families, as each member contributes to the family's production of food. In middle class urban families, children tend to be an expense for a longer period of time.

  As a consequence, the fertility rate was smaller in urban societies. Men and women also tended to marry latter in life, usually into their twenties, a sharp contrast to agricultural marriages which took place at an earlier age. As people began to earn money through crafts, trade and investments, a single set of parents and their children grew to be economically independent from the larger extended family. The nuclear family, as this was called, was less tied to property ownership and more emotionally centered.

  CB Framework 4.3.I.A “Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power.

A: Rulers continued to use the religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to display political power and to legitimize their rule.”

  The following pages explain briefly the following: -  Versailles -  Mughal mausolea/mosques: Taj Mahal -  Ottoman miniature painting   Use the texts to go beyond what is on the

following pages

 Use the following readings/websites to aid in your information collection

 AMSCO pg 285   https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/france/a/chteau-de-versailles


 AMSCO pgs: 212, 361-362   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D38DGQkE8eU   https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-islam/islamic-art-late-period/a/the-taj-mahal

 Use the following reading/websites to aid in your information collection

 AMSCO pgs: 359   http://www.turkishculture.org/traditional-arts-563.htm

  CB Framework 4.3.I.A “Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power.

A: Rulers continued to use the religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to display political power and to legitimize their rule.”

  The following pages explain briefly the following: -  European Notion of Divine Right -  Safavid use of Shiism -  Mexica/Aztec: human sacrifice -  Chinese Emperor’s Public Performance of Confucian

Rituals   Use the texts to go beyond what is on the following

pages


 AMSCO pgs: 284-285, 335, 339   http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Divine_Right_of_Kings


 AMSCO pgs: 360   http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/safavidempire_1.shtml


 AMSCO pgs: 260  http://www.ancient.eu/Aztec_Sacrifice/   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjhIzemLdos

  CB Framework 4.3.I.B “Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power.

B: States treated different ethnic and religious groups in ways that utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge the authority of the state.”

  The following pages explain briefly the following: -  Manchu Policies toward the Chinese -  Spanish Creation of separate Republica de Indios -  Spanish/Portuguese creation of new social classes in

the Americas   Use the texts to go beyond what is on the following

pages

  Use the following to aid in your information collection   http://www.sacu.org/manchu.html   “The Qing dynasty expanded Chinese territory larger than it ever had been before and

ruled a population of 450 million people.   Unlike previous Chinese dynasties, the Qing did not impose Chinese language or

culture over their subjects and thought of China as just one part of a larger Manchu empire.

  They adopted a policy of "ruling different people differently," allowing local languages, customs, and in some cases, permitting local leaders to maintain leadership positions. Some groups had more privileges than others. Manchus, of course, were the most favored group but Chinese were allowed to take governing posts in the Confucian bureaucracy along with Manchus.

  The highest point to which a Chinese civil servant could rise was an executive position known as a "grand secretary." These administrators had no policy making power; however, they served as channels of communication "by ratifying, and forwarding 'memorials,' reports sent to the emperor from other central and field offices.”

  The highest central administrative positions in Beijing, of course, were reserved for Manchus. Allowing Chinese to earn positions in the bureaucracy through civil service examinations rendered Manchu rule more acceptable for Chinese. And to prevent Chinese from dominating the bureaucracy, it was much easier for Manchus to gain appointments and rise through the ranks.”

  Use the following to aid in your information collection   “In colonial America, Spanish administrators sought

to adapt and impose the social structure of Iberia. Back home, society was organized into large corporate groups with different levels of rights and privileges adhering to each group rather than to individuals. In the New World the Spanish likewise divided the population into two primary groups. The first groups was the república de espanoles comprised of all Iberian born people, Spanish creoles, and anyone else of mixed Spanish race. The other group was the república de indios made up of the non mestizo indigenous population.”


 AMSCO pgs: 308-309

  CB Framework 4.3.I.C “Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power.

C: Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.”

  The following pages explain briefly the following: -  Salaried Samurai -  Ottoman devshirme (I had a typo on your packet) -  Chinese examination system   Use the texts to go beyond what is on the following

pages

 Use the following slides for your information collection.

The "KASHINDAN" was a daimyo retainer given to samurai during the Warring States era (1477-1603), which often included a salary; "non-warriors," such as merchants and magistrates, formed a large percentage of this feudal system and the samurai who did serve were often of low rank. The unique nature of the kashindan, or salaried samurai warriors, is reflected by the fact that merchants and magistrates formed a large percentage of this system of warlord governance, and those warriors that were members were predominantly of low-rank. Because they were salaried, the use of the feudal paradigm present problems in comparing Japanese feudalism with feudalism in Europe, which was based on contracts and oaths of loyalty. It also shows that the social characteristics associated with the early Tokugawa period, including urbanization and the "separation of warrior from the farmer" had already begun. Thus, they served as a transition from the feudal period to the early modern age. The difference is that the salaried samurai helped pave the way to a more centralized control that ultimately resulted under the Tokugawa Shogunate.

  Use the following to aid in your information collection   AMSCO pg: 355   “The practice of Devshirme (collecting, or gathering)

became important to the Ottoman state. Large conquered Christian communities were required to hand over a quota of young boys.

  They were taught Turkish and many of them converted to Islam. Many of these boys became members of the elite Janissaries. These troops came from non-Muslim homes, were raised by the state and depended on the Ottoman state rather than their families. This made them loyal warriors.

  The Janissaries were also the primary users of firearms, and gunpowder became an essential feature of Ottoman expansion.”

  Use the following to aid in your information collection

  “Administrative service in the imperial bureaucracy was the most prestigious and lucrative field open to Chinese youths. Only a tiny portion of the Chinese male population could take the exams and very few of those successfully passed them.

  The recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites was meant to provide good governance and maintain centralized control over the population. The Chinese bureaucracy would require a liberal arts education that forced scholars to think broadly and not specialist or technical skills is the opposite of that approach.

  Scholars were well versed in the Confucian classics, and generous state subsidies supported the imperial academies and regional colleges.

  Under both the Ming and Qing the civil service exams played a greater role in determining entry into the Chinese bureaucracy than had been the case under any earlier dynasty. The exams were given in large compounds that were surrounded by walls and watchtowers. Each candidate was assigned a small cubicle where they slept and ate over a period of several days.

  In addition, the student's calligraphy, or the ability to brush the Chinese characters, often proved decisive, reflecting the emphasis on a refined sense of aesthetics. Chinese officials were not open to different models of social behavior. Morality was stressed, and conduct was expected to conform to the norm.”

  CB Framework 4.3.III “Competition over trade routes, state rivalries, and local resistance all provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion. ”

  The following pages explain briefly the following:

-  Piracy in the Caribbean -  Omani-European Rivalry in Indian Ocean   Use the texts to go beyond what is on the

following pages

  The era of piracy in the Caribbean began in the 16th century and died out in the 1830s after the navies of the nations of Western Europe and North America with colonies in the Caribbean began combating pirates.

  The period during which pirates were most successful was from the 1660s to 1730s. Piracy flourished in the Caribbean because of the existence of pirate seaports such as Port Royal in Jamaica, Tortuga in Haiti, and Nassau in the Bahamas.

No this wasn’t a true story.

  Pirates were often former sailors used in naval warfare. They were called buccaneers (from a French word which describes how they tricked ships into being captured).

  They created lucrative but illegitimate opportunities for common seamen to attack European merchant ships (especially Spanish fleets sailing from the Caribbean to Europe) and seize their valuable cargo, a practice that began in the 16th century.

  Piracy was sometimes given "legal" status by the colonial powers, especially France under King Francis I, in the hope of weakening the sea trade of their rivals.

  This "legal" form of piracy is known as privateering. From 1520 to 1560, French privateers were alone in their fight against the Crown of Spain and the vast commerce of the Spanish Empire in the New World. They were later joined by English and Dutch privateers. The following quote by a Welsh pirate shows the motivations for piracy in the 18th century Caribbean:

“ In an honest Service, there is thin Commons, low Wages, and hard Labour; in this, Plenty and Satiety, Pleasure and Ease, Liberty and Power; and who would not balance Creditor on this Side, when all the Hazard that is run for it, at worst, is only a sower Look or two at choaking. No, a merry Life and a short one shall be my Motto. ” —Pirate Captain Bartholomew Roberts

  The Caribbean had become a center of European trade and colonization after Columbus' discovery of the New World for Spain in 1492.

  In the 1493 Treaty of Tordesillas the non-European world had been divided between the Spanish and the Portuguese along a north-south line 270 leagues west of the Cape Verde.

  This gave Spain control of the Americas   In the 16th century, the Spanish were mining

extremely large quantities of silver from the mines of Zacatecas in New Spain (Mexico) and Potosí in Peru.

  The huge Spanish silver shipments from the New World to the Old attracted pirates and French privateers

  To combat this constant danger, in the 1560s the Spanish adopted a convoy system. A treasure fleet would sail annually from Seville in Spain, carrying passengers, troops, and European manufactured goods to the Spanish colonies of the New World.

  This cargo, though profitable, was really just a form of ballast for the fleet as its true purpose was to transport the year's worth of silver to Europe.

  The mid-17th century in the Caribbean was shaped by events in far-off Europe.

  For the Dutch Netherlands, France, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, the Thirty Years War being fought in Germany, the last great religious war in Europe, had degenerated into an outbreak of famine, plague and starvation that managed to kill off one-third to one-half of the population of Germany.

  Freebooters and privateers, experienced after decades of European warfare, pillaged and plundered the almost defenseless Spanish settlements with ease and with little interference from the European governments back home who were too worried about their own problems at home to turn much attention to their New World colonies.

  Use the following website to aid in your information collection   AMSCO pgs: 288   “After the Omanis expelled the Portuguese from Muscat in 1650, they

helped the Swahili towns of East Africa in their struggle to extricate themselves from the Portuguese yoke.

  After the 1698 fall of Fort Jesus, although Oman claimed virtually the entire Swahili coast, Omani rulers were too weak internally to enforce their claims. Swahili towns rebelled, but they were no more involved in the export trade than they had been under the Portuguese.

  For Arab and Indian traders, the great boon of Portugal's decline was the return to older patterns of trade. In the western Indian Ocean basin, these patterns favored Oman because Muscat was well-placed to dominate the Persian Gulf.

  Trade with India increased steadily, Omani merchants prospered, and Oman emerged as a key player in the Indian Ocean trade. This created considerable anxiety among the system's European players, and the British treaty with Oman in 1799 reflects this anxiety. The British, of course, wanted to protect their interests in India.

  CB Framework 4.3.III “Competition over trade routes, state rivalries, and local resistance all provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion. ”

  The following pages explain briefly the following:

-  Thirty Years War -  Ottoman-Safavid Conflict   Use the texts to go beyond what is on the

following pages


 AMSCO pgs: 282   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B18zwAVO4q0


 AMSCO pgs: 359, 363   http://epicworldhistory.blogspot.com/2012/05/ottoman-safavid-wars.html

  CB Framework 4.3.III “Competition over trade routes, state rivalries, and local resistance all provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion.”

  The following pages explain briefly the following: -  Food Riots -  Samurai Revolts -  Peasant Uprisings   Use the texts to go beyond what is on the

following pages

 Use the following readings/website to help

  http://massmoments.org/moment.cfm?mid=148

  The Boston Bread Riot was the last of a series of three riots by the poor of Boston, Massachusetts, between 1710 and 1713, in response to food shortages and high bread prices. The riot ended with minimal casualties.

  In the early 18th century, the city of Boston had very little arable land, and most grain had to be imported from surrounding areas or from abroad.

  It was common practice for the larger local grain merchants to hoard grain to drive up local prices, and to sell local grain in more lucrative foreign markets such as Europe or the sugar plantations of the West Indies.

  On top of this, Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) interfered with foreign trade. By 1709, Boston was experiencing a serious food shortage and skyrocketing bread prices.

  The hardest hit were the working poor. Since they did not own land, and were therefore not allowed to vote, governmental indifference to their needs left violence as the only effective recourse. A percentage of the poor began an uprising against the government.

  In April 1710, a group of men broke the rudder of a cargo ship belonging to merchant Andrew Belcher, to stop its cargo of wheat from being shipped away and sold abroad. The next day, about 50 men attempted to force the ship's captain ashore, intending to loot the ship of its grain. They were arrested, but popular support for their cause resulted in them being released without charges.

  In October 1711, a fire in Boston left over 100 families homeless, leading to a second riot.

  In May 1713, a mob of more than 200 rioted on Boston Common, protesting high bread prices. As well as attacking Belcher's ships, the mob "broke into his warehouses looking for corn, and shot the lieutenant governor when he tried to interfere."

 After the Boston Bread Riot, acts were passed prohibiting exports of grain in time of shortage, fixing grain and bread prices at more reasonable levels, and establishing a public granary. These measures somewhat alleviated the immediate shortage, however, food shortages and the attendant rioting and looting recurred in Boston throughout the American Revolution and into the early 19th century.


 AMSCO pgs: 377-378, 456


  The following is a link to a list of peasant wars throughout history.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants'_War

 At any point where you have your largest class (typically the poor peasants) revolting against the government, you will have a period of instability. This will obviously cause challenges to the government and its attempt at consolidation and expansion

  CB Framework 4.2.II.A “Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. A. Peasant labor intensified in many regions.”

  The following pages explain briefly the following: -  Development of Frontier: Siberia -  Cotton Textiles: India -  Silk Textiles: China   Use the texts to go beyond what is on the following

pages


 AMSCO: pg 337-338   http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1994-02-01/features/1994032183_1_siberia-golden-fleece-fur

  Use the following to aid in your information collection

“During the Mughal empire, the price of spices declined. To maintain their profits, joint-stock companies such as the British East India Company and the Dutch VOC encouraged Mughal leaders to supplement pepper exports with cotton textiles. Cotton, which was softer than many fabrics and could be dyed and printed with elaborate patterns, became an extremely popular fad in Europe. To meet this demand, the Mughal government forced a vast number of peasants to work cotton fields and textile operations. As in Russia, state mandates and incentives led to the mass mobilization of peasants to aid state objectives.”

  Use the following to aid in your information collection   AMSCO pg: 377

“The Qing (Manchu) Empire likewise utilized peasants for their economic gain. Even though they focused China’s economic strength more on the practice of agriculture than commerce, silk exports became important to their economy. The city of Canton in the south of China was the only location where Europeans were allowed to conduct business and the Chinese accepted only gold and silver as payment for their exports. To meet the demand of foreigners for silk, the government forced peasants to work in the growing of mulberry plants (necessary for silk worms to produce quality silk) and in the general production of silk. In some areas, silk production exceeded rice production and consumed all surplus labor of peasant families.”

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