SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN

ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY 2

[ ARC 60203]

Bank Negara Malaysia

Tutor: Puan. Norhayati

Members:

1. Eng Shi Yi 0317849

2. Foo Shi-Ko 0318262

3. Jeffrey Liew Jun Yi 0317951

4. Izzat Abdul Muhaymin Bin Jafri 0319437

Table of Contents

1. Group Components :

1.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………….

1.2 Fast facts of the building ………………………………………………………………..

1.3 History of the building ……………………………………………………………………

1.4 The architect ………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Individual Components:

2.1 Site context analysis (Jeffrey Liew) ……………………………………………….

2.2 Architectural layout of building (Eng Shi Yi) ………………………………….

2.3 Architecture style analysis (Eng Shi Yi) …………………………………………

2.4 Building construction, structure & materials analysis

(Izzat Muhaymin/ Jeffrey Liew) ……………………………………………………

2.5 Architectural elements & components analysis

(Foo Shi-Ko) ………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Group Components:

3.1 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………….

Group Components:

Introduction

Introduction

Bank Negara Malaysia (the Central Bank of Malaysia), is a statutory body which started

operations on 26 January 1959. Bank Negara Malaysia is governed by the Central Bank of

Malaysia Act 2009. The role of Bank Negara Malaysia is to promote monetary and financial

stability. This is aimed at providing a conductive environment for the sustainable growth of the

Malaysian economy.

Bank Negara Malaysia was built to

accommodate the requirements and

functions of the nation's central banking

system in 1970 at the cost of Malayan

Dollar $9.5 million. Designed by Nik

Mohamed Mahmood of the Public Works

Department (PWD), the original complex

comprises two separate but interlinked

parts; a podium banking hall and an 18-storey tower, in later years. Two more towers

incorporating ancillary amenities including a Numismatic Museum were added.

Bank Negara Malaysia’s monetary policy stance is to maintain price stability while remaining

supportive of growth. Bank Negara Malaysia is also responsible for financial system stability.

This is achieved by developing a sound, resilient, progressive and diversif ied financial sector

which serves to support the sectors of the real economy. It also plays an important function in

implementing initiatives to deepen and strengthen the financial markets, including the foreign

exchange market.

Bank Negara Malaysia has played a significant developmental role in developing the financial

system infrastructure in advancing the financial inclusion agenda. This is to ensure all economic

sectors and segments of the society have access to financial services. In addition, Bank Neg ara

Malaysia also oversees the nation’s payment systems infrastructure which emphasize on the

efficiency and security of the financial systems. Prominence, grandeur and strength are some of

the apt words to describe the building that is a famous icon of the federal capital and country.

Fast Fact of the Building

Name: Bank Negara Malaysia

Location: The Bank Negara headquarters are located at Jalan Sultan Salahuddin; off

Jalan Kuching.

Strategically located a stone' throw from the Independence Square (Dataran Merdeka),

the former nation's judiciary Sultan Abdul Samad Building and Kuala Lumpur City Hall,

the national importance of this institution is indisputable.

Designed by Nik Mohamed Mahmood of the Public Works Department (PWD).

Bank Negara Malaysia mainly adopted Brutalism architectural style which was popular

until the mid-1970s.

Bank Negara Malaysia’s monetary policy stance is to maintain price stability while

remaining supportive of growth.

Functions of the building/Analysis: Bank Negara Malaysia provides advice on

macroeconomic policies and the management of public debt. Bank Negara Malaysia is

also the sole authority in issuing the national currency and in managing the country's

international reserves.

History of Bank Negara Malaysia

Bank Negara Malaysia was built to accommodate the requirements and a function of the

nation’s central banking system in 1970 at the cost of Malayan Dollar $9.5 million. Designed by

Nik Mohamed mahmood of the Public Works Department (PWD), the original complex

comprises two separate but interlinked parts; a podium banking hall and an 18-storey tower. In

later years, two more towers incorporating ancillary amenities including a Numismatic Museum

were added.

Strategically located a stone’s throw from the Independence Square (Dataran Merdeka), the

former nation’s judiciary Sultan Abdul Samad building and Kuala Lumpur City Hall, the national

importance of this institution is indisputable. Prominence, grandeur and strength are some of

the apt words to describe the building that is a famous icon of the federal capital and country.

Architect

Bank Negara also retains representative offices in London and New York City. One of his early

successes, the Bank Negara Malaysia, whose facade is made of concrete panels arranged to

form strong horizontal lines with its bands of continuous windows was designed by Dato' Dr Nik

Mohamed Mahmood.

Dato' Dr Nik Mohamed Mahmood is a Director of Kumpulan Senireka Sdn Bhd., a large

commercial architecture firm in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Mahmood founded the firm in 1973

after he left the Public Works Department. The firm specializes in commercial highrise

buildings, and they have done some significant religious buildings. In the 1970s they were

operating in the Brutalist idiom, but they turned to Postmodernism at the end of the century

and were responsible for some prominent postmodern buildings in Malaysia, including the

Menara Axis, 2002, Istana Negara Baru and the Kompleks Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka (the original

building was designed by Y.T. Lee, the towering addition is by Mahmood's firm).

Nik Mahmood Mohamed has received numerous awards in his life, one of which was bestowed

on him by the Sultan of Selangor. Mahmood also did some of the nation’s most significant

official mosques and palaces which include Istana Negara, Jalan Duta and the Putra Mosque.

A new building for the Financial Services and Resources Center (FSRC) was constructed in 2004

to house the FSRC, SEACEN, IFSB and the FMAG (the museum arm of Bank Negara). Located

along Jalan Dato Onn, in front of the Tun Hussein Onn Memorial, the building was designed by

renowned Malaysian architect firm, Hijjas Kasturi Associates. Officially declared opened in

August 2011, the building is now known as Sasana Kijang.

Hijjas bin Kasturi (born 1936) is a Kuala Lumpur-based architect. Active for more than fifty

years, he has been responsible for some of the most significant buildings in South East Asia, in

the modern, postmodern, and deconstructivist styles.[not in citation given] He is considered the

father of Malaysian architecture of the second half of the twentieth century.

Since HKAS was founded in 1977, Malaysia's construction industry has witnessed dramatic

changes. The city of Kuala Lumpur has transformed from a low rise cluster of shophouses with a

few institutional buildings, punctuated by Bangkok Bank and the AIA, into a city with countless

buildings of every description and the world's tallest twin towers.

Individual Components:

Site Context Analysis

Jeffrey Liew Jun Yi

Architectural Layout of Building

Eng Shi Yi

Architectural Layout of Building

Legend

Purple: Private Area Red arrow: Circulation of public visitor

Pink: Semi Private Area

Spatial Relationship

Bank Negara Malaysia was actually separated into 4 main parts, which are block A, block B,

block C and block D. The spatial relationship between these spaces is adjacent space. The

adjacent space allows each space to be clearly defined and to respond, each in its own way, to

specific functional or symbolic requirements, for example Block D serves as public services and

Block C serves as security department.

Picture (Right) shows

the spatial relationship

between block C and

block D.

Spatial Organization

Linear pattern have the ability to emphasize the height or length of a form unify its

surfaces, and define its textural quality.

The spatial organization for this building is linear organization. A linear organization consists

essentially of a series of spaces. These spaces can either be directly related to one another or

be linked through a separate and distinct linear space. This type spatial organization usually

consists of repetitive spaces which are alike in size, form, and function.

Spaces that are functionally or symbolically important to the

organization can occur anywhere along the linear sequence

and have their importance articulated by their size and form.

Their significance can also be emphasized by their location. As

Bank Negara Malaysia, lower floors are for public visitors to

access and the upper floors are private spaces where only

cartain peoples can access.

Linear organizations express a direction and signify

movement, extension, and growth. To limit their growth,

linear organizations can be terminated by a dominant space or

form, by an elaborate or articulated entrance, or by merging

with another building form or the topography of its site.

Architecture Principles

Symmetrically balance

The front elevation of Bank Negara Malaysia is bilateral symmetry. It is because the

balanced arrangement of similar or equivalent elements on opposite sides

of a median axis so that only one plan can divide the whole into essentially identical

halves.

Repetition

Rhythm

Windows and doors repeatedly puncture the surfaces of a building to allow light, air,

views, and people to enter the interior. Spaces often recur to accommodate similar or

repetitive functional requirements in the building program.

Architectural Style

Eng Shi Yi

Architecture style

Bank Negara Malaysia mainly adopted

brutalist architectural style. The style was

popular until the mid-1970s and first

introduced to the world by the Sultan of

Style himself, Le Corbusie.

Brutalist architecture has been criticized

for its uncommunicative and even ‘ugly’

style in many architectural and design

circle because it has also been slammed for ignoring historic architectural precedent as well has

empathy for its surrounding architectural environment. However, the main concept of

brutalism is to make the whole conception of the building plain and comprehensible.

The term originates from the French word for "raw" in the term used by Le Corbusier to

describe his choice of material béton brut (raw concrete), which is the most significant material

in brutalist movement. Concrete is used for its raw and unpretentious honesty, contrasting

dramatically with the highly refined and

ornamented buildings constructed in the

elite Beaux-Arts style. When the form

work is lifted from the poured concrete,

the rough, naturally textured surface is

the final finish. The amount of texture on

the surface is dependent upon the

amount of texture on the form work.

Brutalist architectural style refers to a dynamic geometric style that is massive, monolithic a nd

blocky appearance, and typically contains copious amounts of poured concrete. The smooth

texture of glass for windows and doors forms an attractive contrast. Most windows in Brutalist

buildings do not open and the buildings are thoroughly climate- controlled. The design of the

building is largely dependent on the shape and placement of the various room masses. Outlines

are quite intricate and exterior walkways are emphasized.

In addition, most of the brutalist buildings are

formed with repeated modular elements forming

masses representing specific functional zones,

distinctly articulated and grouped together into a

unified whole. Other than concrete, the most

significant material of brutalist architecture style,

brutalist building materials are also includes brick,

glass, steel, rough-hewn stone, and gabions.

The exposure of the building’s functions—

ranging from their structure and services to their

human use— in the exterior of the building is

consider as one of the common theme in Brutalist

design.

Originally, it was only a 18-storey tower that

constructed almost entirely of rough textured concrete in the manner of Brutalist architecture.

Respectively, there are two additional towers were constructed during the building’s expansion

in the early 1980s. The design of that two additional towers were adapted the original

rectangular Modenist tower which is designed by Nik Mohamed Mahmood. However, the new

blocks emulated the raw concrete finishes. Prominent images of stoic strength for the financial

institution are formed through the service stair cores, bold curved form and vertical windows

which composed against solid expanses of rugged fluted bush-hammered beton brut concrete.

Masculine rectilinear structural form

bare concrete finishes provide the

visual strength to the building. The

exterior of the building maintained

the purest form of early cubist

modernist expression, as the

horizontal concrete spandrel bands

interspersed with the tinted

windows. Due to the use of high grade reinforced concrete for the superstructure, the buildings

are structurally hardy and strong. The design of the building results a sophisticated and

harmonious blend of the old and new buildings and also the environment.

In the Boston City Hall, designed in 1962, the strikingly different and projected portions of the

building indicate the special nature of the rooms behind those walls, such as the mayor's office

or the city council chambers. From another perspective, the design of the Hunstanton

School included placing the facility's water tank, normally a hidden service feature, in a

prominent, visible tower.

Construction Method

Izzat Abdul Muhaymin Bin Jafri

Brutalism Architecture Construction

What is Brutalism Architecture? A dynamic

geometric style that is massive, monolithic

and blocky in appearance, and typically

contains copious amounts of poured

concrete referred as brutalism. This

architecture shows its simplicity due to its

bare construction where the construction

uses Beton Brut as a main component.

Beton Brut is a French term uses for Raw Concrete material where its purpose is to enhance the

architectural style. This architectural style is enhancing by exposing rough concrete through its

textures of wooden forms and also by using a large blockish design. Since this raw concrete can

be moulded into any shape, it gives an advantage for the off-form concrete construction

method that uses this material for constructing.

Foundation

The foundation that was used for this building is deep foundation-precast concrete piling.

Usually, precast concrete pile will be constructed in a casting yard first before transported to

the job site. Site need to be cleared first before any piling installation started and before piles

are positioned and located on the ground, any obstruction encountered need to be removed.

After that, each pile is being driven continuously into the ground using either hydraulic hammer

or pile hammer until the desired path and temporary cap and shim off the pile to prevent the

pile from being rebound upon the completion of piling. Finally, in order to ensure the full

contact of bearing at pile locations, all pile caps and shims are required to correct any shim that

is dislodged during piling after all piles are installed. It is common to use a deep foundation in

Malaysia due to the state of the soil.

Flooring System

The purpose of the floor system is to support the live loads and the dead loads where it

transfers the weight and pressure from the floor to the walls and columns.

Concrete Slabs

What is slab? A plate structure that is

reinforced to function as floor is called

slab. This plate structure is able to

disperse load in multiple direction. In

situ and prefabricated are two ways to

construct concrete slabs. In situ

concrete slabs usually are built on the

building site with formwork. While for

prefabricated concrete slabs, usually

used for instant construction where

they are built in the factory then will be

transported to the site.

Figure 2: A hydraulic pile driver is used to driving the piles into the ground with heavy loads.

Figure 1: Sometimes, the piles need to be extended and to do that, another pile will be added on top of the installed pile with the screw into the hole. After that, the excess pile will be cut off and a pile cap will

be placed on top of the pile.

Figure 3: Concrete Slabs Illustration

Figure 5: Floor of Bank Negara Malaysia

Formwork

Before the concrete is poured in, the rebars are position in the formwork boundary. In order to

support and allow the concrete sets completely enveloped the reinforcement, the wooden stick

is placed at the bottom and at the side of the formwork.

Figure 4: Section showing one-way slab

Wall System

The wall systems in BNM use both load bearing and non-load bearing walls. To create the form

of the building, the wall follows the floor plan and because of that, wall system also follows the

floor system.

Process of Making Concrete Wall

Wooden stick is used to erect and support the timber formwork, where timber formwork is

nailed to the side shutter in order to construct a concrete wall. After that, concrete is pour into

the formwork and need to wait in order for it to harden. Lastly, the wall is formed after the

formwork is removed.

Plastering Work

The purpose of plastering work is to protect and cover shoddy construction materials and also

to produce a beautiful and smooth surface for finishing coat as well as to cover up the part of

the wall that is not smooth.

In order to provide a saturate dry substrate

condition, the wall is pre-soak before the

coating material is applied. But before that,

the surface of the wall must be cleared and

clean from dust and other element first.

Figure 6: Wall of Bank Negara Malaysia

The work is done after the plastering

is applied to the wall.

Beams and Columns

What is beam? Beams are horizontal load bearing member which are integrated with floor slabs

and they are very important and usually were used in most of the building because it capable to

withstanding loads from the top.

Figure 8: Section of a concrete beam

Figure 9: Section of concrete beam

Figure 7: Plastering wall

What is column? Columns are vertical load bearing member

which transfer loads from beams to the foundation and usually

in order to strengthen their compressive force, the

reinforcement are applied. For Bank Negara Malaysia, it used a

lot of beams and columns to support the structure.

Beam to Column Connection

Figure 10: Typical cross section of concrete column

Figure 11: Section of concrete column Figure 13: Beam to column connection of

Bank Negara Malaysia

Construction Method

The rebar need to be placed in a way that will form the shape of cylinder and a thin rebar will

be tied up around it. The formwork then will be placed around the rebar to cover the shape.

After that, the formwork will be poured by the concrete and need to wait in order for it to

harden. The column is then formed after the formwork is removed.

Figure 13: The picture (Left) shows an example of

rebar being placed in a cylinder shape before

covering with formwork.

Figure 12: Beam to column connection in one way slab

Figure 15: This picture shows an example of

formwork that is filled with the concrete.

Materials

Jeffrey Liew Jun Yi

Concrete

Concrete has been used as the main material throughout the building. Concrete is an artificial

conglomerate stone made essentially of Portland cement, water and aggregate. Concrete gains

strength overtime and it is not weakened by moisture, mold, or pests. The most important

indicator of strength is the ratio of water used compared to the amount of cement. The lower

the ratio, the stronger the concrete. As the building is a building of higher authority, the use of

concrete gives the building a sense of formality.

External Façade made from concrete.

Gate surface outside Block D Coffered concrete ceiling

Precast concrete

Precast concrete are concrete cast into structural members under factory conditions and then

brought to the building site. A 20th-century development, precasting increases the strength and

finish durability of the member and decreases time and construction cost. Concrete cures

slowly; the design strength is usually reached 28 days after initial setting. Using precast

concrete eliminates the lag between the time on-site concrete is placed and the time it can

carry loads. Precast concrete components include slabs, beams, columns, walls, stairways,

modular boxes.

Beams

Beam composed of reinforced pre-cast concrete have been

developed over the year to overcome some or all of the

disadvantages of in-site reinforced concrete slab. The full

economy of one particular pre-cast beam system the design of

the beam should be within the span, width, loading and layout

limitation of units under consideration coupled with the

advantages of repetition.

Granite

The flooring of the stairs is granite, a highly durable material. Granite is a type of igneous stone,

which makes it very hard and nearly impossible to break it. Granite also ensure a long -term

exploitation to the surface. It is suitable for building interiors and exteriors. Granite also comes

with different variations of colors and patterns which can match with any context easil

Marble

Marble are mainly used in the interior of the building. It is found on the walls on floors mixing

which some granite for contrast. Marble is cheaper than granite and is used abundantly. Marble

are moisture resistant so it is easier to clean

Glass

Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid

material which is often transparent and has

widespread practical, technological and decorative

usage in things like window panes. The oldest

types of glass are based on the chemical

compound silica, the primary constituent of sand.

Glass used for windows in building, homes, offers

the advantage of letting light in meanwhile compromising the privacy of the building occupants

and let in more than desired amount of heat.

Tinted glass, however, provides an easy solution

towards these problems. Tinted glass are glass that

are treated with a material such as a film or

coating that reduces the transmission of light

through it. The tinted glass can block or reflect

different amounts and types of lights depending on

the wide variety of coating available for the

consumer preferences.

Tempered glass is used as it is very resistant to

thermal temperature changes. It is best used at

areas exposed towards extreme heat. A single piece

of tempered glass manufactured by heating up

normal annealed glass and then rapidly cooling it

down is fitted as the sliding door. Tempered glass is

stronger than annealed glass and can withstand

more load before it breaks, but when it does break

it shatters into small pieces of glass instead of

leaving chunks of shards.

Steel

Mild steel are used as an internal structural component. Mild steel is cheaper compared to

stainless steel and it is more common engineering material but it will rust or corrode if not

galvanized or coated with a suitable protective system. Mild steel is also easier to work with

due to its ductile nature and its ability to bend compared to stainless steel, which is less ductile

and harder to bed, aside from stainless steel being more expensive.

Tiles

Mosaic tiles are used as the exterior flooring material

of the front entrance of this building. Mosaic was

widely used on religious buildings and palaces in

early Islamic art. These tiles are made by materials

featuring the lowest water absorption levels which

results in the highest level of bending strength, the

maximum tension that the material, depending on an

increasing bending action can bear before breaking. It

also has high abrasion resistance. The advantages of

these tiles are that it has impact strength and stress

resistant, wear resistant, scratching resistant, resistant

to frost and chemicals and stain resistant.

Béton brut

When the framework is removed, so that

the concrete surface reflects the

framework joints, wood grain, and

fasteners around which it was poured. This

is usually done deliberately retained for

architectural effect.

It is a concept defined by Le Corbusier after World War II that speaks about a stronger dialogue

between materials and artistic vision of his work, invented to designate his own particular use

of exposed concrete.

The similarities with modern buildings in the West use of beton brut by Hubert H. Humphrey

Building, designed by Marcel Breuer, headquarters of the U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services, Washington, D. C.

Beton brut present in National Bank Malaysia

Waffle Slab Ceiling

The Evergreen State College, located in

Olympia, Washington

It is easy to notice that the National Bank Malaysia and

the Evergreen State College have shared the concrete

waffle slab ceiling- a renowned feature in modernist

architecture. Both their architecture style is Brutalism.

Architectural Element & Component

Foo Shi-Ko

Wall

The original 18-storey tower is constructed

almost entirely of rough textured concrete in

the manner of Brutalist architecture.

Correspondingly, when two additional towers

were constructed during the building's

expansion in the early 1980's, their design

adapted the original rectangular Modernist

tower designed by Nik Mohamed Mahmood.

Even the raw concrete finishes are emulated in the new blocks.

Column

The use of high grade reinforced concrete for the

superstructure ensures that the buildings are structurally

hard made from concrete and steel strong enough to

support the entire facade. The resultant effect is a

sophisticated and harmonious of old and new structures.

Concrete columns seen on the

external façade of Block B

building

Detailed picture of the Column connecting to the

cantilevered ceiling.

Staircase

The banking hall, located at the corner of

Jalan Kuching and Jalan Sultan Salahuddin is

lifted off the ground from the roads and its

main entrance is accessible via a ceremonial

stairway. Access to the banking hall is

however cordoned off since visitors rarely

approach the building from this side.

Dato' Nik succeeded in creating a functional yet

aesthetically pleasing structure to reflect the financial

strength of the nation through anchoring the main

entrance hall between impressive concrete towers

pierced by vertical slit windows, a reminder of the

massive bunker architecture dear to Claude Parent and

projecting an impression of forbidding power and

safety.

Internal façade's staircase made from marble

giving an elegant and clean impression to the

viewers.

External façade's staircase (1) External façade's staircase (1)

External façade's staircase (2)

Ceiling

Coffered ceilings of a series of sunken panels in the shape of a square can be seen on the

exterior ceilings of the roof. Although their primary purpose is generally ornamental, they may

have practical purposes, such as lessening ceiling load, covering up wavy ceilings or improving

acoustics.

Roof

Although the Bank's roof is out of sight from

the elevation view, the usage of concrete

beam and column for aesthetic value and to

support the adjacent structure can be

observed in the roofing system based on the

image from Google Earth. Concrete slab

remains as the main roof framework to form a

watertight structure. The flat roof is an

element found in the brutalism architecture to

further emphasize the stability of financial

structure system of the country.

External façade's coffered ceiling

made from concrete

Internal façade's ceiling with built in

lighting and ventilation system

Door

Door functions as an opening which provides an accessible route from the exterior into the

interior space. The type of door that is used at the main entrance is a sliding glass door with

reflective glass material. It serves to provide a sense of security for the visitors who enter the

building. Glass materials are also one of the iconic features of Brutalism architecture.

However, wooden doors are used as the primary material accommodating the elegant white

marble floor with minimal decoration as we enter the building, which is much simpler as

compared to the exaggerated-elaboration of ornamentation used in the past.

Windows

Service stair cores, their bold curved

form and vertical windows composed

against solid expanses of rugged fluted

bush-hammered beton brut concrete,

are prominent images of stoic strength

for the financial institution.

The visual strength of the building is its

masculine rectilinear structural form and

bare concrete finish.

Horizontal concrete spandrel bands interspersed

with tinted carbon windows as the purest form of

early Cubist Modernist expression were faithfully

sustained.

Flooring

There are a total of 3 types of floorings within the confinements of the Bank which includes:

mosaic flooring, marble tiles and last but not least carpet flooring on the internal façade mainly

used for offices and corporate.

The entrance flooring of the Block A building mosaic flooring consist of random gridded

patterns. However, inside the Block D building is covered with brownish-orange carpet to

absorb noise as well as to reduce noise leakage out of the building providing a quiet space for

coworkers to fully concentrate on their work.

The external façade's flooring of Block B, C and D used different types of marble tiling each

using a monotone color to give off a feeling of serious and stern yet powerful feeling to the

viewers.

Gate

The gate are made of steel and are inserted and combined into the concrete walls in an

unmovable and stable barriers, closing an opening in an enclosure of private and confidential

spaces of the Bank. The combination of steel and concrete hold each other in position creating

a powerful and protected to further enhance symbol the shielded barrier of the nation's

financial state being fully guarded.

Group Components:

Conclusion

As a conclusion, Bank Negara Malaysia is a massive and grand building that is constructed to

befitting its status as the main financial institution of the country. The Bank Negara Malaysia

building has achieved the prominent images of stoic strength for the financial institution

through the raw concrete materials.

- Local architects brings in the western ideas

- Influence the local architects’ design style at that time

- Study architecture in England

- “functional yet aesthetically pleasing structure to reflect the financial strength”

References

http://www.styleture.com/2011/06/27/what-is-brutalist-architecture/#sthash.aFosyYUi.dpuf

http://www.kadvacorp.com/design/brutalist-architecture/

http://www.ontarioarchitecture.com/Brutalist.htm

The Living Machine / Ar Azaiddy Abdullah/ ISBN 978-967-5264-12-2

http://www.bnm.gov.my/index.php?ch=en_about&pg=en_intro&ac=641&lang=en

http://www.hijjaskasturi.com/

http://architecture.about.com/od/construction-vocabulary/tp/Coffering.htm

http://www.ehow.com/facts_7407565_major-purpose-coffered-ceiling_.html

http://www.houzz.com/ideabooks/3824361/list/8-coffered-ceilings-that-defy-tradition