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Comparing Instructional Design Models Designing Interactive Learning Environments
Michael M. Grant 2013
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from InstructionalDesign.org
Selected Characteristics Classroom Orientation Product Orientation System Orientation
Typical output One or a few hours of instruction
Self-instructional or instructor-delivered package
Course or entire curriculum
Resources committed to development
Very low High High
Team or Individual Individual Usually a team Team
ID skill/experience Low High High/very high
Emphasis on development or selection
Select Develop Develop
Amount of analysis Low Low to medium Very high
Technological complexity Low Medium to high Medium to high
Amount of revision Low to medium Very high Medium to high
Amount of distribution None High Medium to high
Elements of ID Models
from Branch & Gustafson (1997)
Selected ID Models
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Dick & Carey
¤ Now, (Walt) Dick, (Lou) Carey & (James) Carey
¤ Systems orientation
¤ Widespread use in corporate & military
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Images from http://insys.fsu.edu/assets/faculty_pics/dick.jpg & http://gminks.edublogs.org/files/2008/11/dickandcareymodel.gif
ASSURE
¤ Heinich, Molenda, Russell & Smaldino
¤ Now, Smaldino, Lowther, Russell (2008)
¤ Classroom orientation
¤ Note the selection of materials instead of development
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A — Analyze learners
S — State standards & objectives
S — Select strategies, technology, media & materials
U — Utilize technology, media & materials
R — Require learner participation
E — Evaluate & revise
Images from http://www.performancexpress.org/0205/images/JimRussell2.JPG, http://www.intime.uni.edu/Photo_album/new/management_individuals.htm & http://www.memphis.edu/releases/may09/firsttnprofessors.htm
Smith & Ragan
¤ Patricia Smith & Tim Ragan
¤ Systems orientation
¤ Emphasis on cognitive psychology and instructional strategies
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Image © Tillman Ragan at http://www.flickr.com/photos/tandpragan/25103076/sizes/l/ & http://www.flickr.com/photos/tandpragan/25102775/sizes/m/
¤ Analyzing the learning context
¤ Analyzing the learners
¤ Analyzing the learning task
¤ Assessing learner performance
¤ Develop instructional strategies
¤ Produce instruction
¤ Conduct evaluations
¤ Revise instruction
Morrison, Ross & Kemp
¤ Classroom orientation
¤ It has been modified over time
Images from http://www.borders.com.au/book/designing-effective-instruction/337124/
Images from http://www.odu.edu/~gmorriso/, http://www.edvantia.org/about/faculty/graph/Ross100.jpg, http://www.ait.net/technos/tq_09/3kemp.php & http://tomdorgan.com/images/model_images/kemp_morrison_ross.jpg
ADDIE
¤ Been around a long time
¤ Beyond just instructional design — design process in general
¤ Model or framework?
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Image from http://technoscribe.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/addie.jpg, http://edweb.sdsu.edu/Courses/EDTEC700/ETP/images/addie.jpg, http://www.ivyvilos.com/images/addiemodel.gif & http://gramconsulting.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/addie_model.jpg
Rapid Prototyping
¤ Originated in manufacturing
¤ ID hijacked from software development
¤ Focused on development primarily
¤ Types of prototypes § Look-and-feel: colors,
effects, gross screen layouts
§ Media: use of sound effects, narration, 3D illustrations, video, etc.
§ Navigation: move through sections, access support (glossary, calculator, etc.)
§ Interactivity: content, activities, feedback
Process Design (product specs &
treatment)
Develop prototype Review
from Tripp, S., & Bichelmeyer, B. (1990)
References & Acknolwedgements ¤ Finch, C.R., & Crunkilton, J.R. (1997). Curriculum development in vocational and
technical education (4th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
¤ Gustafson, K.L., & Branch, R.M. (1997). Survey of instructional development models (3rd ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.: ERIC Clearinghouse on Information & Technology.
¤ Tripp, S., & Bichelmeyer, B. (1990). Rapid prototyping: An alternative instructional design strategy [image]. Educational Technology Research & Development, 38(1), 31-44.
¤ Special thanks to Drs. Rob Branch, Gary Morrison, and Sharon Smaldino for contributing to this presentation.
Michael M. Grant 2013