compare and contrast essays -...

9주차. Compare and Contrast Essays

Lesson contents

Compare and Contrast Essays

- The purpose of essays

- Useful expressions for similarities

- Useful expressions for differences

- The organization of block method

- The organization of the point-by-

point method

Lesson objectives

Understanding the organization

of block method

Understanding the organization

of point-by-point method

Writing compare and contrast

essays

Mission

Compare and Contrast

Essays Ⅰ

The Purpose

This is the process of identifying

how things are alike and different.

Comparing requires you to think

about the very specific attributes or

characteristics of the things you’re

observing and studying.

1

What is the purpose of compare and

contrast essays?

The Purpose 1


contrast essays?

This essay promotes vocabulary

development, concept development,

and higher level thinking. Further,

compare and contrast essays give

you a cognitive strategy to help you

mentally organize the information

you’re learning.

The Purpose 1


contrast essays?

Finally, comparing and contrasting

strategies support learning in all

areas when two items in a category

can be analyzed. Categories might

include places, historical events,

animal groups, planets, famous

people, modes of transportation, etc.

Comparison Phrases and Sentences 2

and…too Tokyo has an efficient subway

system, and Korea does, too.

both…and Both Japan and Korea are in Asia.

Useful expressions for similarities

similarly

Tokyo has an efficient subway

system. Similarly, Korea has an

efficient subway system.

likewise

Tokyo has an efficient subway

system. Likewise, Korea also has

an efficient subway system.




Alike Tokyo and Seoul are alike in several

ways.

like The weather in Tokyo is like the

weather in Seoul.

similar to

The population of Frankfurt is similar

to the population of Vienna.



the same ~ as Bangkok has the same kind of

weather as Manila.

the same as

The altitude of Calcutta is the

same as the altitude of

Copenhagen.

as…as

Tokyo’s subway system is as

efficient as Korea’s.


Contrast Phrases and Sentences 3

but

The Sahara desert has a dry

climate, but the Amazon rain

forest has a wet climate.

different from

The climate in the Sahara

desert is very different from

the climate in the Amazon rain

forest.

Useful expressions for differences


however


climate. However, the

Amazon rain forest has a wet

climate.

in contrast


climate. In contrast, the


climate.



on the other

hand


climate. On the other hand, the


climate.

while While the Sahara desert is dry, the

Amazon rain forest is wet.



whereas

Whereas the Sahara desert is

dry, the Amazon rain forest is

wet.

unlike Unlike rain forests, deserts get

very little rain.


Exercise 4

There

are

several

differences

similarities

between ___

and ___.

EX There are several differences

between Japan and Korea.

There are several similarities

between Japan and Korea.

Exercise 4

___ and ___ are similar

different

in many

ways.

EX Japanese food and Korean

food are similar in many ways.

Japanese food and Korean

food are different in many

ways.

Exercise 4

___ and ___ have several things

in common.

EX Japanese and Korea have

several things in common.

You and I have many things in

common.

Exercise 4

A comparison

between ___

and ___

reveals

shows

demonstrates

______.

Exercise 4

EX A comparison between Japan

and Korea reveals some

surprising similarities.

A comparison between cyber

universities and off-line

universities demonstrates the

good points and bad points of

both types of institutions.

Write comparison or contrast sentences using the following

ideas and expressions.

1) and / too, cats, dogs

Write comparison or contrast sentences using the following

ideas and expressions.

2) likewise, spaghetti, pizza

Drag and drop the comparison or contrast phrases into the blanks.

contrast, is similar to, both, too, but,

the other hand, different from, however

1. Spring weather in Vancouver ____________ spring weather in

Halifax.

2. _____ Vancouver and Halifax have rain in the spring.

3. Thailand has a rainy season, and Korea does ____.

4. On _________________, winter is much colder in Halifax.

Answer

Drag and drop the comparison or contrast phrases into the blanks.

contrast, is similar to, both, too, but,

the other hand, different from, however

5. ___________ winter is much colder in Halifax.

6. Vancouver has a warm winter. In _________ Halifax has a cold

winter.

7. Vancouver has a mild winter; ______ Halifax has a cold one.

8. The biting winter in Halifax is very _________ _____ the winters in

Vancouver.

Answer

When writing compare and contrast essays, it’s important that your topic

makes sense. Look at the following list of topics. Match each topic on

the left with a topic on the right to logically form an appropriate

comparison/contrast essay topic.

1. Brazil’s national football team

2. Arranged marriages

3. Gender roles in Arab countries

4. Homes in Canada

5. 4-year universities

6. American SAT

7. fashion in Seoul

8. Fast food eateries

a. Apartments in Korea

b. 2-year colleges

c. Korean college entrance exam

d. relationships based on love

e. clothing preferences in rural Korea

f. America’s team

g. Social hierarchy in Korea

h. fine dining restaurants

Write a sample thesis statement for a compare/contrast

essay on each of the following topics. Use a variety of

sentence patterns.

Topic Thesis statement

Lotteria and McDonald’s

North Korea and South Korea

Jeju Island and Hawaii

Compare and Contrast

Essays Ⅱ

1

We can explore things by

describing the ways in which they

are the same or similar, or the

ways in which they are dissimilar

or different. There are two main

ways to organize paragraphs

which involve comparison/contrast.

Writing compare/contrast essays

1

One way is to write all the

properties for one thing and then,

all the properties for the other thing.

This shows the similarities and

differences between the two. We

call this the block method.


1

Another option is to explain all the

properties of each item alongside

each opposing property of the other.

Similarities and difference are

therefore discussed at the same

time. This is the point-by-point

method.


2

This is the Block Method

Topic A – Eastern styles

1) Emphasize personal relationship

with business partners on

individual basis

2) Rely on trust when doing business

3) Ownership under tight control of

core family members

Eastern & Western business styles

1

2



4) Decisions usually made by a few

people based on personal

experience and judgment: fast and

flexible, but unnecessarily risky.


1

2



5) Eastern businessmen tend to be

conservative, often keeping to the

markets and products they know

best.


1

2


Topic B – Western styles

1) Emphasize relationship with

business partners on the basis of

institutions

2) Rely on formal contracts and legal

protection


1

2



3) Management characterized by

working teams comprising

professionals at different levels

4) Decisions made by a group of

experts based on scientific and

objective research and analysis:

slow and inflexible, but less risky


1

2



5) Western businessmen tend to be

pioneering and are willing to

venture into new markets.


1

2

This is the Point by Point Method


2

Eastern styles Western styles

1) Emphasize

personal

relationship

with business

partners on

individual

basis

Emphasize

relationship with

business

partners on the

basis of

institutions

2



2


2) Relies on trust

when doing

business

Rely on formal

contracts and

legal protection

2



2


3) Ownership

under tight

control of core

family

members

Management

characterized by

working teams

comprising

professionals at

different level

2



2


4) Decisions usually

made by a few

people based on

personal experience

and judgment: fast

and flexible but

unnecessarily risky.

Decisions made by a

group of experts based

on scientific and

objective research and

analysis: slow and

inflexible, but less risky.

2



2


5) Eastern businessmen

tend to be

conservative, often

keeping to the

markets and

products they know

best

Eastern businessmen

tend to be conservative,

often keeping to the

markets and products

they know best

Write a paragraph comparing frogs and toads.

Use the Point-by-Point method for organization, but consider

whether is would be the best choice for your content.

Advantages: Disadvantages:

• Keeps each set of points for discussion close together. The reader does not have to remember as much information.

• Keeps the paper clearly organized.

• Avoids summary.

• Can appear mechanical and monotonous.

• Does not provide a unified discussion of the two sides

Write a paragraph comparing frogs and toads.

Use the Point-by-Point method for organization, but consider

whether is would be the best choice for your content.

Writing and music are similar in

some respects, and different in

others. Write a compare/contrast

essay to explore this topic.

List anything you can think of.

1) Comparisons (similarities) between writing and music.


1) Comparisons (similarities) between writing and music.

Answer

① When you do it well, it's an art.

② It’s a skill you acquire with time and patience. Process is as

important as end-product when you are beginning to pick up the

skill.

③ Learning the foundations of each (structure for writing, scales

for music) in necessary before becoming skilled.

④ Like music, good writing has "color" and "tone"-it can evoke

emotion.

⑤ Like music, good writing can be created collaboratively (though

this is less common).


2) Contrasting ideas between writing and music.

List anything you can think of. Answer

① Unlike music, writing evokes thought as well as feeling.

② Unlike music, it's usually created solo rather than as a group

effort.

③ Unless we are professional musicians, we don't need music

skills on a daily basis; writing, however, is something we use in

a variety of practical ways in a variety of environments other

than leisure.

2) Contrasting ideas between writing and music.

Now examine the points you made and compile your

brainstorming ideas into paragraphs. Write a topic sentence to

focus your comparison/contrast; it should state your subjects and

the assertion you want to make about them as a result of your

analysis. After you write your topic sentence, write your

paragraphs below to form a comparison/contrast essay.

After you write your topic sentence, write your paragraphs below

to form a comparison/contrast essay. Possible answer

Even if you've never tried to learn a musical instrument, you can

probably imagine how learning to write can be compared to learning a

musical instrument. They both require a set of skills. Furthermore,

when they're performed well, they can be considered an art, with the

power to greatly move audiences.

In the first place, learning any musical instrument can be a grueling

process, but once you learn to play competently, you're rewarded by

the beautiful sound of music at your fingertips. Once you gain control

over the notes you're trying to reach, and the tones those notes create,

you can consciously set a mood and create an atmosphere.



You can make people dance for joy or make them weep. But you don't

gain that control overnight. Learning an instrument requires a big time

investment, a lot of patient practice. Your fingers have to go over and

over the same positions as you learn scales and practice exercises that

increase dexterity. The sounds you produce may be ugly at first:

discordant, disjointed, off rhythm. But through continued practice you'll

begin to play more smoothly, with greater feeling, and with fewer

mistakes. Pretty soon, you'll feel like you've arrived. You can play.

Similarly, writing well is an art in the sense that it has an "aesthetic"

experience to offer us-when we're finished we may have created

something truly beautiful.



Reading a good piece of writing, we can experience its truth and beauty.

It has the power to affect us intellectually, emotionally. But learning to

write well is a skill we can acquire only through time and patience. In

the beginning, "process" is as important as "product." While we're

learning drafting, revising, and editing skills, our first attempts may be

fumbling or unfocused, incoherent, and full of error, but if we keep

practicing the fundamentals, before long we get the hang of it.

Concepts like structure, unity, coherence, development, style, and

syntax aid rather than intimidate us. They provide the solid foundation

upon which we express new ideas.



Writing and making music aren't always similar. In a few key ways,

these skills are more different than they are the same. First, whereas

music and writing both have the power to evoke strong feeling, writing

is probably better at making audiences think. Second, whereas music is

often created collaboratively, writing is often created solo. Even when

writing projects are collaborative, individual writers often work

separately on unique tasks and then assemble the group's work into a

whole. They rarely do the work of writing face to face with other group

members, though they may seek advice and feedback from group

members.



Finally, the biggest difference between writing and making music is that,

unless a person is a professional musician, we don't use music skills on

a daily basis in the variety of environments that we use writing.

Given that learning to write and learning to play music can be so

similar, it makes sense to evaluate a writer's skills at the end of a

course rather than at the beginning. It isn't what students know when

they start that counts, or even what you know along the way; it's what a

student can do by the end that really matters.

번역

설사 당신이 악기 배우는 노력을 한번도 해본 경험이 없어도 당신은 어쩌면 글 쓰는 것을

배우는 것이 악기를 배우는 것과 비교되어 질 수 있는 방법을 상상할 수 있습니다. 글

쓰는 것을 배우는 것과 악기를 배우는 것은 모두 일련의 기술이 필요합니다. 더욱이

이러한 일들은 잘 수행되면 청중을 크게 감동 시킬 수 있는 힘을 가진 기술로 생각될 수

있습니다.

첫째로 악기를 배우는 것은 힘든 과정이 될 수 있습니다. 그러나 일단 당신이 자신 있게

연주하는 것을 배우면 당신은 당신의 손가락 끝에서 나오는 아름다운 음악의 소리에

의해서 보상을 받습니다.

일단 당신이 도달하려고 하는 음들과 그 음들이 만들어 내는 음조를 자유롭게 다룰 수

있게 되면 당신은 의식적으로 어떤 기분을 정하거나 분위기를 창조할 수 있습니다.

당신은 사람들이 기뻐서 춤을 추도록 하거나 그들이 울도록 할 수 있습니다. 그러나

하룻밤 만에 그러한 능력이 생기지는 않습니다. 악기를 배우는 것은 많은 시간 투자와

인내심 있는 많은 연습이 필요합니다. 당신의 손가락은 당신이 악보를 배우고 기민함을

증가시키는 연습을 실행함에 따라서 같은 위치를 여러 번 반복해서 연습하게 됩니다.

당신이 만들어 내는 소리는 처음에는 듣기 안 좋을 수 있습니다. 불협화음이고, 박자가

맞지 않을 수 있습니다.

번역

그러나 계속적인 연습을 통해서 당신은 더 매끄럽게 연주하게 되며 큰 감정을 넣을 수

있게 되고 실수는 줄어들게 됩니다. 머지 않아 당신은 당신이 어느 수준에 도달한 것처럼

느낄 것입니다. 당신은 연주할 수 있습니다.

이와 비슷하게 글을 잘 쓰는 것은 우리에게 제공할 미적 경험이 있다는 점에서 즉 글을

끝마쳤을 때 진정으로 아름다운 어떤 것을 창조해낸다는 점에서 예술입니다. 좋은 글을

읽으면서 우리는 그것의 진실과 아름다움을 경험 할 수 있습니다. 좋은 글은 지적으로

정서적으로 우리에게 영향을 줄 수 있는 힘이 있습니다. 그러나 글을 잘 쓰는 것을

배우는 것은 시간과 인내심에 의해서만 획들 될 수 있는 기술입니다. 우선 처음에는

과정이 결과물만큼 중요합니다.

번역

초고를 쓰는 방법, 수정하는 방법, 그리고 편집하는 기술을 배우는 동안 우리의 첫 번째

시도는 서투르거나 또는 초점 맞지 않고 일관성이 없고, 실수투성이 될 수 있습니다.

그러나 우리가 기본적인 사항을 계속해서 연습하면 머지 않아 우리는 요령을 터득할

것입니다. 구조, 통일성, 일관성, 전개, 문체, 그리고 배어법 등에 관한 관점은 우리를

위협하기 보다는 도움을 줍니다. 이러한 개념들은 우리의 생각을 표현하는데 있어서

기초가 될 수 있는 견고한 토대를 제공합니다.

글쓰기와 음악연주가 항상 비슷한 것은 아닙니다. 몇 가지 중요한 방법에서 이 두 기술은

같기보다는 서로 다릅니다.

번역

첫째, 음악과 글쓰기는 모두 강한 감정을 불러일으키는 반면, 글쓰기가 독자가 하여금 더

생각을 하게 합니다. 둘째, 음악은 협력해서 창조되는 반면 글쓰기는 대부분 혼자서

창조합니다. 심지어 글쓰기 프로젝트가 공동작업이라고 하더라도 각 작가가 개별적으로

특정 주제에 대해 작업을 수행한 다음 각 집단들의 작업을 모아 하나로 만듭니다. 그들은

비록 충고나 피드백을 구하기도 하지만 다른 작가들과 얼굴을 마주보고 글을 쓰지는

않습니다.

마지막으로; 글쓰기와 음악 연주 가장 큰 차이점은 전문적인 연주가가 아니라면 우리는

다양한 환경에서 매일 연주 기술을 사용하지 않지만, 글쓰기는 한다는 사실입니다.

번역

글쓰기를 배우는 것과 음악을 연주하는 것을 배우는 것이 비슷하다는 점을 고려해볼 때

작가의 능력을 평가할 때 처음보다는 마지막에 하는 것이 바람직합니다. 학생들이

글쓰기를 시작할 때 알고 있는 것, 또는 심지어 당신이 도중에 알게 되는 것이 중요하지

않습니다. 실제로 중요한 것은 학생들이 마지막에 무엇을 할 수 있느냐 하는 것입니다.

번역


These essays identify similarities and

differences.

For similarities, the following expressions

are useful:

and … too

both and

similarly likewise

alike like

similar to

the same as

as … as


For differences:

but different from

however in contrast

on the other hand

while whereas

unlike

Methods for Organizing Paragraphs for Compare and

Contrast Essays

The Block Method

Presents all points about the first topic

and then presents all the points about

the second topic.

The Point-by-Point Method

Presents one point about the first and

second topics and then presents

another point about the first and the

second topics.

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