comparative study between shellfish hatchery and finfish hatchery

Comparative Study between Shellfish Hatchery and Finfish Hatchery

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Introduction:

A fish hatchery is a place for artificial breeding, hatching and rearing through the early life

stages of finfish and shellfish in particular. Hatcheries produce larval and juvenile fish (and

shellfish and crustaceans) primarily to support the aquaculture industry where they are

transferred to on-growing systems i.e. fish farms to reach harvest size. Some species that

are commonly raised in hatcheries include finfish, mud crab, oysters, shrimp, Indian

prawns, salmon, tilapia and scallops. Additional hatchery production for small-scale

domestic uses, which is particularly prevalent in South-East Asia or for conservation

programmes, has also yet to be quantified. There is much interest in supplementing

exploited stocks of fish by releasing juveniles that may be wild caught and reared in

nurseries before transplanting, or produced solely within a hatchery. Culture of finfish

larvae has been utilized extensively. Hatchery provides an optimum environment for fish

eggs to develop and hatch by maintaining proper water temperature and oxygen levels, and

providing adequate food supplies and safety from predators. A fish hatchery works to raise

baby fish and prepare them for release in another environment for various reasons, as well

as for food. Water environments that may be adequate for adult fish may not be sufficient

for breeding, fish eggs and hatchlings. Any number of environmental factors can cause

adults to become infertile. Fish eggs and baby fish are a favorite food for some predators

like frogs, turtles and other fish. Some adult fish even eat smaller fish and eggs of their own

species. Fish hatcheries resolve these problems. One purpose of a fish hatchery is to raise a

certain kind of fish in order to stock a lake or pond for fishing. Certain types of fish, such as

trout and salmon, are favorites among fisherman. Sometimes, in a popular fishing hole, the

fish are harvested too quickly to allow them to breed and grow. A fish hatchery provides a

safe haven until the fish are mature enough to be caught.


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Figure 01: Fish Hatchery.

Importance of Fish Hatchery:

Hatcheries produce larval and juvenile fish and shellfish for transferal to aquaculture

facilities where they are ‘on-grown’ to reach harvest size.

Hatchery production confers three main benefits to the industry;

1. Out of Season Production:

Consistent supply of fish from aquaculture facilities is an important market requirement.

Broodstock conditioning can extend the natural spawning season and thus the supply of

juveniles to farms. Supply can be further guaranteed by sourcing from hatcheries in the

opposite hemisphere i.e. with opposite seasons.

2. Genetic Improvement:

Genetic modification is conducted in some hatcheries to improve the quality and yield of

farmed species. Artificial fertilization facilitates selective breeding programs which aim to

improve production characteristics such as growth rate, disease resistance, survival,

colour, increased fecundity and lower age of maturation. Genetic improvement can be

mediated by selective breeding, via hybridization, or other genetic manipulation

techniques.

3. Reduce Dependence on Wild-Caught Juveniles:

In 2008 aquaculture accounted for 46% of total food fish supply, around 115 million

tonnes. Although wild caught juveniles are still utilised in the industry, concerns over

sustainability of extracting juveniles, and the variable timing and magnitude of natural

spawning events, make hatchery production an attractive alternative to support the

growing demands of aquaculture.

Genetic Issues of Finfish and Shellfish Hatchery:

Hatchery facilities present three main problems in the field of genetics.

The first is that maintenance of a small number of broodstock can cause inbreeding and

potentially lead to inbreeding depression thus affecting the success of the facility.


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Secondly, hatchery reared juveniles, even from a fairly large broodstock, can have greatly

reduced genetic diversity compared to wild populations. The situation is comparable to the

founder effect.

In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a

new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger

population. As a result of the loss of genetic variation, the new population may be

distinctively different, both genotypically and phenotypically, from the parent population

from which it is derived. In extreme cases, the founder effect is thought to lead to the

speciation and subsequent evolution of new species. Such fish that escape from farms or

are released for restocking purposes may adversely affect wild population genetics and

viability. This is of particular concern where escaped fish have been actively bred or are

otherwise genetically modified.

Figure 02: Simple illustration of founder effect. The original population is on the left wi th

three possible founder populations on the right.

The third key issue is that genetic modification of food (Finfish and shellfish) items is highly

undesirable for many people.

Other arguments that surround finfish and shellfish farms such as the supplementation of

feed from wild caught species, the prevalence of disease, effects on the environment, fish

welfare issues and potential are also issues for hatchery facilities.

Consideration for the Selection of Hatchery Site for Shellfish and

Finfish Hatchery:

Suitable site has to be selected for the conduct of seed production. Considerable efforts

have been made by the hatchery owner in selecting a suitable site for the better seed


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production of shellfish or finfish. Proper site selection is recognized as the first step

guaranteeing the eventual success of any hatchery and forms the basis for the design,

layout, and management.

Figure 03: Common hatchery operation process.

For Finfish Hatchery Site Selection Following Consideration Should b e Maintained:

a. Availability of good broodfish. b. Good water supply with steady supply of fresh water in adequate quantities

throughout the year; water supply should be pollution-free and with a pH of 7.8-8.5. c. Availability of skilled and unskilled manpower for construction and operation. d. Protection from high winds or typhoons. e. Adequate water exchange that will enable the flow of nutrient-laden water through

the pens/cages. f. Good water quality (high or adequate dissolved oxygen, stable pH, and low

turbidity, and absence of pollution). g. Firm bottom mud to allow pen framework to be driven deep into substrate for

better support.


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h. Freedom from predators and natural hazards. i. Accessibility to sources of inputs, including labour and markets, and j. Good peace and order condition. k. Presence of nearby market for selling seed.

Selecting the proper site for a shellfish hatchery is the most important consideration when

deciding to build a hatchery, yet it is a factor that has often been overlooked when so me

hatcheries were built. Several factors may have contributed to the inappropriate location of

a facility including the lack of one or more of the components of the essential

infrastructure, e.g. land availability at reasonable cost, the local availability of electricity

and freshwater, a qualified labour force, or good communications. A further consideration

has often been that an individual or company may have wished to build a hatchery at a site

adjacent to an existing shellfish growout operation. In such cases the hatchery became an

add-on feature to an existing operation. Yet, another factor is that an individual or company

may own or have rights to a particular location and it proves to be the only place where a

hatchery could conveniently be built. While it is true that it may be impossible to build a

hatchery at an ideal location, nevertheless certain criteria must be met or a hatchery will

likely be doomed to failure.

a. Government Regulations:

The first consideration is to determine if government regulations permit construction of a

shellfish hatchery at the desired site. This can be done quickly by making enquiries of local,

state, provincial or federal authorities. If regulations do not permit construction of a

hatchery at the desired site one must decide if it is preferable to find another location

where construction is permitted, or attempt to change existing government regulations to

allow construction at the desired site.

b. Seawater Supply and Quality:

Before committing to what is considered to be a suitable location for a hatchery it is of

paramount importance to ensure that good quality seawater exists year -round at the

prospective site. This point cannot be overemphasized. If a good seawater source is not

available, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to develop an efficient and profitable

hatchery operation. For this reason every effort should be made to obtain as much

information as possible about the quality of the seawater througho ut the year at a potential

site - or sites. Information is required not only for surface waters but also for the entire

water column, since thermoclines may develop or upwelling may occur periodically. If


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previous oceanographic surveys have been undertaken in the area, copies of the data

should be examined. If such surveys have not been undertaken, one should be prepared to

undertake a detailed sampling of the waters at the proposed site for at least a year.

Environmental parameters of seawater that need to be examined will depend in

part on geographic location and the intended species for culture. Shellfish larvae as well

as juveniles and adults have strict physiological requirements, such as water

temperature, salinity and oxygen levels and these must be maintained in a hatchery

operation. Water temperatures are higher in the tropics than in temperate regions and

indigenous shellfish are well adapted to tolerate these conditions. But in a hatchery

situation temperatures must not be allowed to drop too low or larval and juvenile

survival and growth will be adversely affected. In temperate areas water temperatures

must not be allowed to exceed upper or lower lethal levels to larvae and juveniles.

Salinity can vary widely and tolerance to these fluctuations differs among shellfish

species. Some require high oceanic levels of salinity while euryhaline (estuarine and

brackish water) species exhibit much wider tolerance. Periods of heavy rainfall may not

only cause periods of low salinity, but heavy associated runoff can increase quantities of

silt and other materials which may lead to problems in a hatchery. Dense

concentrations (blooms) of some marine algal and bacteria species may release toxic

substances that may cause reductions in both the survival and growth of shellfish larvae

or juveniles, or mass mortalities in extreme cases.

Locations possibly influenced by effluents discharged from industrial plants should

be avoided. The lethal and sublethal effects of many industrial pollutants are not

completely understood, nor are the additive effects they may exert when several

industries are discharging a range of potentially toxic wastes in nearby waters. Effects

of such effluents can be extremely damaging to shellfish larvae. In extreme situation

different water filtering method is needed to follow.


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Figure 04: A gravity water filter is used in shrimp hatchery to ensure good water.

Figure 05: A diagram of the various stages of seawater treatment for hatchery usage from the

intake pipes (IL) to the points at which water is used in the different aspects of the operation

(1 to 5). Key: P - seawater pumps; SF - sand filters (photograph C) or alternatively self -

cleaning drum filters (photograph A); ST - to storage tanks (if required); CF - cartridge filters

of 20 µm and 10 µm; CU - seawater chilling unit (if required); HU - seawater heating unit (if


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required - photograph B); FF - final filtration (5 µm and 1 or 2 µm - photograph D); UV -

ultra-violet light disinfecting units (if required).

Agricultural - forestry included - and domestic sources of pollution should also be

avoided. It has recently been shown that runoff from some cultivated lands can carry

concentrations of pesticides at levels deleterious to the growth and survival of shellfish

larvae. Domestic pollution may not only contain pollutants that are toxic to shellfish

larvae but the high organic content can cause depletion of oxygen levels and increased

levels of bacteria that could also lead to reduced growth and mortalities of larvae.

c. Siting the Hatchery:

The hatchery should be located close to the ocean so that the distance required to pump

water is kept to a minimum. This negates the necessity of having to maintain great lengths

of pipe. It should also be located as close to sea level as possible to avoid problems of

pumping water any great vertical distance. If fluctuations in surface seawater temperature

and salinity occur regularly, the intakes for the pipes will need to be located at depth (up to

20 m below the surface) to maintain more constant water temperature and salinity.

Depending on the nature of the geological strata, it may be possible to drill wells close to

the shore to access seawater aquifers. A water source of this nature will be at a more

constant temperature year-round and will already be pre-filtered by percolation through

the strata. It may, however, require oxygenating before use. It is always wise to consult

with a suitably qualified engineer when making decisions on the best methodology and

technology to procure the water supply.

d. Other considerations that need to be kept in mind for a site include an adequate

supply of electrical power, a source of freshwater and a skilled labour force to operate the

hatchery. Good communications should exist so that required materials and supplies can be

acquired quickly and larvae and seed can be quickly shipped to their various destinations.

Shrimp Hatchery Layout: Layout is given below-


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Figure 06: Shrimp Hatchery Layout.

Facility comprising the following for shellfish hatchery:

i. Broodstock tank

ii. Maturation tank

iii. Spawning tank

iv. Larval rearing tank (Small tank system & Big tank system)

v. Artemia culture tank

vi. Live feed culture tank

vii. Seawater supply and piping system

viii. Algal culture laboratory

ix. Microbiology laboratory

x. Water quality laboratory

xi. Water Recirculation System

xii. Cement tanks

xiii. FRP Cages for lobster and mud crab fattening

xiv. Iron Frame Cages for lobster fattening

xv. Bamboo raft Demo Unit for seaweed cultivation

xvi. Aeration facility


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Finfish Hatchery Layout: Layout is given below-

Figure 07: Medium scale f infish hatchery layout.

Production Cycle in Finfish Hatchery:


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Figure 08: Production Cycle in Finfish Hatchery.

Importance of Live Feed Culture Facility in Shellfish Hatchery:

The success of a shellfish hatchery depends on the production of live feed. Large quantities

of high quality live feed must be available when needed. It is a most important part of any

shellfish hatchery. Some cultured groups like penaeid shrimp undergo larval stages that

change from herbivorous, filter-feeding creatures that eat microalgae to carnivorous

animals that feed on Artemia species. Mollusk bivalves like oysters, clams, mussels and the

gastropod like abalone are filtering organisms that feed on microalgae during their entire

life cycles. Since live feed are used in all phases of production, the facility should be located

centrally and conveniently. Space required for live feed culture depends partly on levels of

production, methods of culture and whether algae will be raised entirely inside the

hatchery with artificial illumination, or if it will be raised outside under natural light, or a

combination of the two. A well ventilated greenhouse is required if algae is grown in

natural light and this structure needs to be placed so as to obtain the maximum amount of

sunlight. Shading may be needed to protect younger, less dense cultures from strong

sunlight. Some important live feeds are: Artemia, Chlorella, Tetracelmis, Isochrysis, Rotifer

etc.


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Figure 09: Shrimp larvae feeding cycle.

a. Artemia as a Live Feed for Shellfish Larvae:

Of the live diets used in larviculture, brine shrimp Artemia nauplii constitute the most

widely used species. Technically speaking the advantage of using Artemia is that one can

produce live food "on demand" from a dry and storable powder, i.e. dormant Artemia cysts

(embryos) which upon immersion in seawater regain their metabolic activity and within

24 hours release free-swimming larvae (nauplii) of about 0.4 mm length (Figure 4).

Actually more than 2000 mt of dry Artemia cysts are marketed annually for worldwide

production of freshly hatched Artemia nauplii to be used as food in the hatchery phase of

fish and crustacean aquaculture. Considerable progress has been made in the past decade

in improving and increasing the value of Artemia as a larval diet. A better understanding of

the biology of Artemia was the key to the development of methods for cyst disinfection and

decapsulation.

In finfish hatchery no livefeed is needed. So, Artemia is not so important for finfish larvae.


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Figure 10: Different life stage of Brine shrimp, Artemia nauplii.

b. Microalgae in Shellfish Hatchery:

The nutritional composition of specific microalgae can vary considerably according to the

culture conditions and growth phase/age of the culture. Since particular microalgae can

lack nutrients that are present in others, a mixture of algal species is often used to supply

adequate amounts of nutrients. Mollusk culture, for example, normally uses several

microalgae, and crustacean and fish larvae are often fed a mix of two. The alternative to on -

site algal culture is the use of preserved microalgae. Specialized companies sell

concentrated pastes of specific microalgae, frozen microalgae concentrates, dried specific

or mixed microalgae, and dried extracts of microalgae and other substances for greenwater

culture. Another method is the preparation of microalgal concentrates based on chemical

flocculation. Heterotrophic growth conditions that utilize organic carbon instead of light as

an energy source have been developed for the large-scale production of microalgae.

Although they are not yet widely implemented, they can have an important role in

producing future alternative sources of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids arachidonic

acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Table 1. Groups of plankton and their uses in feeding different spe cies.

Live Feed Dimension Target Species

Microalgae 2-20 μ Bivalves, shrimp Rotifers 50-220 μ Shrimp, marine fish

Artemia 400-800 μ Mollusks, shrimp, marine fish

In Shellfish hatchery, algae are cultured in a dedicated sector of the live feeds production

section, which is made of three working areas inside the hatchery building: a lab for

duplicating small cultures, a conditioned room to maintain small culture vessels and pure

strains and finally a large area for the mass cultures in PE bags or, less frequently, tanks. In

the warmest Mediterranean areas, a light greenhouse can replace the latter.

Small volume cultures are kept in vessels ranging from 20-ml test tubes up to 18 l carboys.

They can be made of borosilicate glass, polycarbonate, PET or any other material able to


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stand a sterilization process. These vessels are placed on glass shelves lightened by

fluorescent tubes and equipped with a CO2 enriched air distribution system.

Hot-extruded tubular PE film is utilised for larger volumes bags. The film is usually 0.25

mm thick and its stretched width ranges from 45 to 95 cm. Two bag designs are widely

adopted in Mediterranean hatcheries: the smaller suspended bag and the larger one placed

within a steel wire cylindrical frame. The first type has a capacity of 60 I (single) to 150 I

(double or U-shaped), whereas the latter, that stands on a saddle-like GRP base to improve

circulation, can contain up to 450l. Their top is closed by a plastic cover to prevent

contamination.

Figure 11: A typical scheme of a batch type production.

c. Protozoa:

Ciliates and other protozoa play an important role for first feeding fish larvae in the wild. In

microcosm experiments, they seem to enhance survival by bridging the gap until larvae

encounter copepod nauplii. Although not commonly used as live feed for fish larvae, the


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heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina can be a potential candidate during the first

feeding stages.

d. Marine Yeast Culture:

Marine yeast culture is a micro-organism, whose size ranges from 2–12 micron. It can be

used as the direct or supplementary feed for protozoea stage, and so far the best feed for

Brachionus culture. Marine yeast used at the shellfish hatchery was isolated from gonad of

sea urchin. The medium used for mass produce of marine yeast were 30 gm of brown

sugar, 3 gm ammonium sulfate and 1 gm of potassium phosphate in 1 liter of sea water.

Marine yeast can be propagated as high density as 500 million per ml at pH 2.5-4 and

salinity 30 ppt.

e. Brachionus Culture in Shellfish Hatche ry:

The rotifer Brachionus plicatilis is one of the most important zooplankton species primarily

utilizes as live food in the larviculture of commercially important species of shellfish and

crustaceans. The studies were aimed to establish the technique for consistent mass

production and sufficiency of the animal (Mysis stage of shrimp and 1st week of all

shellfish).

For culture tanks, 1–3 tons of fiberglass tanks were usually used. The tank was installed

with small filter tank and equipped with sirlift system . Initially, the tank was disinfected

after which filtered seawater, 75% and freshwater, 25% are introduced to about 2/3 of the

tank volume. Chlorella is then added at a density of 2 × 105 cell/ml. The rotifer at 30–50

ind/ml was inoculated. The rotifer was usually cultured outdoor where temperature range

is from 28–31°C. Airlift was operated throughout the culture period. Marine yeast (5 × 10 6)

was added in the second day of culture twice daily in the amount of 1 liter per feeding. The

population of Brachionus will increase to 500–700 cell/ml within 4–5 days.

Production Steps in Hatchery:

a. Broodstock:

Broodstock conditioning is the process of bringing adults into spawning condition by

promoting the development of gonads. Broodstock conditioning can also extend spawning

beyond natural spawning periods, or for production of species reared outside their na tural

geographic range with different environmental conditions. Some hatcheries collect wild

adults and then bring them in for conditioning whilst others maintain a permanent


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breeding stock. Conditioning is achieved by holding broodstock in flow-through tanks at

optimal conditions for light, temperature, salinity, flow rate and food availability (optimal

levels are species specific). Another important aspect of broodstock conditioning is

ensuring the production of high quality eggs to improve growth and sur vival of larvae by

optimising the health and welfare of broodstock individuals. Egg quality is often

determined by the nutritional condition of the mother. High levels of lipid reserves in

particular are required to improve larval survival rates.

Figure 12: Manually stripping eggs of finfish.

b. Spawning:

Natural spawning can occur in hatcheries during the regular spawning season however

where more control over spawning time is required spawning of mature animals can be

induced by a variety of methods. Some of the more common methods are:

1. Manual stripping : For shellfish, gonads are generally removed and

gametes are extracted or washed free. Fish can be manually stripped of

eggs and sperm by stroking the anaesthetized fish under the pectoral fins

towards the anus causing gametes to freely flow out.

2. Environmental manipulation: Thermal shock, where cool water is

alternated with warmer water in flow-through tanks can induce

spawning. Alternatively, if environmental cues that stimulate natural

spawning are known, these can be mimicked in the tank e.g. changing

salinity to simulate migratory behavior. Many individuals can be induced

to spawn this way, however this increases the likelihood of uncontrolled

fertilization occurring.


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3. Chemical injection: A number of chemicals can be used to induce

spawning with various hormones being the most commonly used.

c. Fertilization:

Prior to fertilization, eggs can be gently washed to remove wastes and bacteria that may

contaminate cultures. Promoting cross-fertilization between a large numbers of individuals

is necessary to retain genetic diversity in hatchery produced stock. Batches of eggs are kept

separate, fertilized with sperm obtained from several males and allowed to stand for an

hour or two before samples are analyzed under a microscope to ensure high rates of

fertilization and to estimate numbers to be transferred to larval rearing tanks.

d. Larvae:

Rearing larvae through the early life stages is conducted in nurseries which are generally

closely associated with hatcheries for fish culture whilst it is common for shellfish

nurseries to exist separately. Nursery culture of larvae to rear juveniles of a size suitable

for transferral to on-growing facilities can be performed in a variety of different systems

which may be entirely land-based, or larvae may be later transferred to sea-based rearing

systems which reduce the need to supply feed. Juvenile survival is dependent on very high

quality water conditions. Feeding is an important component of the rearing process.

Although many species are able to grow on maternal reserves alone (lecithotrophy), most

commercially produced species require feeding to optimise survival, growth, yield and

juvenile quality. Nutritional requirements are species specific and also vary with larval

stage. Carnivorous fish are commonly fed with live prey; rotifers are usually offered to

early larvae due to their small size, progressing to larger Artemia nauplii or zooplankton.

The production of live feed on-site or buying-in is one of the biggest costs for hatchery

facilities as it is a labour-intensive process. The development of artificial feeds is targeted

to reduce the costs involved in live feed production and increase the consistency of

nutrition, however decreased growth and survival has been found with these alternatives.

e. Settlement Facility in Shellfish Hatchery (Only for Shellfish Hatchery):

The hatchery production of shellfish also involves a crucial settling phase where free -

swimming larvae settle out of the water onto a substrate and undergo metamorphosis if

suitable conditions are found. Once metamorphosis has taken place the juveniles are


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generally known as spat, it is this phase which is then transported to on-growing facilities.

Settlement behaviour is governed by a range of cues including substrate type, water flow,

temperature, and the presence of chemical cues indicating the presence of adults, or a food

source etc. Hatchery facilities therefore need to understand these cues to induce settlement

and also be able to substitute artificial substrates to allow for easy handling and

transportation with minimal mortality.

Figure 13: Settlement of spat in a shellfish hatchery.

On the other side, in finfish hatchery no settlement facility is needed. In finfish hatchery

only larval rearing tank is enough. Because, no spat formation is found in finfish life cycle.

Improved Shrimp Hatchery Techniques:

Nutrition and health management can improve post-larvae (PL) quality, and discusses the

need to link PL quality to performance in grow-out ponds. Larviculture performance, PL

quality and PL costs can significantly improve by applying state-of-the-art hatchery

management, in particular, through nutrition (larval diets, feeding strategies,

nutraceuticals) and health protocols (specific disease prevention, control of bacterial

levels). Good PL, in turn, reduces mortality during stress, transport and stocking of post-

larvae in nursery facilities or ponds. PL quality is furthermore linked to disease resistance,

survival and growth during nursery rearing, while a number of reports from the

aquaculture industry state that it also influences the final grow-out output.


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Improvement of Hatchery Efficiency for both Shellfish and Finfish:

Availability of healthy broodstock for breeding.

Improved breeding technology and induced spawning techniques.

Improved fertility with high egg fertilisation and high fry survival.

Tailored nutrition for fry to broodstock.

Figure 14: The Breeding Cycle.

Recommendation:

The main comparison between shellfish hatchery and finfish hatchery is live feed culture.

Larvae of shellfish ( Shrimp, Mudcrab, Oyster etc) prefer live feed very much. In a shellfish

hatchery live feed culture tank is very much important but not in finfish hatchery. Finfish

larvae is fed on artificial feed. But for the development of outer shell and molting process

live feed is needed in shellfish larvae to ensure the nutrient. So, I think sufficient amount of

live feed are kept in store for feeding of larvae.


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Salinity is the another main factor which must needed in shellfish hatchery but not in

finfish hatchery. To complete the life cycle of any shellfish, different salinity of water is

needed to be maintained. Breeding and spawning programme is manipulated by different

salinity level of water. In finfish hatchery saline water is not needed. All the hatching

technique can be maintained in fresh water.

So, for successful hatchery operation those criteria are needed to be followed.

Conclusion:

Hatcheries provide the seed for aquaculture and some commercial fisheries like finfish and

shellfish. All kinds of fish and shellfish begin life in tanks in a hatchery. They remain at the

hatchery until they are large enough to be transferred to a fish or shellfish farm or released

into the wild as part of a stock enhancement program. Commercial fish and shellfish farms

require a steady, predictable source of juveniles from hatcheries in order to stay in

operation and provide a consistent product. Finfish and shellfish hatchery management is

more or less similar. But, the main difference is ‘controlling salinity’ and ‘production of live

feed’ for shellfish larvae. Now-a-days hatchery fulfills the world’s fish demand. For different

shellfish and finfish hatchery we need not to be dependent on natural seed source. That is

beneficial to us. In Bangladesh, finfish hatchery technique is so much developed. If we can

able to develop the shellfish hatchery and can able to produce sufficient amount of shellfish

then we can able to fulfill our countries demand and worlds demand. We can export

shellfish commercially and can earn foreign currencies. So, Government should give special

emphasize on hatchery.


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comparative study between shellfish hatchery and finfish hatchery

Education