OUTLINE

Importance of Tourism Development

Alternative Tourism Forms

CBT as an Alternative Tourism

Form

Evolution

Definition of CBT

Characteristics of CBT

Benefits and Costs 2

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT & IMPACTS

Social Benefits: Fund community facilities and services that

otherwise might not be developed Encourages civic involvement and pride Provide hosts/guests cultural exchange Preserves local cultural events Enhances community’s collective ego Improves quality of life Re-populates and drives labor force Capacity building encourages the learning of

new languages and skills Funds the building of schools Builds human and social capital

Social Costs: Potential conflict between host/guest lifestyles May change individual behavior and family

relationships Potential increase in sexually transmitted

diseases Everyday host/guest interaction may cause

cultural diffusion May create crowding and congestion Potential competition for resources between

hosts/guests Potential increase in harassment/crime to guests Potential violation of human rights and resident

displacement from access to local resources

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TOURISM DEVELOPMENT & IMPACTS

Environmental Benefits: Fosters conservation and

preservation of natural, cultural and historical resources

Encourages community beautification and revitalization

Could be considered a clean industry

Environmental Costs: May threaten natural resources May increase litter, noise, and

pollution Competition for limited resources risks

water, land, and habitats Contributes to sewage and solid waste

pollution Transport emissions increase

environmental problems

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TOURISM DEVELOPMENT & IMPACTS

Economic Benefits: Helps diversify and stabilize the local

economy Provides governments with extra tax

revenues via guests’ use of services Creates local jobs/business

opportunities Increases the multiplier effect Is labor-intensive Earns valuable foreign exchange Increases commercial and residential

development

Economic Costs: Infrastructure development costs

government money May inflate property values and prices of

goods and services If outside interests own tourism businesses

economic benefits could reduce multiplier effect

Seasonal employment, seasonal layoffs In LDCs tourism jobs are low skill and pay Uncontrollable macro-events affect tourism Tourism follows a "product life cycle" that

includes decline and stagnation

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PARADIGM SHIFT IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT:

SUSTAINABILITY

• 1992 - The UN Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

1990’s

• 1987 - The Brundtland Report by WCED

1980’s

• 1972 - The UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, Sweden

1970’s

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PARADIGM SHIFT IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT:

SUSTAINABILITY

• 2010 - The UNWTO initiated the UN Steering Committee on Tourism for Development to accelerate progress towards the MDGs

2010-Current

• 2000 - The Millennium Development Goals, by the UN General Assembly as a guide for poverty reduction by 2015.

• 2002 - Johannesburg Summit, where UNWTO launched the Sustainable Tourism-Eliminating Poverty (ST-EP)

2000-09

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FOCUS ON LDCS

1981

1st UN Conference on the LDCs, in Paris, France

1990

2nd UN Conference on LDCs, in Paris - Paris Declaration and Programme of Action

2001

3rd UN Conference on LDCs, in Brussels- Brussels Programme of Action for the decade

2011

4th UN Conference on the LDCs, in Istanbul - Istanbul Declaration & adoption of the Programme of Action for the Decade 2011-2020

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PARADIGM SHIFT IN TOURISM RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT: SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

Tourism resource management models alternative to mass

tourism:

•alternative tourism (health tourism,

congress tourism)

•green tourism

•rural tourism

•nature-based tourism

•heritage tourism

•low impact tourism

•conscious tourism

•fair trade tourism

• progressive tourism

•sensitive tourism

•soft tourism

•appropriate tourism

•quality tourism

•responsible tourism

•responsive tourism

•ecotourism

•pro-poor tourism

•voluntourism

•postindustrial tourism

•community-based tourism

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, TOURISM,

POVERTY REDUCTION, AND THE LDCS

UNWTO 2002 - launched “Sustainable Tourism for the

Elimination of Poverty Program (ST-EP)”.

140 projects were accomplished in 19 countries and some trans-

frontier areas

UNWTO 2006 - LDCs’ tourist arrivals and receipts showed

double growth worldwide; still 1% of world market share.

Although some LDCs recorded high growth rates (e.g. 39.2% in

2011 compared to 2010 in Bhutan), the actual numbers are too low

to consider significant (37,000 arrivals in 2011 in Bhutan) (UNWTO,

2012).

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TOURISM IN LDCS Recent Tourism Statistics for Some LDCs (2010-2011)

International Tourist Arrivals Int. Tourism Receipts

LDCs 2010 (1000s)

2011 (1000s)

% Change ('10/'09)

% Change ('11/'10)

2010 ($ mil)

2011 ($ mil)

Angola 425 - 16.2 - 719 -

Bangladesh 303 - 13.4 - 81 - Benin 199 - 4.7 - 133 - Bhutan 27 37 14.7 39.2 35 48 Burkina Faso 274 - 1.8 - 72 - Burundi 142 - -33 - 2 - Cambodia 2,399 2,882 17.3 20.1 1,180 1,683 Cent. African Rep. 54 - 2.7 - 6 - Comoros 15 - 35.4 - 35 - Ethiopia 468 - 9.6 - 522 - Gambia 91 - -35.7 - 32 - Haiti 255 - -34.1 - 167 - Kiribati 5 5 19.2 12 - - Lao PDR 1,670 - 34.8 - 382 406 Lesotho 414 - 29.5 - 34 - Madagascar 196 225 20.5 14.8 321 - Malawi 746 - -1.2 - 47 - Mali 169 - 5.6 - 205 - Mozambique 1,718 - 17.6 - 197 231 Myanmar 311 391 27.7 25.9 73 - Nepal 603 736 18.3 22.1 344 386 Niger 74 - 12.3 - 79 - Rwanda 619 - -4.2 - 202 252 Samoa 129 127 0.2 -1.6 124 - Sao Tome and Principe 8 - -47.4 - 9 - Senegal 900 - 11.1 - 453 - Sierra Leone 39 - 5 - 26 - Solomon Islands 21 23 12.4 11.8 54 73 Sudan 495 536 17.8 8.3 94 - Togo 202 - 34.7 - 66 - Uganda 946 - 17.3 - 784 - Uni. Rep. Tanzania 754 - 8.5 - 1,254 1,457 Vanuatu 97 94 -3.5 -3.5 - Yemen 536 - 23.5 - 622 - Zambia 815 - 14.8 - 125 -

Source: UNWTO, 2012

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WHY CBT IN LDCS?

Shortcomings of sustainable tourism

hindering achieving locals’ full participation

and target outcomes

Need for a comprehensive approach to

development, planning, and execution by

the locals - for the locals

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EMERGENCE OF CBT

Authorities

Intermediaries

Locals

Authorities

Intermediaries

Locals

Sustainable Tourism Community-Based Tourism

CBT is planned, developed, owned and managed by the community for the community, guided by collective decision-making, responsibility,

access, ownership and benefits.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF CBT: WHO?

Remote

Rural

Impoverished

Marginalized

Economically depressed

Undeveloped

Poor

Indigenous

Ethnic minority

People in small towns 14

CHARACTERISTICS OF CBT: WHAT?

Existing knowledge systems

Community capital, skills, cultural and environmental

assets

Non-Westernized cultures and environments

The local life style, folklore/culture, materials and the

natural surroundings

Local elements that are novel, exotic, pleasant and

enriching

Genuine enthusiasm, warmth, and hospitality

Unique social space for cross-cultural exchange

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CHARACTERISTICS OF CBT: WHAT?

Single activity or objects daily chores/ production/ products

Culture tours/ walks/ visits/ events/ classes

Nature/ wildlife/ outdoor activities

Significant sites

drumming dance hair braiding craft work handicraft production cookery meal sharing storytelling natural dying bread basket pottery

village tours agriculture tours history tours guided walks school visits language classes seafood event cooking classes

bird watching, medicinal use of plants thatching grass herbal tea collection trophy hunting campsite management jungle trekking traditional fishing safaris turtles flowers

hot springs falls rainforest volcanos lakes rivers ancient sites production facilities mountains

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REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL CBT

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High level of planning: planning active rather than reactive • System of production and consumption adapted to local

conditions • High degree of local participation and control in all stages • Responsiveness to the priorities of the communities • Educational system to train/educate locals • Equity in distribution of income and wealth • Government intervention (policy framework reforms) • Tourism as a complementing industry

ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF CBT

Increased local income

Poverty alleviation

Economic recovery

Improved infrastructure

Harmony with existing sustainable economic activities

Linkage development among sectors

Market provision and creation for existing products

Contribution to balanced development

Increased flow of resources towards local development

initiatives

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SOCIO-CULTURAL BENEFITS OF CBT

Enhanced human capital

Enhanced social capital

Community development

Increased local quality of life

Preserving and promoting the local culture,

historical heritage and natural resources

Improved inter and intra-cultural relations

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ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF CBT

Sustainable use and development of

sensitive natural capital environments

Conservation of local natural resources

Use of a wide range of resources rather

than depending on one intensively

Encouraging non-consumptive use of

resources

Increased environmental awareness

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MOST IMPORTANT BENEFITS OF CBT

Change in locals’ outlook on life and themselves

Opens the future for the community

Provides hope and encourages locals to get involved

Encourages change

Promotes motivation to overcome obstacles to

productivity

Improves self-confidence and self-respect

Equity, community cohesion, and peace

Relevance to the UN’s Millennium Development Goals

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COSTS OF CBT

Residents’ discomfort towards tourists

Detrimental costs to locals’ self-

confidence, pride, respect and

hospitable attitude

Potential for cultural clash

Avoiding negative consequences

requires the main premise of CBT- All-

inclusive participation with a bottom-up

approach

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