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IASC 2003, Kita Fuji, Japan Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan MIYAUCHI Taisuke, Ph.D. Environmental Sociology Hokkaido University [email protected]

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a presentation at the 14th Global Conference of the International Association for the Study of the Commons (IASC)

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Page 1: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

IASC 2003, Kita Fuji, Japan

Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

MIYAUCHI Taisuke, Ph.D.Environmental SociologyHokkaido [email protected]

Page 2: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

Area description of Kitakami, Miyagi, Japan

• 20 communities (villages)• Population: 3,718 (2010)• Population over 65 yrs: 30%• Main industries: fishing (142

engaged), agriculture (86), construction (305), manufacturing (337), amongst others.

Kitakami

Page 3: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

1 km

Kitakami

Page 4: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

March 11, 2011, Great East Japan Earthquake

A tsunami-hit area

Page 5: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

Casualties in Kitakami

Population before tsunami 3,718

Casualties (dead and missing) 265

Households before tsunami 1151

Houses destroyed   1096

Page 6: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

A community before tsunami

Source: Google Earth

Page 7: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

The community after tsunami

Source: Google Earth

Page 8: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

Rebuilding process : Outline

1st stage:

Emergency help

Evacuation shelter

2nd stage:

Temporary housing

3rd stage:

Rebuilding projects (fishery, infrastructure, welfare, housing relocation, etc.)

Army, Government, Civil society groups, Volunteers

Government, Local government, Civil society groups

Government, Local government, Civil society groups, professionals

Page 9: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

Our research began before the tsunami

• Sociological research since 2004, on communities and natural resources• Findings (before tsunami):

• Dynamism of relationship between natural resources and communities: history of usage of natural resources and related social institutions

• Keywords: common property system, livelihood strategy, legitimacy, usufruct rights, commons, semi-domestication

Page 10: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

Purpose

1. Describe the rebuilding process, with focus on housing relocation projects, and reveal the area’s resilience

2. Analyze how the common property system fosters resilience after a disaster

Page 11: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

Method

• Action research and qualitative research1. Pre-tsunami: Qualitative research

• mainly a semi-structured interview research of key and lay persons

2. Post-tsunami: Action research• Involvement in the community rebuilding

process in collaboration with local government, an NGOs, fishermen’s cooperative, and the community

Page 12: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

Housing relocation projects

May 2011: community leaders demand help from local government on housing relocation to hills

July–October 2011: local government hosts community talks

October 2011: community-based consensus meetings on housing relocation projects

Ishinomaki Nichinichi Newspaper, May 23, 2011

Page 13: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

Consensus building on housing relocation projects

• Community workshops1. Oct.–Nov. 2011: Consensus workshops

2. Dec. 2011: Consensus workshops

3. Apr.2012 - present: Design workshops (designing new sites)

Page 14: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

A housing relocation site ( Aikawa, Kitakami )

Page 15: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

Relocation Projects : Consensus workshops

• Collaboration among community organizations, local government, architects organization, universities, and NGO• Held by community organizations, facilitated by

university professionals (me), instructed by local government and architects, and recorded by university students

Page 16: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

• 330m2 for each household’s new site is unreasonable. Fishermen’s houses need a bigger area for processing and storage in each building site.

• I want to stay here because of the attachment.

• I am worried about the community disappearing.

• Although I want to stay here, the paucity of industry and job opportunities concerns me.

• I want this relocation project to retain our community.

Variety of concerns and focal points came to light from consensus workshops on relocation project

Workshops: Nov.–Dec., 2011

• Hurry up! Otherwise, younger people might go away.

• Hurry up! Otherwise attachment to the community will disappear.

• Hurry up! We are running out of time.

Hurry up!

• Public facilities such as post offices and community houses are needed.

• Road access should be considered.

• Medical and welfare access should be considered.

Community and facilities

• Concerns about household financing

• The extent of rebuilding houses is unclear

• Mortgages are a major concern

Financial constraints

Legal constraints

Community attachment  Relocation projects:

Most people want to participate, some do not, and some have not yet

decided.

• Stock of qualitative data or narratives are important.

• Mutual understanding is crucial.

Page 17: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

Workshop on relocation project

Page 18: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

Relocation project: 3 stages of consensus building

1st stage

Consensus on making tsunami-affected lowland area uninhabitable ( Nov. and

Dec. 2011 )

2nd stage

Consensus on who joins the project and where relocated. ( Jan. and Feb.

2012 )

3rd stage

Consensus on design of new settlements. ( from Apr. 2012)

ShirahamaKomuro

OhmuroKodomari

AikawaKosashiOhsashi

Kotaki

Kitakami

Page 19: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

Design workshops starts in April, 2012

ShirahamaKomuro

OhmuroKodomari

AikawaKosashiOhsashi

Kotaki

Kitakami

Page 20: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

Findings from action research

The projects have achieved a relatively smooth process of consensus building, while other areas especially urban areas have had difficulties:

• One community’s relocation project in Kitakami is one of the first in the nation to be approved by the government.

• In the workshops people stress ‘community ties’ and want to rebuild the community in the relocation project.

• Most people of the communities want to join the relocation projects in order to stay in their home village, although some want to go away.

• Urban areas fail to even set up workshops.

ShirahamaKomuro

OhmuroKodomari

AikawaKosashiOhsashi

Kotaki

Kitakami

Page 21: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

The projects achieved a relatively smooth process of consensus building, while other areas especially urban areas have had difficulties with it.

because this area has:

1. community cohesion

2. fishing as a stable livelihood

3. collaboration among stakeholders

Page 22: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

1. Community cohesion

community cohesion (social

capital)

Common property system

Community

organization

‘Keiyakuko’

Natural resource management

ShirahamaKomuro

OhmuroKodomari

AikawaKosashiOhsashi

Kotaki

Kitakami

Page 23: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

1. Community cohesion:

Common property systemsMulti-layered common property system of natural resources.Resource Management body BeneficiaryAbalone fishermen’s cooperative householdFish fishermen’s cooperative householdAquaculture (wakame, kelp, and scallop)

fishermen’s cooperative household

Sea urchin community organization householdWakame seaweed and kelp collecting

community organization community organization and household

Seashore seaweeds community organization community organization and household

State forest state and community organization

household

Communal forest property community organization community organization and household

Charcoal community organization householdPampas grass community organization householdCommunal land property community organization community organization

and household

23

Page 24: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

1. Community cohesion:

Common property systems: Seashore seaweed

• Each community has their own resource management system for seashore seaweed.

Page 25: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

1. Community cohesion:

Common property systems: Seashore seaweed

• Each community has its own resource management system for seashore seaweed, which is operated by the community organization “Keiyakuko.”Community

name Rules on seashore seaweeds

Komuro Strict closed season by KeiyakukoOhmuro Strict closed season with punishment by Keiyakuko. Collective

harvesting for Keiyakuko’s revenue.Kodomari Strict closed season by Keiyakuko and women’s group.

Collective harvesting for Keiyakuko’s revenue.Aikawa Collective harvesting of one type of seaweed for Keiyakuko’s

revenue. The other types can be collected by each household, but strict closed season by Keiyakuko.

Kozashi Collective harvesting of one type of seaweed for Keiyakuko’s revenue.

Kotaki Each household harvests seaweed, but strict closed season by Keiyakuko. Seaweed of one offshore rock island has open access.

Page 26: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

Community name

State forest usufruct

right

Communal forest

propertycharcoal Pampas

grass

Communal land

propertyAbalone Fish

Aquaculture (wakame, kelp, and scallop)

Sea urchin

Wakame seaweed and kelp

collecting

Seashore seaweeds

Shirahama CM CM CR CR CR

FM FM FM

HR CR HR

Komuro CR HR CM + CR

Ohmuro CM CM CR CM + CR CM + CR

Kodomari CR CR CM + CR CM + CR

Aikawa CM CM CR CR CR CR CM + CR CM + CR

Kozashi CR CM + CR CM + CR

Ohzashi CM CR CM CM + CR CM + CR

Kotaki CM CM CR CM + CR CM + CR

CM = community organization’s management (revenue to households)CR = community organization’s management and revenueHR = households’ management and revenueFM = management of fishermen’s cooperative (revenue to households)

• Every community has a common property system.• Variety of the common systems among communities.• Community organizations generate revenue from common

property.• Households earn revenue due to community resource

management.

1. Community cohesion:

Common property systems: Seashore seaweed

Page 27: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

1. Community cohesion:

What is Keiyakuko ?Keiyakuko:• Each community has Keiyakuko.• A traditional community organization• An autonomous governing system• A mutual aid system• Conducts traditional rituals• Owns communal property (e.g., forest land, bamboo

forest)• Owns resource usufruct right (e.g., seaweed, forest

resources)• Handles resource management systems or common

property systems

Page 28: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

1. Community cohesion

community cohesion (social

capital)

Common property system

Community

organization

‘Keiyakuko’

Natural resource management

ShirahamaKomuro

OhmuroKodomari

AikawaKosashiOhsashi

Kotaki

Kitakami

Page 29: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

1. Community cohesion

Rituals revived for community rebuilding“Kagura (sacred dancing) Revifal Festival”, May 4, 2013, Komuro village, Kitakami

Page 30: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

2. Fishing as a stable source of income

30

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

Population of Kitakami

population household

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

Fishery productionin the Kitakami area(1,000 yen)

Page 31: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

2. Fishing as a stable livelihood

History of fishing

Kelp collecting

Boat fishing

Wakame collecting

AbaloneSeashore seaweed1930s -

Seasonal migrant labor

Wakame aquaculture

AbaloneSeashore seaweed1960s -

1970s -

1980s -

Kelp aquaculture

Wakame aquaculture

Abalone

Kelp aquaculture

Wakame aquaculture

Scallop aquaculture

31

Page 32: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

Community organizations (Keiyakuko)

Fishermen’s cooperative

Individual leaders

Youth group in fishermen’s cooperative

2. Fishing as a stable source of income

Collaboration among stakeholders in fishing

- Community organizations and key functions acting as driving forces for these changes.

Community resource management

Innovations

Social management

ShirahamaKomuro

OhmuroKodomari

AikawaKosashiOhsashi

Kotaki

Kitakami

32

Page 33: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

3. Collaboration among stakeholders

Housingrelocationprojects

Fisheryrebuilding

CivilSociety

Communityorganizations(Keiyakuko)

Architectgroup

Universityprofessionals

Nationalgovernment

Fishermen’scooperative

CivilSocietygroups

Localgovernment

Page 34: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

3. Collaboration among stakeholders

1. Collaboration leads to success in the projects.

2. Community organizations (Keiyakuko and fishermen’s cooperative) play a key role in the collaboration.

• Cooperating with other sectors and consensus building is initiated by the community organizations.

Housingrelocationprojects

Fisheryrebuilding

CivilSociety

Communityorganizations(Keiyakuko)

Architectgroup

Universityprofessions

Nationalgovernment

Fishermen’scooperative

CivilSocietygroups

Localgovernment

Page 35: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

The projects have achieved a relatively smooth process on consensus building, while other areas especially urban areas have had difficulties with it.

because this area has:

1. community cohesion

2. fishing as a stable livelihood

3. collaboration among stakeholders

Page 36: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hitvillages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan Conclusion

1. Kitakami was severely hit by tsunami, and the rebuilding process is being conducted in collaboration with other actors.

2. Kitakami had developed a common property system for natural resources, mainly by community organization, Keiyakuko.

3. The common property system and community organizations produce resilience following a disaster and foster community cohesion, which is proved by the smooth process of relocation projects.The rebuilding process, including relocation

projects, has not ended. Further action research and analysis will be conducted.

Page 37: Common property systems and resilience following disasters: case study of tsunami-hit villages in Kitakami area of Miyagi, Japan

Thank you.

MIYAUCHI Taisuke, Ph.D

Hokkaido University

[email protected]