common concepts in proposal writing and project management-edited

8/12/2019 Common Concepts in Proposal Writing and Project Management-edited

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CONCEPTS IN PROJECT

DEVELOPMENT AND

MANAGEMENT


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Pro jec t desc r ipt ion

provides a narrative summary of

what the project intends to

achieve and how. It describes themeans by which desired ends are

to be achieved.


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Goal

refers to the national objectives forwhich the project is designed to

contribute, e.g. increased incomes,

improved nutritional status, reducedcrime. The goal is thus a broader

statement of intention that explains

the main reason for undertaking theproject.


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Outputs

Refer to the specific results and

tangible products (goods and

services) produced by undertaking aseries of tasks or activities.


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Activ i t ies

refer to all the specific tasksundertaken to achieve the requiredoutputs. There are many tasks andsteps to achieve an output.


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Inputs

refer to the resources required to

undertake the activities and produce

the outputs, e.g., Personnel, Cash,Land, Equipment and Materials.


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Assumpt ions refer to conditions which could affect

the progress or success of the project,but over which the project manager hasno direct control, e.g. price changes,

rainfall, political situation, etc. Anassumption is a positive statement of acondition that must be met in order for

project objectives to be achieved. A riskis a negative statement of what mightprevent objectives being achieved


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Indicators

refer to the information that would help usdetermine progress towards meeting

project objectives. An indicator should

provide, where possible, a clearly definedunit of measurement and a target detailing

the quantity, quality and timing of expected

results..


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Means o f veri f icat ion (MOVs).

Means of verification should clearly specifythe expected source of the information weneed to collect. We need to consider how

the information will be collected (method),who will be responsible, and the frequencywith which the information should beprovided. In short MOVs specify the

means to ensure that the indicators can bemeasured effectively, i.e. specification ofthe indicators, types of data, sources of

information, and collection techniques.


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Act iv i t ies

What a program does with its inputs.

Examples are construction of a

kindergarten, computer training foryouth, counseling of women, raising

public awareness regarding childhood

diseases, etc. Program activitiesresult in outputs.


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Basel ine data

A baseline study is the analysis

describing the situation prior to the

implementation of the project, whichis used to determine the results and

accomplishments of an activity, and

which serves as an importantreference for the summative

evaluation to assess change.


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Case s tudy

An intensive, detailed description and

analysis of a single project, program,

or instructional material in the contextof its environment. Study based on a

small number of typical examples.


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Data col lec t ion method

The way facts about a program and

its outcomes are gathered. Data

collection methods often used inprogram evaluations include literature

search, file review, natural /participant

observations, surveys, field visits,expert opinion, case studies, etc.


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Direc t benefic iar ies

Usually institutions and/or individuals

who are the direct recipients of

technical cooperation aimed atstrengthening their capacity to

undertake development tasks that are

directed at specific target groups.


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Evaluat ion

An examination as systematic andobjective as possible of an on going or

completed project or program, its

design, implementation and results, withthe aim of determining its efficiency,

effectiveness, impact, sustainability and

the relevance of the objectives. Thepurpose of an evaluation is to guide

decision-makers.


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Impact

The positive and negative changes

produced by a program or a

component, directly or indirectly,intended or unintended.


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Indicators

Quantitative or qualitative statements,

which can be used to describe

situations that exist and to measurechanges or trends over a period of

time. Indicators are used to measure

the degree of fulfillment of statedobjectives, outputs, activities and

inputs.


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Inputs

The funds, personnel, materials, etc.,

necessary to produce the intended

outputs of development activities.


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Key info rmant

Person carefully chosen for interview

because of his/her special knowledge

of some aspect of the targetpopulation.


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Moni tor ing

A continuing function that aims

primarily to provide program or

project management and the mainstakeholders of an ongoing program

or project with early indications of

progress or lack thereof in theachievement of program or project

objectives.


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Object ive

Purpose representing the desired

result that a program or project seeks

to achieve.


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Outcomes

Results of a program or project relative to

its immediate objectives that are

generated by the program or project

outputs. Examples: increased rice yield,increased income for the farmers,

improved nutritional status, improved

standards of living etc


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Program

A group of related projects or servicesdirected toward the attainment of specific

(usually similar or related) objectives.

A time-bound intervention that differs from

a project in that it usually cuts across

sectors, themes and/or geographic areas,involves more institutions than a project,

and may be supported by different funding

sources.


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Project

A planned undertaking designed to

achieve certain specific objectives

within a given budget and within aspecified period of time.

A time-bound intervention that

consists of a set of planned,interrelated activities aimed at

achieving defined objectives.


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Quali tat ive evaluation

The approach to evaluation that is

primarily descriptive and

interpretative. Observations that arecategorical rather than numerical and

often involve attitudes, perceptions

and intentions.


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Quanti tat ive evaluation

The approach to evaluation involving

the use of numerical measurement

and data analysis based on statisticalmethods.


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Recommendat ions

Suggestions for specific actions

derived from analytic approaches to

the program components drawn fromChallenges.


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Relevance

The degree to which the rationale and

objectives of an activity are, or

remain, valid, significant andworthwhile, in relation to the identified

priority needs and concerns.


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Results

A broad term used to refer to the

effects of a program or project. The

terms "outputs", "outcomes" and"impact" describe more precisely the

different types of results.


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Stakeholders

Groups that have a role and interest in

the objectives and implementation of

a program or project. They includetarget groups, direct beneficiaries,

those responsible for ensuring that the

results are produced as planned, andthose that are accountable for the

resources that they provide to that

program or project.


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Sustainabi l i ty

Durability of positive program or projectresults after the termination of the funding

channeled through that program or

project.


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Sustainab i li ty fac tors

Six areas of particular importance to

ensure that aid interventions are

sustainable, i.e. institutional, financialand economic, technological,

environmental, socio-cultural, and

political.


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THANK YOU.

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